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Objective: To culturally adapt and validate the Italian version of the Shoulder Instability—Return to Sport after Injury (SI-RSI-I) scale. Methods: The SI-RSI-I was developed by adapting the Anterior Cruciate Ligament—Return to Sport Index—Italian version and replacing the term "knee" with "shoulder." Subsequently, it underwent validation following COSMIN recommendations. The study involved athletic participants who experienced SI. They completed the SI-RSI-I together with other measurement instruments: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Score, EuroQol-5D-5L, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. The following psychometric properties were investigated: structural validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, measurement error, and construct validity. Results: The study included 101 participants (age mean [SD] 28.5 [7.4] y; 83 males, 18 females). The SI-RSI-I showed a single-factor structure, excellent internal consistency (α =.935), and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC =.926; 95% CI,.853–.964). The standard error of measurement was 6.1 points, and the minimal detectable change was 17.0 points. Furthermore, SI-RSI-I demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with all reference scales, confirming 8 out of 9 (88.0%) hypotheses, thus establishing satisfactory construct validity. Conclusion: The SI-RSI-I has demonstrated robust internal consistency, reliability, validity, and feasibility as a valuable scale for assessing psychological readiness to return to sport in Italian athletes with SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) is a popular tool with valid psychometric properties to assess upper limb function in patients with musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of the study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the German version of the ULFI. Design: Cross-cultural validation. Methods: A 2-stage cross-cultural adaptation of the ULFI was performed according to international guidelines through consecutive forward and backward translations. Psychometric properties of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, criterion, face and content validity, and factor structure were determined from the included German participants suffering from upper limb conditions (n = 100), who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: (1) older than 18 years old, (2) German as native language, and (3) medical diagnosis of musculoskeletal upper limb condition. Participants completed the ULFI; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; EuroQol Health Questionnaire 5 Dimensions; and Short Form-12 questionnaires. Results: The ULFI-G showed good internal consistency (α =.88); excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient2:1 =.98); directly strong correlation with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (r =.84); fair correlation with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand-sport (r =.54); inversely fair correlation with EuroQol Health Questionnaire 5 Dimensions (r = −.62); and Short Form 12's physical health domain (r = −.7). A single-factor structure was revealed. Conclusions: The ULFI-G showed adequate psychometric properties and proved to be a valid tool for upper limb functional assessment in German population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The popularity of fencing and intense sports competition has burdened adolescents with excessive training, harming their immature bodies. Traditional training methods fail to provide timely movement corrections and personalized plans, leading to ineffective exercises. This paper aims to use artificial intelligence technology to reduce ineffective exercises and alleviate the training burden. Methods: We propose an action recognition algorithm based on the characteristics of adolescent athletes. This algorithm uses multimodal input data to comprehensively extract action information. Each modality is processed by the same network structure, utilizing attention mechanisms and adaptive graph structures. A multibranch feature fusion method is used to determine the final action category. Results: We gathered the fencing footwork data set 2.0. Our model achieved 93.3% accuracy, with the highest precision at 95.8% and the highest F1-Score at 94.5% across all categories. It effectively recognized actions of adolescents with different heights and speeds, outperforming traditional methods. Conclusion: Our artificial intelligence-based training solution improves training efficiency and reduces the training burden on adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the reproducibility and sensitivity of a self-paced field running test (SFT) in monitoring positive and negative changes in endurance performance. Methods: A total of 27 (11 women) recreational runners participated in a 6-week training intervention. The intervention was divided into a 3-week baseline period, a 2-week overload period, and a 1-week recovery period. An incremental treadmill test was performed before the baseline period and a 3000-m running test before and after all periods (T1–T4). In addition, the participants performed once a week an SFT (SFT1–6), which consisted of submaximal (6 + 6 + 3-min test at perceived exertion of 9/20, 13/20, and 17/20) and maximal sections (6 × 3-min intervals at maximum sustainable effort). The associations between the incremental treadmill test and the SFT1 performance were examined with the Pearson correlation, and the intraclass correlation was analyzed for the parameters of SFT1 to SFT3 sessions during the baseline period. The repeated-measures correlation was calculated for the 3000-m speed at T1 to T4 and the corresponding speeds at SFT. Results: Significant associations (r =.68–.93; P <.001) were found between the speeds of the SFT and the peak and lactate threshold speeds of the incremental treadmill test. Intraclass correlations varied between.77 and.96, being the highest for the average speed of 6 × 3-minute intervals. Repeated-measures correlation was significant (P <.05) for the 9/20 (r =.24), 13/20 (r =.24), and 6 × 3-minute intervals (r =.29). Conclusions: The SFT seemed a reproducible method to estimate endurance performance in recreational runners. The sensitivity to track short-term and small-magnitude changes in performance seems more limited and might require more standardized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adolescent population with Down syndrome (DS) appears to show higher levels of body fat and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness or muscle strength than their peers without disabilities. There is a need to create physical activity programs to improve these data. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of a 16-week swimming program, strength program, and combined program (swimming and strength training) on body composition and health-related physical fitness on adolescents with DS and to assess whether there are differences in the results of the different training programs. Forty-five adolescents (17 female and 28 male; average age 15.5 [1.53] years) with DS were recruited and randomized to three groups (swim [n = 15], strength [n = 15], and combined [n = 15]). Results showed that the swim group had significant improvements in all health-related physical fitness variables and there was an improvement in some body-composition variables (p <.05). The strength and combined groups obtained minor improvements in the variables analyzed. In summary, a 16-week swim program consisting of three sessions of 60 min is able to improve levels of body composition and health-related physical fitness in adolescents with DS. The swim training program seems to be more effective in improving body composition and health-related physical fitness than the strength or combined program. These findings could be useful in different special-education centers due to the predisposition shown by the population with DS to this sport modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Horizontal hops can provide insight into how athletes can tolerate high-intensity single-leg stretch loads and are commonly used in athlete monitoring and injury management. Variables like flight, contact, and total time provide valuable diagnostic information to sports science professionals. However, gold-standard assessment tools (eg, 3-dimensional motion capture, force plates) require monetary and technological resources. Therefore, we used a tablet and free software to determine the between-rater, within-rater, and test–retest variability of the temporal events of multiple horizontal hop tests. Design: Reliability study. Methods: Nine healthy males (20.8 [1.3] y, 71.4 [9.8] kg, 171.7 [4.5] cm) across various university sports teams and clubs volunteered and performed several triple (3-Hop) and quintuple (5-Hop) horizontal hops over 3 testing sessions. Six raters detected temporal