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This study investigates the effects of the organization of industrial Research & Development on industrial researchers' knowledge acquisition behavior. Specifically, we test a model about how the fit of individuals with their research tasks affects whether industrial researchers acquire knowledge from outside their assigned projects. Empirical analyses from the R&D laboratory of a global pharmaceutical company show that person-task-fit has a non-linear effect on the knowledge content exchanged through interpersonal interactions. Implications for the management and organization of R&D activities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to assess the macroeconomic impacts of government investment in Research and Development (R&D) and more generic fiscal policies by quantifying the Gross domestic product (GDP) and business R&D investment multipliers. Following the recent literature on fiscal policy, we combine the Local Projection approach with fiscal shocks estimated using Structural Vector Autoregressive modeling by focusing on a panel of 15 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the 1981–2017 period. Our findings support the idea that expansionary fiscal policies can positively and persistently affect the GDP level and crowd in business R&D investment. Additionally, our results show that public investment in R&D generates the largest multiplicative effect both on GDP and business R&D than the one associated with more generic public expenditures, even when fiscal expectations are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care costs for U.S. employers have tripled over the past 20 years. Using firm-specific health expense data, I show that firms negatively adjust capital expenditures and R&D expenses in response to increases in health care costs. The effects are more pronounced for firms that are financially constrained, employ more high-skilled workers, and have less bargaining power relative to insurers. Furthermore, policy uncertainty surrounding health care costs is substantial and discourages capital investment. These findings suggest that an elevated level of health care costs and the associated uncertainty limit a firm's ability to expand physically or through innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interorganizational partnerships can spur innovation, but their value may be diminished by friction in knowledge flows between firms. We consider how a partner's organizational structure may influence the knowledge that is accessible via partnerships. We focus on how a partner's structure trades off localized autonomy for its managers, which facilitates timelier decision making, and unified control, which facilitates integration. By shaping this balance, centralization of decision rights within the partner organization shapes access to its knowledge. Centralized structures generate wide-ranging internal knowledge pathways that enable access to a broader array of a partner's knowledge. However, the reduced managerial autonomy afforded by centralization makes decision making more cumbersome, which constricts the rate of access to a partner's knowledge. We find evidence of this tradeoff in the context of corporate venture capital relationships between incumbents and startups in the pharmaceutical industry. An increase in the incumbent's diversity of knowledge or in the knowledge required by the startup enhances the value of a greater breadth of access, whereas the degree to which the startup can leverage social ties (affinity) or hierarchical fiat (authority) alleviates the costs of a reduced access rate. Each of these features makes an incumbent organization's centralization more valuable to the startup. By highlighting this tension related to centralization, our findings suggest that new firms striving to maximize their partnership benefits may need to carefully consider their partners' internal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature provides conflicting arguments and mixed results regarding whether capital markets punish managerial myopia. Using managers cutting research and development (R&D) investments to meet short-term earnings goals as a research setting, this study reveals that capital markets penalize managerial myopia, especially for firms with high investor sophistication. Moreover, the negative market reactions to managerial myopia are weaker for firms with overinvestment problems than for those without such problems. Overall, the results support the notion that security markets are not shortsighted. In further analysis, we document that compensation, especially earnings-based compensation, may cause managers to behave myopically. Our study contributes to the literature, reconciling previously mixed findings by capturing managers' myopic behavior in a more targeted way and showing that markets punish myopic R&D cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problemistic search literature has long sought to understand which responses firms adopt when addressing performance shortfalls. Studies have typically considered certain responses and focused on established decision rules to examine search directions, thereby, implicitly assuming that all responses considered are workable solutions to performance shortfalls. Conversely, we argue that variations in decision-makers' beliefs about the effectiveness of particular responses in improving firm performance play an important role. These beliefs, alongside evidence supporting them, determine which specific responses firms adopt. To test this argument, we focus on two types of search solutions represented by research and development (R&D) intensity and philanthropic donation intensity. Based on 2009–2018 data collected from publicly listed Chinese firms, we find that, when decision-makers agree on the effectiveness of R&D, the positive relationship between performance shortfalls and R&D intensity strengthens; whereas when they agree on the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the negative relationship between performance shortfalls and donation intensity weakens. The effects of shared beliefs on the effectiveness of R&D and CSR are stronger when they are supported by relevant evidence—that is, when there is a stronger correlation between R&D or CSR on the one hand and firm performance on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study the effect of patent-infringement claims by patent trolls on acquisitions of small firms. Exploiting staggered adoption of state anti-patent troll laws, I find that the laws have two effects. First, the number of acquisitions of small firms declines after these laws are adopted. Second, the anti-troll laws increase the acquisition price for