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When worldviews or claims to knowledge become widely accepted and increasingly ossified, this demands the mobilization of critical reflection. It is to be expected that such claims have achieved the status of received wisdom because they serve the interests of some groups, skew power relations, and assist in reaffirming the geopolitical status quo. Attention must thus be devoted to the "geopolitics of marketing theory" and its ramifications. In making this case, we engage with the writings proffered by thinkers from the Global South, whose critique is interlaced with hope, and promises to help make the marketing discipline relevant to most people on this planet, that is, those whose voices have been trammelled and denied in the march of Euro- and Americanocentric modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sovereign default is a political decision. While previous research on sovereign credit markets focuses on economic causes, domestic constraints, or international reputation to explain why states default, we focus on leaders. We argue that leaders who come to power under irregular circumstances are more likely to default. Irregular leaders are themselves more vulnerable to turnover and therefore prioritize the short-term benefits of default rather than the long-term benefits of repayment. In addition, irregular regime transitions offer new leaders a way to obfuscate responsibility, thus limiting the reputational costs of default. Our analysis of sovereign defaults and leadership transitions from 1875 to 2015 support our claims. Across various model specifications, we find that irregular leadership change increases the odds of default onset by over 300 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tehran's subway, the most affordable means of public transportation in the city, offers a useful context to study the relationship between women's spatial mobility, the construction of self, and social production of space. This study focuses on Line 1 of Tehran's subway that connects Tehran's Bala Shahr (Northern Tehran) and Paeen Shahr (Southern Tehran) neighborhoods. This study draws upon 46 semi-structured interviews with women who were using subway Line 1 in the fall and winter of 2012. The average hour-long interviews examine how women's emotional states as well as their perceptions of self and space vary as they traverse the city on Line 1. Representing a cultural as well as a spatial transect through the city, the perceptions of women on subway's Line 1 convey the repudiation of the state's attempt to promote a singular Muslim female identity. The findings suggest that similar to women's perception of space, their gendered identities are constantly changing through the enhanced mobility that is facilitated by Tehran's subway system. In contrast to what is presumed in the West, with a simple change in their hijab style or make-up, Iranian women innovatively negotiate contrasting spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop a time consistent rational expectations model which analyzes the equilibrium loan contract between a borrowing country and a foreign bank. The loan contract specifies both the amount of the loan and the promised interest payments, and rationally reflects the investment decisions of the country and the possibilities of renegotiation and repudiation of the debt. An important feature of the model is that at the initial negotiation of the loan there is uncertainty about whether the country will renegotiate for partial forgiveness in the future, and whether it will eventually repudiate the debt, even having successfully renegotiated. Moreover, the probabilities of renegotiation and repudiation, and the amount of possible forgiveness are endogenously determined. In the model the repudiation decision is directly related to the underinvestment problem; the objective of the renegotiation is precisely to alleviate this problem. The model is used to analyze the effects of four variables on both the optimal contract and the country's welfare: the degree of penalties that a bank can impose on a defaulting country, the uncertainty of production, the productivity of investments and the riskless interest rate. The analysis has policy implications as well as testable predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to problematise religious figures and politicians who use religious discourses, narratives and functions to justify oppressive hegemonic systems and structures. In doing so, we show how various religious figures have amalgamated or joined together with oppressive political figures to maintain the status quo, paving the way for what we term the 'consecration' and 'enthronement' of political figures. Furthermore, we show how religious figures who failed the ZANU PF's political part of their ideology, were dislodged from enthronement due to their different understanding of democracy. To problematise oppressive religious discourses used in the politics of an oppressive status quo, we position our article within critical emancipatory research (CER) discourse, by paying attention to its tenets, such as social justice, elimination of false consciousness, and emancipation. The article references our observations and findings, deriving from document analysis, on how religious leaders have related to the ZANU PF over the years. The argument is that religion, in the context of politics, should be aimed at improving human conditions, promoting social justice and achieving emancipation, and challenging oppressive political structures. It should unmask violence and represent all religious followers fairly and equally, regardless of political affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official lenders provide financial assistance to countries that face sovereign debt crises. The availability of financial assistance has counteracting effects on the default incentives of governments. On the one hand, financial assistance can help to avoid defaults by bridging times of fundamental crises or