events from video to determine between-rater variability, while a single rater quantified within-session and test–retest variability. The temporal variables of flight time, ground contact time for each individual hop, and the total time of each hoping series were determined. The consistency of measures was interpreted using the coefficient of variation and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: Good to excellent between-rater consistency was observed for all hops (ICC =.85–1.00). Absolute (coefficient of variation ≤ 2.0%) and relative consistency (ICC =.98–1.00) was excellent. Test–retest variability showed acceptable levels of absolute consistency (coefficient of variation ≤ 8.7%) and good to excellent consistency in 10/16 variables (ICC =.81–.93), especially those later in the hopping cycle. Conclusions: A tablet and free digitizing software are reliable in detecting temporal events during multiple horizontal hops, which could have exciting implications for power diagnostics and return-to-play decisions. Therefore, rehabilitation and performance professionals can confidently utilize the highly accessible equipment from this study to track multiple hop performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary digital age, continued online learning behaviors have become indispensable for fostering employee development. However, the learning and development literature predominantly focuses on traditional instructor‐led approaches. It remains unclear how organizations can shape employees' learning behaviors, particularly in the context of online learning. The current study clarifies this underexplored research area by investigating how organizational investment in employee developmental climate (IEDC) can promote employees' continued online learning behaviors. Drawing on social influence theory and employing a multilevel research design, we find empirical support for our research model, which specifies that IEDC positively affects employees' continued online learning behaviors through the effect of normative pressure. The findings also reveal the moderating role of online learning facilitating conditions. Specifically, in firms characterized by higher levels of online learning facilitating conditions, the positive relationship between IEDC and normative pressure becomes more pronounced when compared to organizations with lower levels of such facilitating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and validity of the predicted distance–time relationship in the severe-intensity domain from a 3-minute all-out running test (3MT). Methods: Twelve runners performed two 3MTs (test #1 and test #2) on an outdoor 400-m track after familiarization. Eighteen-hertz Global Positioning System data were used to estimate critical speed (CS) and distance covered above CS (D′). Time to cover 1200 and 3600 m (T1200 and T3600, respectively) was predicted using CS and D′ estimates from each 3MT. Eight runners performed 2 time trials in a single visit to assess real T1200 and T3600. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard errors of measurement were calculated for reliability analysis. Results: Good to excellent reliability was found for CS, T1200, and T3600 estimates from 3MT (ICC >.95, standard error of measurement between 1.3% and 2.2%), and poor reliability was found for D′ (ICC =.55, standard error of measurement = 27%). Predictions from 3MT were significantly correlated to actual T1200 (r =.87 and.85 for test #1 and test #2, respectively) and T3600 (r =.91 and.82 for test #1 and test #2, respectively). The calculation of error prediction showed a systematic error between predicted and real T3600 (6.4% and 7.8% for test #1 and test #2, respectively, P <.01) contrary to T1200 (P >.1). Random error was between 4.4% and 6.1% for both distances. Conclusions: Despite low reliability of D′, 3MT yielded a reliable predicted distance–time relationship allowing repeated measures to evidence change with training adaptation. However, caution should be taken with prediction of performance potential of a single individual because of substantial random error and significant underestimation of T3600. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Hip Stability Isometric Test (HipSIT) is commonly employed in clinical settings for evaluating the hip posterolateral muscle strength. In this study, we introduced the "Field Hip Stability Isometric Test" (F-HipSIT) and assessed the intrarater and interrater reliability of this strength assessment specifically designed for sports settings. Design: Reliability study. Methods: Two independent raters (A and B) went to athletes' training facilities to conduct 2 sessions of F-HipSIT spaced at least 1 week apart. The average peak force value from 3 valid attempts of each leg was recorded and normalized by the participant's body mass for statistical analysis. Results: Thirty male and 30 female amateur athletes took part in this study. Rater A obtained similar values in the first (0.39 [0.05] and 0.44 [0.07] kg·f/kg) and second (0.39 [0.06] and 0.45 [0.07] kg·f/kg) testing days for men and women, respectively. Rater B also found similar values in the first (0.35 [0.06] and 0.42 [0.08] kg·f/kg) and second (0.36 [0.06] and 0.45 [0.08] kg·f/kg) testing days for men and women, respectively. Excellent intrarater intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were found for men (ICC =.922) and women (ICC =.930), with coefficient of variation of 6% to 8% and minimal detectable change of 0.06 to 0.10 kg·f/kg. The F-HipSIT presented good interrater reliability for men (ICC =.857) and women (ICC =.868), with coefficient of variation of 5% and minimal detectable change of 0.05 to 0.06 kg·f/kg. Conclusion: The F-HipSIT intrarater and interrater reliability among male and female recreational athletes supports this field test as a quick and convenient screening tool to monitor hip posterolateral muscle strength in sports settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week ballistic-strength-training program using a validated specific throwing device (ie, Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device), on isokinetic shoulders' rotation muscle-torques and ratios as well as range of motion in team handball players. Design: A repeated-measures experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was used. Methods: Twenty-six high-level competitive male U-19 team handball players were randomly assigned into training (TG, n = 15) and control (n = 11) groups. The TG undertook a twice a week for 8-week periodized throws program with an individually predetermined optimal load. The program incorporated shackled eccentric and concentric exercises using the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device. Peak torques, functional, and conventional ratios for both arms at different angular velocities (60°·s−1, 180°·s−1, and 300°·s−1) were assessed over time and between groups, using an isokinetic dynamometer. Results: A significant improvement for TG (P <.01; d = 1.13 [moderate]; +20.2%) of the concentric peak torques for dominant arm in external rotation was observed at 300°·s−1. Significant (P <.05–.01) increases were also noted for nondominant arm at the 3 studied angular velocities. In addition, 300°·s−1 eccentric peak torques of the dominant arm and nondominant arm have significantly improved for both external and internal rotations (P <.05; d =.99 [moderate] and d = 1.21 [large]; +15.7% and + 17.9%, respectively) with small changes at the other angular assessed velocities. Posttraining, TG's dominant arm showed significant improvements (P <.05–.01) in functional and conventional ratios at all velocities. Notably, significant differences (P <.05–.01) were observed at 60°·s−1 and across all velocities when comparing the TG with the control group. TG showed significant increase for internal rotation and external rotation shoulder range of motions (P <.05; d = 1.22–1.27 [large]), +5.0% and +7.