acquirers. The market reflects the increased cost of acquisition as measured by lower acquisition announcement returns. Large firms increase R&D after the adoption of state laws, replacing external innovation. Using a sample of acquisitions that are plausibly unaffected by the laws, I disentangle alternative explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization of research and development (R&D) is a double-edged sword: on the one hand, it is understood as a driving force of global innovation performance; on the other hand, from a national perspective it is often perceived as a threat to domestic efforts. Against this background, we compare the contribution of domestic and international knowledge sourcing to the productivity of Swiss firms. We find a positive productivity effect of knowledge-sourcing activities in geographically close countries (in the European Union [EU]). Domestic knowledge alone or from other world regions does not yield positive productivity effects. We provide evidence that companies that source international knowledge to generate innovative products benefit disproportionately from knowledge sourcing in the EU and that both knowledge- and market-seeking motives may be relevant to this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latina mothers frequently impart guidance and lessons on their children as they traverse educational spaces. Drawing from their own lived experiences and epistemologies, Latina mothers often provide advice and support necessary for their children to persist academically and authentically. To extend the existing literature, our narrative study centering twelve Latina collegians highlighted the enduring cognitive impacts of their mothers' teachings throughout their PK-12 education. Uniquely, we employed a Chicana/Latina feminist lens to understand Latina collegians' recounts of their PK-12 experiences and their mothers' involvement. Our retrospective approach allowed us to observe participants' formative educational moments involving their mothers and how these shaped their future selves. Findings detailed how Latina students recognized racialized and gendered dynamics of the schooling system, mothers instilling expectations to do well academically in the face of structural inequities, and how daughters experienced shifting perceptions of home and schooling. We then provide implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research and theory indicate an importance of the quality of the early caregiving environment in the development of self‐regulation. However, it is unclear how attachment security and maternal sensitivity, two related but distinct aspects of the early caregiving environment, may differentially predict self‐regulation at school start and whether a distinction between hot and cool executive function is informative in characterizing such predictions through mediation. In a 5‐year longitudinal study (n = 108), we examined these associations using measures of maternal sensitivity and attachment security at 10–12 months, executive function at 4 years, and self‐regulation at 6 years. Surprisingly, and despite methodological rigor, we found few significant bivariate associations between the study variables. We found no credible evidence of a longitudinal association between maternal sensitivity or attachment security in infancy and self‐regulation at 6 years, or between executive function at 4 years and self‐regulation at 6 years. The lack of bivariate longitudinal associations precluded us from building mediation models as intended. We discuss our null findings in terms of their potential theoretical implications, as well as how measurement type, reliability, and validity, may play a key role in determining longitudinal associations between early caregiving factors and later self‐regulation and related abilities. Research Highlights: The early caregiving environment has been implicated in the development of later self‐regulation, which includes more basic skills, such as hot and cool executive functions (EF).In a 5‐year longitudinal study, with a sample of 108 children, we rigorously measured aspects of early caregiving, EF, and self‐regulation.We found no significant longitudinal associations between early caregiving and self‐regulation at 6 years, nor between EF at 4 years and self‐regulation at 6 years.These null results highlight the complexity of modeling self‐regulation development and raise critical questions about general methodological conventions within self‐regulation development research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimated one fourth of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 5–10% of those infected develop tuberculosis in their lifetime. Preventing tuberculosis is one of the most underutilized but essential components of curtailing the tuberculosis epidemic. Moreover, current evidence illustrates that tuberculosis manifestations occur along a dynamic spectrum from infection to disease rather than a binary state as historically conceptualized. Elucidating determinants of transition between these states is crucial to decreasing the tuberculosis burden and reaching the END-TB Strategy goals as defined by the WHO. Vaccination, detection of infection, and provision of preventive treatment are key elements of tuberculosis prevention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent evidence and state-of-the-art updates on advancements to prevent tuberculosis in various settings and high-risk populations. We identified relevant studies in the literature and synthesized the findings to provide an overview of the current state of tuberculosis prevention strategies and latest research developments. We present the current knowledge and recommendations regarding tuberculosis prevention, with a focus on M. bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin vaccination and novel vaccine candidates, tests for latent infection with M. tuberculosis, regimens available for tuberculosis preventive treatment and recommendations in low- and high-burden settings. Effective tuberculosis prevention worldwide requires a multipronged approach that addresses social determinants, and improves access to tuberculosis detection and to new short tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens. Robust collaboration and innovative research are needed to reduce the global burden of tuberculosis and develop new detection tools, vaccines, and preventive treatments that serve all populations and ages. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationally, teacher education usually involves close school-university cooperation. In Norway, such collaboration includes enabling student teachers to develop into researching teachers. In this article, our interest lies in how the Change Laboratory (CL), a form of participatory workshop, can lay the foundation for three-way collaboration between student teachers, teacher educators, and practice teachers, in terms of resolving practice issues and facilitating student teachers' research planning. The study, contextualised within cultural historical activity theory (CHAT), sought to better understand student teachers' experiences and learning gleaned from collaboration in the CL. Eight student teachers participated in the research, which was carried out over a four-year teacher education research and development project involving one university and one primary school. During this time, the student teachers met in the CL with the teacher educators from the university, and the practice teachers, who were working as mentors in the training schools. The data collected, comprising presentations and dialogues from the CL sessions, were analysed qualitatively. According to the analysis, the student teachers thought that their CL experiences had supported them along the trajectory of becoming reflective, professionally oriented practitioners. They felt that, through participatory meetings with the teacher educators and practice teachers, they had developed in-depth subject knowledge; learned to collaborate; learned about school development; and learned how to be well prepared for the profession they were entering. In addition, they considered whether the project could be expanded to the entire teacher education system. The findings draw broader attention to the role of participatory meeting places in creating a community of trust, and their potential to support teachers' learning at crucial stages of their professional journeys, from early career phases and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study explores how managerial compensations are associated with both R&D investment and operating efficiency, which are pillars of competitive advantage for Taiwanese listed companies. Additionally, it investigates how firm size and corporate risk moderate this relationship. Our study's findings validate these two hypotheses, revealing a positive correlation between managerial compensation and both R&D investment and operating efficiency. Moreover, we observe that firm size enhances this connection, while corporate risk acts as a weakening factor. These results indicate that managerial compensation in Taiwanese companies is crafted with consideration for both immediate financial performance and enduring contributions to company development. The study contributes contemporary evidence on the interplay between factors fostering long-term competitive advantages and the structures of managerial compensation. JEL Codes: G32, M12 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Today's innovations rely on scientific discoveries of the past, yet only some corporate R&D builds directly on scientific output. In this article, we analyze U.S. patents to investigate how firms generate value by building on prior art "closer" to science. We show that patent value is decreasing in distance‐to‐science. Overall, we find a science premium within firms ranging from 5.0 to 18.3%. If we allow for firm sorting into different modes of R&D based on their relative advantage, that is, when we do not control for firm fixed effects, we find an even larger science premium: patents building directly on scientific publications are 4.0–42.3% more valuable than patents in the same technology that are not directly based on science. Managerial Summary: Building on scientific research allows firms to capture significantly more value from their inventions. By analyzing U.S. patents and their linkages to scientific publications, our paper describes the relationship between invention "proximity" to the scientific literature and public firm valuations—as measured in abnormal stock market returns. Our findings indicate that patents building on science are 5.0–18.3% more valuable. If we account for variations in R&D strategies among firms, the premium becomes even larger, ranging from 4.0 to 42.3%. Further, the results show that the value‐enhancing benefits of integrating scientific insights into R&D are greater for firms with more experience building on science. Together, the results underscore the competitive advantages of using science as a foundation for corporate innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization and automation represent potential sources of disruption to the organization and practice of research and development (R&D). Digitalization has the potential to revolutionize future R&D, as digitalized R&D may improve efficiency and minimize risk thus reducing cycle and development times. However, companies expect organizational challenges in their R&D organization when they start to implement and work with digital technologies. Through an in‐depth case analysis, we investigate these organizational challenges at Unilever, one of the world's leading fast‐moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies. Three challenges were identified: (1) managerial challenges; (2) behavioral challenges; and (3) digital technology skills challenges. Based on the identified challenges within the context of digitalizing an R&D center, our study provides some practical advice to R&D managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to unravel the intricacies of the resource allocation–firm performance relationship by examining the impact of resource allocation to research and development (R&D), advertising, inventories, and wages and salaries on firm performance, considering both short‐term and long‐term dynamics This work is conducted using a sample of 240 listed Indian manufacturing firms over a time span of 18 years, that is, from 2006 to 2023. Based on the empirical findings from the dynamic panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, it is revealed that, in the short term, allocating resources to areas such as R&D, advertising, inventories, and wages and salaries has a detrimental effect on sales. However, in the long term, these resource allocations show a positive impact on sales. Regarding stock market performance, both R&D and advertising exert a negative influence on Tobin's Q in the short term, but their impact becomes positive in the long term. In the case of inventories and wages and salaries, their effects evolve over time: Initially, in the short term, both have a positive impact on Tobin's Q, but this effect switches to negative and becomes significant in the long term. The key contribution of this study revolves around a model‐driven approach aimed at tackling the complex issue of resource allocation and its dynamic impact on performance outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]