resolving coordination failures among private investors. On the other hand, the insurance effect of financial assistance lowers borrowing costs, which induces the sovereign to accumulate higher debt levels. To assess the overall effect of financial assistance on the probability of default, we construct a quantitative model of endogenous credit structure and sovereign default that allows for self-fulfilling expectations of default. Calibrating the model to Argentinean data, we find that the availability of financial assistance reduces the number of defaults that occur due to self-fulfilling runs by private investors. However, at the same time, it raises average debt levels causing an overall increase in the probability of default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces two traditions of conceptualizing the relationship between sovereignty and property which have been present in legal and political doctrine and in international law. One tradition sees the two concepts as separated, the other as interrelated. The article then shows that the Soviet approach to sovereignty and property, which manifested itself in certain measures adopted after the 1917 Russian Revolution (the abolition of private property, the repudiation of tsarist debts) and which was largely informed by the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, falls under the second tradition. Finally, the article discusses how the Soviet approach to sovereignty and property sought to affect international law and to what extent it has managed, or failed, to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the author's reflections on John P. McCormick's reading on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's article "Rome and the Repudiation of Populist Republicanism." It explains the allegations of McCormick's against Rosseau and Rosseau's position on general political system. It discusses the Rousseau's fundamental distinction between the government and the sovereign and his incosistencies with respect to democracy and oligarchy as well as his criticism of democratic government.

The use of e-payment system for electronic trade is on its way to make daily life more easy and convenient. Contrarily, there are a number of security issues to be addressed, user anonymity and fair exchange have become important concerns along with authentication, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. In a number of existing e-payment schemes, the customer pays for the product before acquiring it. Furthermore, many such schemes require very high computation and communication costs. To address such issues recently Yang et al. proposed an authenticated encryption scheme and an e-payment scheme based on their authenticated encryption. They excluded the need of digital signatures for authentication. Further they claimed their schemes to resist replay, man-in-middle, impersonation and identity theft attack while providing confidentiality, authenticity, integrity and privacy protection. However our analysis exposed that Yang et al.'s both authenticated encryption scheme and e-payment system are vulnerable to impersonation attack. An adversary just having knowledge of public parameters can easily masquerade as a legal user. Furthermore, we proposed improved authenticated encryption and e-payment schemes to overcome weaknesses of Yang et al.'s schemes. We prove the security of our schemes using automated tool ProVerif. The improved schemes are more robust and more lightweight than Yang et al.'s schemes which is evident from security and performance analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chronica Mundi is the property of Chronica Mundi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iraq is paying off debt from Saddam Hussein's rule. South Africa is paying off debt obligations incurred under apartheid rule. Argentina is renegotiating debts that can be traced back to a de facto military-civilian regime that was ousted in 1976. There are numerous examples in which sovereigns are paying off debts that previous governing regimes incurred while oppressing their citizens. Should sovereigns be obligated to pay these debts? Were the debts really incurred by the sovereign or were they incurred by the governing regime in question? What if the lender knew in advance what the proceeds would be used for? The doctrine of odious debt seeks to resolve this dilemma. It proposes that sovereigns should not have to pay back debts that were incurred without the consent of the people and for purposes that do not benefit the people, provided that the lender was aware of each of these conditions. The doctrine itself is almost a century old, but sovereigns have yet to embrace it due to fear of the repercussions. Scholars have proposed ex ante and ex post mechanisms to apply the doctrine, but none have been accepted to date. This Note proposes a unique solution that seeks to identify odious expenditures before debt proceeds are entirely exhausted by a regime, providing a remedy that falls between the traditional ex ante and ex post solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research employs a relatively new type of market data, the credit default swaps (CDSs) values, to study the impact of public debt and market perceptions of default from an international perspective. Using a sample of 57 sovereign countries over five years, we find that sovereign external debt is positively associated with the implied cumulative probability of default (CPD). We further find that credit rating scores, economic growth, and cash surpluses are inversely related to CPD, while the change in the inflation rate and government size have a positive correlation with CPD. The findings clarify the relative role of the debt burden in predicting market perceived default risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implication of the impact rule on animal producers in Kentucky and mentions topics including demand for agricultural products, Kentucky Supreme Court case Osborne v. Keeney, and national repudiation of the rule.