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The specific 8-week throwing training program on the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device showed significant performance improvements in almost all assessed isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torques as well as internal and external range of motion increase for both arms while ensuring rotator cuff torque ratios and shoulder mobility in team handball real sport-specific condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The incidence and recurrence rate of hamstring strain injuries remain persistently high, with recurrent injuries leading to increased time lost during play and extended recovery periods compared with initial injury. Ultrasound imaging assesses important factors such as hamstring fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle thickness (MT), echo intensity (EI), and shear wave elastography (SWE), all impacting athletic performance. However, its reliability must be established before employing any measurement tool in research or clinical settings. Objectives: To determine the reliability and measurement error of ultrasound for assessing hamstring FL, PA, CSA, MT, EI, and SWE among healthy adults and athletes; to synthesize the information regarding the operationalization of ultrasound. Evidence Acquisition: A systematic literature search was done from January 1990 to February 5, 2023, to identify reliability and validity studies of hamstring ultrasound assessment published in peer-reviewed journals with identifiable methodology of outcome measures. Evidence Synthesis: Intraclass correlation coefficient measurement of 14 included studies reported moderate to excellent intrarater, interrater, and test–retest reliabilities of FL, PA, and MT regardless of the site of muscle testing, probe size, and setting, state of muscle, and use of different techniques in the extrapolation of FL. Good to excellent test–retest reliability rates for all hamstring anatomic CSA along midmuscle and different percentages of thigh length using panoramic imaging. Good intrarater reliability of EI regardless of gender and orientation of the probe but with excellent intrarater reliability in transverse scan using maximum region of interest. Good intrarater, interrater, and interday repeatability on SWE with the muscle in a stretched position. Conclusion: Evidence from studies with a predominantly low risk of bias shows that ultrasound is a reliable tool to measure hamstring FL, PA, CSA, MT, EI, and SWE in healthy adults and athletes under various experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-dwelling people with Mild Cognitive Impairment self-reporting not to be meeting recommended physical activity levels participated in this study to (a) determine compliance of wearing (thigh-worn) accelerometers, (b) describe physical activity levels and sedentary behavior, and (c) determine the validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) compared with activPAL accelerometers. A total of 79 people had valid accelerometer data (median [interquartile range]: age, 71 [54–75] years). Compliance was 86.81%. Participants were sedentary for 10.6 hr per day and engaged in a median of 9 min per day of moderate-intensity physical activity. Fair correlations were found between the PASE and total stepping time per day (r =.35, p <.01), total number of steps per day (r =.36, p <.01), and number of steps in stepping activities completed for ≤1 min (r =.42, p <.01). The PASE and Standing time (r =.04, p =.724) and PASE and Sitting time (r =.04, p =.699) had little to no relationship. The use of thigh-worn accelerometers for this population is achievable. People with Mild Cognitive Impairment have high levels of sedentary behavior and minimal engagement in moderate-intensity physical activity. The PASE has fair, positive criterion validity with activity-based outcomes measured by activPAL accelerometers but not with sedentary behavior, which is high for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the issue of whether and how work in the scholarly field of consumer research is relevant for various audiences. It notes concerns have been voiced about the content of the periodical failing to offer such relevance. It offers a framework for assessing different kinds of relevance that a consumer research study may have which includes considerations such as the targeted audience of the research question, the importance of the research topic, and whether the research results are actionable.

The expansion of research methods in library and information studies (LIS) has not been followed by an expedited development of rigorous standards for innovative research evaluation. This article focuses on the lack of clear guidance for evaluating hermeneutic phenomenological studies and proposes to address the situation by introducing the 12 principles of evaluation. These principles can help authors implement quality control in the design and writing of hermeneutic phenomenological reports and help peer reviewers, trained in quantitative and mixed methods, evaluate qualitative studies on their own merit, with a set of unique and appropriate criteria, rather than with the standards suited for quantitative inquiry. The 12 principles are advocated as a means of fostering scientific empathy toward phenomenologists and toward the methodology itself. Scientific empathy is positioned as a way of bridging gaps in knowledge and understanding and nurturing a more collaborative spirit that supports the diversity of research methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talent transfer has enabled elite athletes to be successful in another sport, with great potential in para-sport. Previous research suggests that similarities between donor and recipient sports may facilitate talent transfer; however, this remains unclear in para-sport. This study investigated patterns between donor and recipient sports' characteristics, identifying the impact on talent transfer in para-sport. An Australian case study utilizing secondary data of 38 Australian Paralympians who competed at the Paralympic Games from 2000 through 2020 was analyzed. Results demonstrated that similarities between sports were not significantly associated with successful talent transfers between Paralympic sports. Understanding patterns associated with successful Paralympic talent transfers offers a foundation of knowledge for designing and developing future talent-transfer pathways and research. Based on this study, it is recommended that sport administrators and practitioners explore greater opportunity for talent transfer in para-sport, rather than limiting talent-transfer opportunities based on athletes' donor sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With heightened uncertainties and risks in the fluctuating business environment, existing studies have concentrated on elucidating how service organizations leverage human resource practices to adapt to and survive such unforeseen and disruptive threats. However, how such practices could serve the strategic objective of cultivating a sustainably thriving workforce across different situations is not well understood. Thriving is a core transitional state that fosters positive behaviors, such as creative customer‐related problem‐solving. Applying social information processing theory, we propose and test a model by exploring how organizations that engage in thriving‐oriented human resource management (HRM) encourage employees to take responsibility and promote constructive change, thereby activating their creative problem‐solving behaviors. Specifically, we theorize and develop measures to promote thriving‐oriented HRM in Study 1. In Study 2, we collected multisource and multi‐wave data from 296 frontline service employees and 45 supervisors in China. Our findings reveal that thriving‐oriented HRM is positively related to felt responsibility for change, which ultimately encourages creative problem‐solving. We also show that the threat imposed by a crisis, that is, the COVID‐19 pandemic, strengthens the positive relationship between thriving‐oriented HRM and felt responsibility for change. Our study contributes to the HRM literature, especially on thriving‐oriented HRM and employee perception, and has practical implications for service organizations in the uncertain context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional discovery environments now serve as central resource databases for researchers in the academic environment. Over the last several decades, there have been numerous discovery layer research inquiries centering primarily on user satisfaction measures of discovery system effectiveness. This study focuses on the creation of a largely automated method for evaluating discovery layer quality, utilizing the bibliographic sources from student research projects. Building on past research, the current study replaces a semiautomated Excel Fuzzy Lookup Add-In process with a fully scripted R-based approach, which employs the stringdist R package and applies the Jaro-Winkler distance metric as the matching evaluator. The researchers consider the error rate incurred by relying solely on an automated matching metric. They also use Open Refine for normalization processes and package the tools together on an OSF site for other institutions to use. Since the R-based approach does not require special processing or time and can be reproduced with minimal effort, it will allow future studies and users of our method to capture larger sample sizes, boosting validity. While the assessment process has been streamlined and shows promise, there remain issues in establishing solid connections between research paper bibliographies and discovery layer use. Subsequent research will focus on creating alternatives to paper titles as search proxies that better resemble genuine information-seeking behavior and comparing undergraduate and graduate student interactions within discovery environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in restorative dentistry have remarkably increased in the past 5 years. This review outlines the applications, promises, and limitations of AI in the most performed procedures in restorative dentistry. Method and materials: An electronic search was performed in four databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search included articles published in English language without date restriction. Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of the studies and performed data extraction. Any discrepancy was resolved by the consensus of a third reviewer. Results: A total of 33 studies were included in this review. For AI applications in restorative dentistry, the included studies were classified into three main groups: (1) diagnosis, detection, and prediction of the disease, (2) detection and prediction of the longevity of dental restorations, and (3) teeth detection and treatments. For each study, the AI model, type of dataset, sample size, and main results (accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity) were reported. Conclusions: AI systems are promising as advantageous aids for diagnosis, prediction, and treatment in dentistry, with a high degree of accuracy. Despite the AI promises, several limitations are still unresolved and must be addressed to bridge the gap between technology and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Psychological difficulties can adversely affect rehabilitation outcomes and make return to sport more difficult . Identifying psychological difficulties is possible with valid and reliable measurement tools. The purpose of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the Reinjury Anxiety Inventory (RIAI), the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (SIRAS), and the Athletic Injury Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (AISEQ) into Turkish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions. Design: Cross-sectional study . Methods.· The instruments were forward- and back-translated, culturally adapted, and validated on 248 athletes and 34 physical therapists. The physical therapists of the athletes completed the SIRAS to evaluate the athletes. Statistical analysis included reliability tests (Cronbach alpha and test-retest), exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlational analysis . Floor and ceiling effects (< 15%) were also assessed. Results : Confirmatory factor analyses revealed a satisfactory model fit for the RIAI and the AISEQ, and exploratory factor analysis revealed the 1 -factor structure for the SIRAS as in the original. All 3 instruments displayed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .84 to .88) and test-retest reliability (coefficients ranged from .81 to .93). Convergent validity of the instruments was supported by significant correlations between the AISEQ and both the RIAI and the SIRAS. Conclusions : Our results suggest that the Turkish versions of the instruments were valid, consistent, and reliable in athletes who have serious injuries. Scores on these instruments could be useful for evaluating the contributions of psychological factors to return to sport following serious injuries. Clinicians are encouraged to use RIAI-Turkish (RIAI-TR), SIRAS-Turkish (SIRAS- TR), and AISEQ-Turkish (AISEQ-TR) together to make decisions about the treatment and rehabilitation plans of injured athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to adapt selected accuracy and precision tests in table tennis to the specific skills of elite table tennis players with impairment. The study included a sample of 23 Para table tennis players with an average age of 31.8 ± 12.22 years (including 30.4% females) who belonged to the senior Polish Para table tennis team. A battery of six tests evaluating stroke accuracy and serve precision was assessed. The analysis of the reliability of these tests confirmed the legitimacy of using this battery of accuracy and precision tests to assess the skills of Para table tennis players in all three integrated sport classes: players in wheelchairs, in a standing position, and with intellectual impairment. Analysis of the data obtained from the tests could provide coaches with relevant information regarding elite Para table tennis players' level of performance and examine selected accuracy and precision elements of their individual technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Decreased trunk neuromuscular control is a risk factor for both upper- and lower-extremity injuries, yet there are few reliable and valid clinical tests to identify deficits. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and known-groups validity of a novel clinical test, the seated trunk control test (STCT). Design: Cross-sectional reliability and known-groups validity study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 89 unique participants: 34 were 3 months postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and 55 healthy controls. Methods: For the STCT, participants sat on a balance board with their eyes closed for three 30-second trials while investigators counted balance errors. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were used to assess interrater reliability (N = 20) and test–retest reliability (N = 40). To assess known-groups validity, independent t tests were used to compare STCT errors at 3 months post-ACLR with healthy matched controls (N = 34/group). Area under a receiver operating characteristic curve identified an optimal cutoff for distinguishing between groups. Results: The STCT had perfect interrater reliability (ICC2,3 = 1.00) and good test–retest reliability (ICC3,3 =.79; 95% confidence interval =.61–.89). The ACLR group made significantly more errors on the STCT (mean [SD] = 15.5 [5.4]) than controls (mean [SD] = 8.2 [4.1]; P <.001, Cohen d = 1.52). The STCT's ability to distinguish between groups was excellent (area under a ROC curve = 0.86). A cutoff of 12 errors maximized sensitivity (76%) and specificity (85%). Conclusions: The STCT is reliable between raters and across days. It also has excellent ability to distinguish between individuals with a recent ACLR and healthy matched controls, which provides initial evidence to suggest that the STCT may be clinically useful for identifying deficits in trunk neuromuscular control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Imbalances in upper-extremity soft tissue stiffness may play a role in the development of shoulder and elbow musculoskeletal injuries in tennis players. Ultrasound shear wave elastography provides quantifiable and specific data regarding muscle stiffness. The purpose of this study was to compare tendon and muscle stiffness in healthy tennis players to nontennis players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The shear wave modulus, measured in kilopascals, was obtained for the dominant pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and common wrist-extensor tendon using 2-dimensional shear wave elastography ultrasound imaging (GE Logiq S8, L9 linear transducer). Independent t test was run to compare age, body mass index, and the activity index score between both groups. Within-day intrarater reliability was assessed using a within-examiner intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [3, 1]) with 95% confidence intervals. A multivariate general linear model was run to compare the mean differences between the tennis and nontennis players for each of the soft tissues. Results: Twenty-six individuals (13 tennis players and 13 nontennis players) were recruited. Within-day ICCs were very good (ICC >.78 for the pectoralis musculature) and excellent (ICC >.94 for the common wrist extensor). Common extensor tendon stiffness was significantly higher in tennis players compared to nontennis players (mean difference = 114.8 [61.8], confidence interval, −22.8 to 252.5 kPa for the dominant arm [P =.039]). Mean pectoralis major and minor stiffness differences were not significant (P >.214). Conclusions: Common wrist-extensor stiffness in healthy recreational tennis players is higher than those who do not play tennis. Therefore, clinicians may need to facilitate a greater soft tissue stiffness response with resistance training when rehabilitating recreational tennis players as compared to those not playing tennis. Additional normative data on a larger sample of recreational tennis players should be collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As organizations strive for more flexibility, decentralized decision‐making has been at the core of many modern HR approaches. Yet, on a company‐wide scale, it remains unclear whether decentralized decision‐making structures improve organizational performance. Our study aims to illuminate prior ambiguous evidence by examining an employee‐level mechanism underlying the organizational‐level relationship between decentralization and performance, and scrutinizing the critical role of formal leaders for empowering employees in decentralized