Certificateless cryptography is a well-known system to avoid the key escrow problem of identity-based cryptography. Since it was introduced by Al-Riyami and Paterson in 2003, plenty of schemes and security models had been presented and discussed. Particularly, certificateless signature (CLS) is the most lightened to attract research attention. In the literature works, Hu et al. introduced generic construction and security model that can satisfy non-repudiation. On the other hand, Huang et al. simulated possible attacks and defined more complete security models of CLS for existential unforgeability, and they sorted adversaries into normal, strong, and super adversaries (ordered by their attack powers). In this paper, we consider the security of CLS schemes regarding both of existential unforgeability and non-repudiation. We not only show the weaknesses of two CLS schemes of Fan et al. [5] and Xiong et al. [13], but also point out the loopholes of their security proofs. Hence, we improve the weaknesses and loopholes by proposing a new certificateless short signature with low bandwidth. The proposed scheme is provably secure against the super adversaries and reaches the highest security level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the content and significance of Zhan Zai' thought, commentarial works on the Zhengmeng during the Ming and Qing period are indispensable because these works present detailed explications on every conceptual terms. Compared to those commentarial works on the Zhang Zai's thought by Gao Panlong and Wang Fuzhi who have been regarded as rather creative thinkers, other commentarial works during the Qing period have not drawn sufficient scholarly attention. Bearing this in mind, this article aims to explore the two topics: Firstly, it analyzes Li Guangdi's interpretation on Zhang Zai's idea of "deification" through Li's Commentary of the Zhengmeng. And secondly, it also traces Wang Zhi's elucidation of the concept of "Ultimate Voidness" (Taixu) in his commentarial work, the Basic Meanings of the Zhengmeng, as well as Wang's correction of initial mistakes in aforementioned Li Guangdi's commentary. The discussion of this article consists of the following four sub-topics: (1) Wang Zhi's exposition of three aspects in the concept of "Ultimate Voidness"; (2) Li Guangdi's interpretation of the term "Ultimate Voidness" and Wang Zhi's repudiation against it; (3) Li's argument that the ontological significance of the concept of "Ulitmate Voidness" should be dissolved, and that Zhang Zai's idea of deification of continuity between vital breath and voidness should be understood by the dualistic framework between principle and vital breath; and (4) Highlighting of Wang's insight and Li's limitation of his conception of deification by means of our analysis of the three aspects in the concept of "Ultimate Voidness." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to explain the original meaning of section 4 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which deals with public debt. The author is concerned with the public meaning of the phrase "the validity of the public debt . . . shall not be questioned." It is argued that the clause was created in a specific historical context, namely Republicans fearing Southern Democrats would repudiate federal debt, and therefore does not allow the government to directly repudiate debt.

In 2001 Argentina defaulted on its debts and then devalued its currency by abandoning the peso–dollar peg. The economy rebounded and has grown relatively strongly since then. This paper uses a critical political economy approach to first show that the Argentinian strategy finds support in the literature examining the effects of sovereign debt default, currency devaluation and fiscal consolidation on economic growth. Argentina is thus relevant to Europe’s ongoing crisis. The article then investigates European media coverage of the Argentinian experience through an examination of major newspapers’ stories between 2008 and 2013. It argues that the media have distorted the lessons of the Argentinian recovery by focusing on the negative consequences of default rather than its benefits; by emphasising the role of rising commodity export prices over domestic policy decisions in stimulating the economy; by opposing some aspects of government intervention in the economy even if the latter played a beneficial role; and by exaggerating the negative consequences of inflation. This distorted coverage is explained through reference to the media’s ideological role in the implementation of austerity policies in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the use of nonendorsement principle of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in achieving political equality through fidelity to common law attentiveness and human experience in the U.S. It notes the religious freedom protection through the repudiation of any governmental power pursuant to the First Amendment. O'Connor suggests the appeal of looking for a single test to resolve case from certain clause.

Interactions between the five pillars of information assurance-availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation-can be problematic. Measures taken to further the goal of one pillar are often blind to the needs of another pillar. The author explores such interactions using graphical forms to better represent conflicts. For example, availability might introduce conflicts with confidentiality, integrity and authentication, but confidentiality and integrity are largely complementary. This article is part of a special issue on security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using examples from Ouidah, Benin Republic this essay examines a few ways that the descendants of slave traders, enslaved and witnesses "act out" issues of trauma resulting from the slave-trading history, sometimes with the conscious hope of healing the physical and psychic rupture between African and African diasporic peoples; other times in a seemingly uncontrollable compulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to show, based on two cases --one taken from past history and another from recent history, both examples of racial and sex segregation--, how theoretical advances and academic efforts that have been made to overcome and, if possible, eliminate those evils from sociocultural world, are still far from being real. This is evidenced by most daily news showing events of exclusion and repudiation of the other, behavior visible both in civilized world and in countries in which moral and material progress still advance with shy steps. This exercise, and the analysis of the presented cases, want to show how the problem of racial and sex segregation is expressed. For sustaining those reviews, revisions of central concepts of analysis, the other, exclusion and gender, were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no one entity solely responsible for the debt crisis Nigeria found itself in by the early 1680s: not the Nigerian government, the banks, not the creditor governments. The increase in the Nigeria debt crises has been caused by a lot of factors that have forced their way into the country's administration over the years. The major cause of Nigeria's debt crises is the change in the economic fortune in the oil sector. One major obstacle for Nigeria's economic development over the last two decades has been its crippling debt overhang. In April 2006, Nigeria ordered a final debt repayment to rich lending nations, completing Africa's biggest debt relief deal. How do we asses the debt crisis in which Nigeria found itself? What are the lessons to be learned? Certainly, these are some of the most important questions to be studied as the country embarks with a clean slate with private and bilateral lenders after the long sought-after debt restructuring deal that came in April 2006. This paper analyzes the lessons to be learned from Nigeria's debt history, looking especially at the phenomenon of oil-led spending and borrowing that occurred during 1986-2006. Its objective is to determine whether Nigeria received a higher credit-rating than its domestic and macroeconomic fundamentals would have otherwise justified due to its oil revenues, and whether the debt-repayment crisis arose because oil windfalls from the early 1980s were not used to retire its debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In deep sub-micron VLSI, increased demand for design productivity of ICs with millions of devices has led to widespread design reuse. This however enhances the probability of infringement of intellectual property (IP) of the design. Typically, repudiation attack by the IP owner through challenging the legality of the buyer and additive attack through insertion of additional marks in the design are not considered in the design cycle. Moreover, public watermark verification is still not secure, as attacker manages to override the mark with his own one. Our proposed algorithm ROBUST_IP tackles these issues with a modified IP marking schema. Firstly, it introduces a master key of an independent intellectual property protection (IPP) team to eliminate the scope of repudiation attack, renders insertion of fake marks useless and can efficiently extract the signatures of legal IP owner and buyer in absence of any claim. Secondly, the concept of a new parameter, public_verification_count, enhances security during public mark verification. Finally, novel techniques based on this schema are proposed to embed marks in the physical design phase specifically for ASIC and FPGA design. Experimental results on MCNC benchmarks demonstrate that removal/tampering of marks remain infeasible at the cost of insignificant overhead in area/delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the case of Ecuador, in which it illustrates the country's repudiation of its debt. It states that the country's government have defaulted nine times on foreign-currency bonds and many times to foreign commercial-bank creditors and others, such that the sovereign has been in default for at least 109 out of the last 184 years. It mentions that lawyers, bankers, analysts, and investors are best advised to heed, despite decades of innovations in international-loan and bond contracts involving sovereign financial obligations. Meanwhile, it cites the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) where filed contract claims are increasing.