structures. Integrating the perspective of organizational structure as opportunities and constraints with social information processing theory, we argue that transferring decision‐making authority to lower organizational levels positively affects employees' emergent leadership, but only to the extent that direct supervisors engage in empowering leadership and guide employees' behaviors in decentralized structures. Our predictions are supported by a multilevel, multisource field study of 5807 individuals across 144 companies. We further find that emergent leadership yields a positive effect on organizational performance. By developing a multilevel model that explicates both an employee‐level mechanism and a contingency of the decentralization–organizational performance link, our study enriches understanding of the key role that formal leaders play for achieving the strategic goals of decentralized decision‐making in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the criterion validity and test–retest reliability of isometric finger-strength testing in 6 differentiated grip techniques for the assessment of bouldering ability among male climbers. Methods: We recruited participants at climbing gyms in Sweden and through online advertisements. We included climbers over 15 years of age with a minimum bouldering performance level of 17 International Rock Climbing and Research Association (IRCRA) for men and 15 IRCRA for women. We tested unilateral, maximal isometric peak finger strength in the front 3 drag, half crimp, closed crimp, 35 sloper, 45 × 90-mm, and 90 × 90-mm pinch through maximal force deloaded of a force plate. We analyzed criterion validity, test–retest reliability, and capacity to determine bouldering performance ability using a stepwise multivariable regression model. Results: Women were excluded from the analysis due to insufficient sample size (n = 16). Thirty-two male participants were included in the primary analysis. The median (interquartile range) age in the advanced and elite group was 27 (25; 35) and 23 (22; 32) years, respectively. The half crimp for the participants' weak and strong hand displayed the highest ability to determine bouldering grade performance, explaining 48% to 58% of the variance. In the stepwise regression, maximal strength in the half crimp and the front 3 drag collectively explained 66% of the variance for performance. Conclusion: Strength in the half crimp proved the most important performance indicator. The results of this study provide a reliable and valid framework for maximal isometric peak finger-strength testing in advanced and elite male boulderers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptations to resistance training and subsequent performance can be undermined by inadequate interset recovery. Methods typically used to monitor recovery were developed for longitudinal use, making them time-inefficient within singular exercise bouts. If valid, perceptual recovery status (PRS) may be used as an efficient and inexpensive assessment tool to monitor individual recovery. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the validity of PRS on monitoring recovery during a high-intensity back-squat session. Methods: Ten healthy men participated in the 2-session study (separated by at least 48 h). Session 1 included anthropometrics, PRS familiarization, and a 1-repetition-maximum back squat. Session 2 included a high-intensity protocol (5 sets of 5 repetitions; 5-min interset recovery; 85% of 1-repetition maximum). PRS was obtained before the first set and during the last 30 seconds of each 5-minute recovery; rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also collected. A linear position transducer collected mean barbell velocity (MBV). Repeated-measures correlations assessed the common intraindividual relationships of PRS scores to intraset MBV and RPE, respectively. Results: A very large, positive correlation appeared between PRS and MBV (r [95% CI] =.778 [.613 to.878]; P <.0001). A large, negative correlation emerged between PRS and RPE (r [95% CI] = −.549 [−.737 to −.282]; P <.001). Conclusions: Results indicate that PRS can be a means for practitioners to monitor individualized recovery. PRS tracked well with RPE, strengthening its utility in a practitioner-based setting. Findings provide insight into the practicality of PRS for recovery monitoring. It could be used alongside other measures (eg, MBV and countermovement jump) to individually program and maintain performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people with intellectual disabilities have comorbid health conditions, which will impact optimization of sporting performance. Classification is used in Paralympic events to ensure that those with similar levels of functional ability compete fairly against each other. An evidence-based approach needs to be developed for athletes with intellectual disabilities to be classified in relation to their overall functional capacity into competition groups of similar ability. This research builds on previous work using the taxonomy of The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to group athletes with intellectual disabilities into comparable competition groups as an approach to Paralympic classification. Three groups of athletes—Virtus, Special Olympics, and Down syndrome—are compared using the ICF questionnaire indicating functional health status in relation to sporting performance. The questionnaire was found to discriminate between athletes with Down syndrome and other athletes, and an approach to using a cutoff score to develop competition classes is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the UMOVE Mobility Screen in older adults living with dementia using a Rasch analysis and hypothesis testing. The UMOVE Mobility Screen (UMOVE) focuses on nine activities: following commands, muscle strength, and basic functional mobility tasks. Trained evaluators completed assessments on 244 patients, the majority of whom were female (62%), and White (71%). Based on Rasch Analysis, there was evidence of good item and person reliability (indexes > 0.80), good INFIT statistics, and only one item fitting the model based on OUTFIT statistics. Validity was supported based on hypothesis testing. There was no evidence of Differential Item Functioning between races and genders. Item mapping raised concerns about the spread of the items across the full spectrum of mobility assessed in the UMOVE Mobility Screen. Future testing should consider adding some easier and some more difficult items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic adversely impacted older adults' physical activity levels. This convergent mixed-method study assessed the adaptation of the Recreovía, a community-based physical activity program in Bogotá, and characterized physical activity levels among older adult participants. Our results showed how the Recreovía adapted during the pandemic to continue promoting physical activity, through indoor and outdoor strategies, including virtual physical activity sessions and safety protocols. During this time, 72%–79% of the older adults attending the adapted program were physically active. A greater proportion of park users (84.2%) and more people involved in vigorous physical activity were observed during Recreovía days. Older adults had positive experiences and perceptions of the Recreovía program related to their health and social well-being. Even though the older adults prefer being outdoors, the adapted program allowed participants to continue with their physical activity routines as much as possible during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing body of research on algorithmic management (AM), but the field lacks measurement tools to capture workers' experiences of this phenomenon. Based on existing literature, we developed and validated the algorithmic management questionnaire (AMQ) to measure the perceptions of workers regarding their level of exposure to AM. Across three samples (overall n = 1332 gig workers), we show the content, factorial, discriminant, convergent, and predictive validity of the scale. The final 20‐item scale assesses workers' perceived level of exposure to algorithmic: monitoring, goal setting, scheduling, performance rating, and compensation. These dimensions formed a higher order construct assessing overall exposure to algorithmic management, which was found to be, as expected, negatively related to the work characteristics of job autonomy and job complexity and, indirectly, to work engagement. Supplementary analyses revealed that perceptions of exposure to AM reflect the objective presence of AM dimensions beyond individual variations in exposure. Overall, the results suggest the suitability of the AMQ to assess workers' perceived exposure to algorithmic management, which paves the way for further research on the impacts of these rapidly accelerating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: To assess the reliability of a remote 2D markerless motion tracking method (Kinovea) to quantify knee and hip angles during dynamic tasks. Methods: Fourteen healthy adults performed body weight squats and lateral lunges while video recording themselves at home. Knee and hip angles were quantified in the sagittal plane for the squats and in the frontal plane for the lateral lunges. Two students each performed the video analysis procedure twice, 2 weeks apart. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate the intrarater and interrater reliability for angles at maximum depth. The intrarater and interrater agreement over the joint angle-time signals were quantified using a validation metric; an acceptable agreement threshold was set at a validation metric of 0.803 or higher. Standard error of measurement (SEM) was also calculated. Results: Reliability was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients = .80-.98) for all angle comparisons at maximum depth. The agreement over the entire joint angle-time signal was acceptable for all squat variables except for the interrater hip angle comparison (validation metric = 0.797). None of the lateral lunge variables met the threshold of acceptable agreement. The mean SEM across participants for all joint angle-time signal and for maximum depth was acceptable (<5°) for all measurements (SEM = 1.2°-4.9°). Conclusions: Overall, the reliability, agreement, and SEM quantified in this study support the integration of remote methods to quantify lower-extremity kinematics into research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: An easy-to-administer, function-based questionnaire to assess patients with various foot problems was required for a Greek-speaking population. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Quick Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (Quick-FAAM) into Greek and evaluate its reliability and validity. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Established international guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires were followed. The face and content validity of the Greek version of the Quick-FAAM (Quick-FAAM-GR), as well as the internal consistency and test-retest reliability upon repeated administration after 5 days, were examined. In addition, the construct validity of the scale was examined via exploratory factor analysis as well as by testing for associations with the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index, the 12-item Short-Form Survey (version 2), and a functional balance assessment test--the Y-Balance Test. Results: Sixty participants (18 women) with self-reported chronic ankle instability symptoms, with a median (interquartile range) age of 27 (7.7) years, participated in the study. Half of the participants were included in the test-retest reliability study. The Quick-FAAM-GR demonstrated face and content validity. Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach a =.961) and intrarater test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC[2,1] = .93) were demonstrated, with a comparable error margin to the original version (standard error of the measurement = 2.1, 95% minimum detectable change = 5.9). Associations of the Quick-FAAM-GR scores to other questionnaires ranged from weak to strong (Spearman rho), all being statistically significant (Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index from -.26, P = .04, to -.67, P< .001, and 12-item Short-Form Survey, version 2, between .41 and .72, P<.001), and to the Y-Balance Test between lower-limb differences (-.35 to -.58, P< .001). The exploratory factor analysis confirmed the single- factor structure of this scale. No floor/ceiling effects were observed. Conclusions: The Greek Quick-FAAM has proven to be a valid and reliable tool for evaluating chronic ankle instability and can be used for clinical and research purposes in Greek- speaking individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing body of scholarship exploring university–organization collaborations in the sport for development (SfD) field, there has been limited consideration of the experiences of practitioners and partnering organizations in these partnerships. The purpose of this study was to examine their experiences when partnering with academic institutions, programs, scholars, and/or students, with a specific focus on research and evaluation partnerships. Interviews were conducted with 22 participants working at 20 SfD organizations in the United States. Findings were organized into six main categories (e.g., motivations, factors that facilitate or impede collaboration, collaboration outcomes). A conceptual process framework for university–organization collaboration emerged from the data. This study is one of the first in the SfD field to examine practitioners' perspectives of university–organization collaborations centered on research and evaluation activities. The findings help advance the SfD field, identifying the various factors at play as these partnerships are formed, activated, and sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the 3D accuracy of three scanning strategies and conventional impressions using an edentulous model with six implants. Materials and Methods: An edentulous maxillary master model was fabricated with six equigingival internal connection implants at 0 degrees of angulation. Ten conventional open-tray splinted implant-level impressions were made and poured in stone. A master model and conventional casts were digitized with a reference scanner. Digital impressions were made by calibrated clinicians with a TRIOS 3 intraoral scanner ([IOS] 3Shape) according to three scanning strategies: DIG1 (occlusal-palatal-lingual), DIG2 (S-type motion from buccal to palatal), and DIG3 (scanning two half arches and connecting them at the midline). Each technique was repeated 10 times on the master model. Deviations from the STL datasets (N = 40) were compared to those of the reference master model using the Hexagon Metrology software system PC-DMIS CAD++. Linear distortions (dX, dY, dZ), global linear distortion (dR), and angular distortions (Absdθx, Absdθy) were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis test and mixed linear and logistic regression models were used to compare the original and binary distortion measures between the techniques. Results: The mean dR ranged from 91 μm (conventional method) to 183 μm (DIG1). The mean angular distortion ranged from 0.20 degrees (Absdθx for DIG2) to 0.69 degrees (Absdθy for DIG3). No scan pattern resulted in a more accurate reproduction in any of the measured parameters than the conventional impression method. There were significant differences between the methods for all distortion measures. Conclusions: No group reproduced the 3D position of the six-implant master model below the thresholds for both global linear and angular distortions. All the digital strategies tested were less accurate than the conventional open-tray splinted implant-level impression technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to perform the cross-cultural adaptation to European Portuguese of the Composite Physical Function Scale and to assess its validity and reliability in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. The scale was translated into European Portuguese, back translated, and piloted in a sample of 16 representative individuals. Its validity and reliability were tested in an independent sample of 114 community-dwelling older adults (52 were tested twice to assess test–retest reliability). The results showed that the scale had good internal consistency (α =.90), construct validity (ρ =.71) and measurement error (78.8% agreement), and excellent test–retest reliability (κ =.98). However, a ceiling effect was found as 28% of the participants achieved the highest possible score. Although the scale has good measurement properties, the presence of ceiling effects is indicative that this tool is not able to distinguish higher levels of intrinsic capacity within community-dwelling older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "2-point method," originally referred to as the "2-load method," was proposed in 2016 by Prof Slobodan Jaric to characterize the maximal mechanical capacities of the muscles to produce force, velocity, and power. Two years later, in 2018, Prof Jaric and I summarized in a review article the scientific evidence showing that the 2-point method, compared with the multiple-point method, is capable of providing the outcomes of the force–velocity (F–V) and load–velocity (L–V) relationships with similar reliability and high concurrent validity. However, a major gap of our review was that, until 2018, the feasibility of the 2-point method had only been explored through testing procedures based on multiple (more than 2) loads. This is problematic because (1) it has misled users into thinking that implementing the 2-point method inevitably requires testing more than 2 conditions and (2) obtaining the data from the