The article discusses the doctrine of adequate assurances of performance which refers to the non-performance of one party in the initiation of the contract. It states that non-compliance of one party gives frustration to the aggrieved party and due to frustration, the aggrieved party would just like to end the contract. In so doing, the aggrieved party can be blamed for breach of contract. Anticipatory repudiation assists frustrated parties and non-performing parties to come to a suitable action before a deadline and to render positive results.

Hsu Ming Teo's (2000) novel Love and Vertigo oscillates between three countries, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. Though Teo is seen to be affiliated with Malaysia, and certainly appraised as articulating her ethnic history with clarity of creative and artistic skill, the image of Malaysia that she shapes come to the fore as a remembered reality, through the glimpses caught from the morsels of both memory and filial visits to this estranged home/ancestral land. The most significant issue that resides at the heart of such writings is the repudiation of the Chinese community by the Malays in Malaysia. The images of Malaysia in the novel are fleeting, yet when they do appear they seem to be the most macabre amongst the spectres of the past that haunt the main protagonist, Grace. This article discusses the almost ghostly role that Malaysia plays in the novel and argues that the cultural memory of the older country lies entombed with the ghost of the 1969 racial riots. It concludes that when writings by diasporic native informants such as Teo and others around the globe are taken to be authentic renditions of ethnic heritage as part of multicultural politics in the cosmopolitan, the implications of these are highly serious as they are largely constructions of decidedly essentialist discourses of the older country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petru Popescu is a popular novelist, whose work is a mixture of literary and popular elements. It must be very well understood the nature of popular fiction. For this, we proposed the method of genre negotiation, which is dealing with the process of writing and reception of genre fiction. In this study, we will explain how the negotiation genre works in analysing Popescu's popular fictions in the large context of entertainment industry. Popescu's work is a very good illustration of popular fiction. Among the best examples of the genre, the edition of The Burial of The Vine provoked an interesting debate in Romanian critics. For its understanding, we have in view the argument for the necessity of eliminating the repudiation of popular fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on identity-based cryptography, this paper proposes a remote authentication protocol featured with client anonymity, nonrepudiation, and improved efficiency for value-added services in a mobile environment. First, an identity-based signature scheme is proposed, and the verification result of the signature is a constant with respect to the signer's identifier. Then, a remote authentication protocol is constructed by combining the proposed signature scheme with a new concept called the client account index, which helps to realize client anonymity with no encryption operations. A formal proof and a theoretical analysis are provided to show the security strength of the proposals. Performance evaluation shows that compared with previous identity-based remote authentication schemes, the new protocol reduces at least 21.7% of the overall running time with stronger security; the reductions in the overall running time and signaling traffic reach 31.9% and 82.0%, respectively, compared with previous Rivest-Shamir-Adleman-based schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-repudiation of a mobile payment transaction ensures that when a buyer (B) sends some messages to a seller (S), neither B nor S can deny having participated in this transaction. An evidence of a transaction is generated by wireless PKI mechanism such that B and S cannot repudiate sending and receiving the purchase order respectively. The buyer generates a mobile agent which carries encrypted purchase order to the seller. This mobile agent is also issued a proxy certificate by the buyer; this certificate guarantees the binding relationship between them. One trusted third party acts as a lightweight notary for evidence generation. One advantage of this agent-based non-repudiation protocol is to reduce inconvenience for mobile clients such as connection time; it causes difficulty for fair transaction for mobile payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]