same test could have artificially inflated the concurrent validity of the 2-point method. To overcome these limitations, subsequent studies have implemented in separate sessions the 2-point method under field conditions (only 2 different loads applied in the testing protocol) and the standard multiple-point method. These studies consistently demonstrate that while the outcomes of the 2-point method exhibit comparable reliability, they tend to have slightly higher magnitudes compared with the standard multiple-point method. This review article emphasizes the practical aspects that should be considered when applying the 2-point method under field conditions to obtain the main outcomes of the F–V and L–V relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Long-lever shoulder strength tests may aid clinical decision-making regarding return to sport after a shoulder injury. The Athletic Shoulder Test (AST) was developed to measure force production in 3 positions of shoulder abduction (90°, 135°, and 180°) using force plates. However, handheld dynamometers (HHDs) are more portable, affordable, and may provide valid and reliable results which would increase the clinical utility of long-lever tests. HHDs vary in shape, design, and their capacity to report parameters such as rate of force production and require further investigation. The aim of this study was to examine the intrarater reliability of the Kinvent HHD and assess its validity against Kinvent force plates in the AST. Peak force (in kilograms), torque (in Newton meters), and normalized torque (in Newton meters per kilogram) were reported. Design: Validity and reliability study. Methods: Twenty-seven participants with no history of upper limb injury performed the test in a randomized order using the Kinvent HHD and force plates. Each condition was assessed 3 times, and peak force was recorded. Arm length was measured to calculate peak torque. Normalized peak torque was calculated by dividing torque by bodyweight (in kilograms). Results: The Kinvent HHD is reliable when measuring force (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥.80), torque (ICC ≥.84), and normalized torque (ICC ≥.64) during the AST. The Kinvent HHD is also valid when compared with the Kinvent force plates for force (ICC ≥.79; r ≥.82), torque (ICC ≥.82; r ≥.76), and normalized torque (ICC ≥.71; r ≥.61). There were no statistically significant differences across the 3 trials on analyses of variance (P >.05). Conclusions: The Kinvent HHD is a reliable tool when used to measure force, torque, and normalized torque in the AST. Furthermore, given the lack of significant difference between trials, clinicians can use one test to accurately report relative peak force/torque/normalized torque rather than average 3 separate trials. Finally, the Kinvent HHD is valid when compared with Kinvent force plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The modified Thomas test (MTT) is commonly used to assess the flexibility of hip musculature, including the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and tensor fascia latae. This measurement is important to include in a comprehensive musculoskeletal examination. However, existing research shows conflicting results regarding its reliability, particularly due to variations in controlling pelvic tilt during testing, which may lead to inaccurate measurements of hip extension when quantifying the test outcomes. Purpose/Hypothesis This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Modified Thomas Test (MTT) in assessing hip flexor length using a goniometer. It was hypothesized that controlling for pelvic tilt would enhance the reliability of these measurements. Study Design Intra- and inter-rater reliability study Methods Sixty-four healthy individuals were recruited to participate in this study. The MTT was performed twice on each leg by both an experienced and a student physical therapist. Blinded goniometric measurements for hip extension range of motion (ROM) in the MTT position were taken with neutral pelvic tilt being enforced via palpation. A double-blind protocol was used where both examiners were unaware of each other's measurements and the goniometer was covered to blind the measuring therapist to the values as well. ROM values were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and quantified using SPSS software. Statistical analysis included calculating Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) and Standard Errors of Measurement (SEMs) using SPSS software. Results The study included 64 participants (mean age = 23.7 ± 4.34 years). The MTT demonstrated high intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.911) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.851). The SEMs indicated minimal variability around the mean scores. The average hip extension ROM measured was 5.43± 9.73 degrees. Conclusion These results suggest that the MTT is a reliable tool for assessing hip flexor length in clinical practice, particularly when pelvic tilt is controlled. These results have important implications for accurately testing orthopedic limitations that can contribute to low back, hip, and knee pain. Level of Evidence 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Happiness is crucial for human wellbeing. Nursing students encounter distinct challenges such as stress, burnout, and emotional exhaustion, which can negatively impact their mental health. Cultural and societal factors also influence happiness. Objective: This study conducted a comparative analysis of Big Five personality traits and emotional regulation (ER) as predictors of happiness among nursing students in Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 739 nursing students from Jordan and Saudi Arabia who were selected using a multistage sampling technique. The instruments utilized in this study were the short version of the Big Five Inventory for assessing personality, Oxford Happiness Inventory for measuring happiness levels, and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire for evaluating ER. To identify the predictors of student happiness, stepwise regression analysis was conducted, and cross‐country comparisons were made using a "pool analysis" method. Results: The findings indicated that 62.1% of the participants reported moderate levels of happiness, whereas 36.0% reported high levels. There were significant differences in happiness levels between Jordan and Saudi Arabia (p = 0.003), with Jordanian students reporting lower happiness levels. In Saudi Arabia, there were significant variations based on age (p = 0.049) and academic year (p = 0.013). Multiple regression analysis revealed that higher agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness were positively associated with happiness while openness had a weak association. Conversely, higher Neuroticism, being in Jordan, and being male were negatively associated with happiness. Nominal regression analysis indicated that extraversion and agreeableness are significant predictors of higher levels of happiness, whereas neuroticism is associated with lower levels of happiness. Furthermore, males and non‐Saudis were more likely to report lower levels of happiness. Conclusion: This study revealed notable determinants of happiness among nursing students in Saudi Arabia and Jordan. ER, Big Five personality traits, and demographic factors play influential roles. Overall, the robust regression model emphasized the dependability of these findings, providing valuable insights for nursing education and interventions aimed at improving student wellbeing. From a practical standpoint, these findings can guide the development of personalized mental health support programs and interventions designed to enhance the happiness and wellbeing of nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the development and content validation of the Upper Limb-Motor Learning Strategy Tool (UL-MLST) that aims to guide clinicians on how to implement and document the motor learning strategies used in the upper limb therapy approaches for children with cerebral palsy. Methods: The study consists of two main stages (1) item generation and development and (2) content validation and refinement. The UL-MLST Online Training Program, Manual and Checklist were developed by the authorship group in stage one. In stage 2, two experts evaluated the UL-MLST regarding the Relevance, Coherence, and Significance of the individual strategies and whether the tool is Relevant, Comprehensive, and Clinically useful. Results: Of sixty-two strategies included in the UL-MLST, 52 strategies were rated as being either "Moderately" or "Highly" Relevant, Coherent, and Significant. Ten strategies did not achieve mutual agreement; however, they did not meet the criteria for deletion and were revised according to expert feedback. Overall, the UL-MST was judged to be Relevant, Comprehensive, and Clinically useful. Conclusions: The UL-MLST provides a valid tool to support clinicians in the implementation of the motor learning strategies for children with cerebral palsy. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The Upper Limb- Motor Learning Strategy Tool (UL-MLST) Online Training Program, Manual, and Checklist provide a comprehensive package of resources to support the application of motor learning strategies in upper limb therapy for children with cerebral palsy. The UL-MLST provides clinicians with a valid tool for self-appraising the implementation of motor learning-based therapies. The tool has the potential to improve fidelity, enhance the quality, and ensure consistency of evidence-based, task-focused approaches of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the data on the psychometric properties of the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Materials and methods: Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched in April 2023. The random effects meta-analysis was conducted when possible. Results: Of 492 identified records, 79 were included. 70 studies were considered to be of low risk of systematic bias. Alpha was >0.81. Pooled test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91 (95% CI 0.90–0.93). The NDI correlations with pain rating scales varied from 0.38 to 0.89. 13 studies found the NDI to be unidimensional and 15 – two- or three-dimensional. The minimal detectable change varied from 3% to 27% and minimal clinically important difference from 5% to 33%. Pooled area under the curve was 0.74 (95% CI 0.68–0.80). Most studies have not detected floor or ceiling effect. Sex-related differential item functioning has been present in one study. Conclusions: The NDI demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability without floor or ceiling effect. In most situations, the NDI could be considered a unidimensional scale. The NDI well correlated with the common scales of pain and disability. The minimal clinically important difference and minimal detectable change were around 15% (7.5/50 points). IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Based on the 79 observational studies of mostly low risk of systematic bias, the Neck Disability Index demonstrated overall good psychometric properties The Neck Disability Index is a reliable scale to assess the severity of disability caused by neck pain of different musculoskeletal aetiology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the test-retest reliability and construct validity of the LCADL scale applied via online form in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19. Methods: Methodological study. After hospitalization for COVID-19 individuals completed the LCADL via online form at two separate times. They also answered the post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS), dyspnea, fatigue, and health perception scales, modified Medical Research Council (MRCm), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36). Hospitalization data were collected from the individual's medical record. Results: 104 individuals participated in the study (57 men, 45.2 ± 11.9 years). The LCADL showed moderately to high test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.73–0.86; p < 0.001), there was no difference in scores between test and retest (p > 0.05), the mean difference between the applications was smaller than the standard error of measurement and the internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's α = 0.70–0.94). In addition, it demonstrated adequate construct validity, showing correlations with PCFS, dyspnea perception, fatigue and health scales, mMRC, SF-36, and length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (p < 0.05). The LCADL as percentage of the total score presented a significant floor effect (25%). Conclusion: The LCADL applied online was reliable and valid for assessing limitations due to dyspnea in ADL in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale applied online is a method of evaluation of dyspnea-related ADL limitations that is valid and reliable after hospitalization for COVID-19 and can be used both in the telerehabilitation environment and in-person rehabilitation; The online form provides a more sustainable means of data storage, since no paper is needed, and saves time during in-person rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reddit has provided rich data on mental health discourse. The present study uses 40,335 online posts from Reddit communities to investigate how language can contribute to the understanding of PTSD and C-PTSD. The results showed distinct language patterns in the use of first-person pronouns, cognitive processing, and emotion words, suggesting that they are separate disorders with different effects on survivors. Further, while some social media studies have differentiated submissions and comments, few have investigated the language changes between these contexts. Post-hoc results showed a clear distinction between two contexts across several linguistic markers. Discussion and future directions are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, short-form social media videos have emerged as an important source of health-related advice. In this study, we investigate whether experts or ordinary users in such videos are more effective in debunking the common misperception that talking about suicide should be avoided. We also explore a new trend on TikTok and other platforms, in which users attempt to back up their arguments by displaying scientific articles in the background of their videos. To test the effect of source type (expert vs. ordinary user) and scientific references (present or absent), we conducted a 2 × 2 between-subject plus control group experiment (n = 956). In each condition, participants were shown a TikTok video that was approximately 30 seconds long. Our findings show that in all four treatment groups, participants reduced their misperceptions on the topic. The expert was rated as being more authoritative on the topic compared to the ordinary user. However, the expert was also rated as being less credible compared to the ordinary user. The inclusion of a scientific reference did not make a difference. Thus, both experts and ordinary users may be similarly persuasive in a short-form video environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) have been successful at natural and computer language processing tasks with varying degrees of complexity. This brief communication summarizes the lessons learned from a series of investigations into its use for the complex text analysis task of research quality evaluation. In summary, ChatGPT is very good at understanding and carrying out complex text processing tasks in the sense of producing plausible responses with minimum input from the researcher. Nevertheless, its outputs require systematic testing to assess their value because they can be misleading. In contrast to simple tasks, the outputs from complex tasks are highly varied and better results can be obtained by repeating the prompts multiple times in different sessions and averaging the ChatGPT outputs. Varying ChatGPT's configuration parameters from their defaults does not seem to be useful, except for the length of the output requested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) is widely used to assess functional movement patterns and illuminate movement dysfunctions that may have a role in injury risk. However, the association between FMS™ scores and LBP remains uncertain. Objective The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine functional movement scores among patients with low back pain (LBP) and healthy subjects with no LBP and review the validity of the FMS™ tool for screening functional movement among LBP patients. Methods The systematic review and meta-analysis included papers assessing functional movement among adult patients with LBP using the FMS™ through a literature review of five databases. The search strategy focused used relevant keywords: Functional movement screen AND low back pain. The review included all papers assessing functional movement among LBP adult patients (>18 years old) using the FMS™ published between 2003 to 2023. The risk of bias in the involved studies was evaluated using the updated Cochrane ROB 2 tool. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager software, version 5.4. The meta-analysis included the total FMS™ score and the scores of the seven FMS™ movement patterns. Results Seven studies were included in this systematic review were considered to have low to unclear risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed that the LBP group had a significantly lower total FMS™ score than the control group by 1.81 points (95% CI (-3.02, -0.59), p= 0.004). Patients with LBP had a significantly lower score than the control group regarding FMS™ movement patterns, the deep squat (p <0.01), the hurdle step (p <0.01), the inline lunge (P value <0.01), the active straight leg raise (p <0.01), the trunk stability push-up (p=0.02), and the rotational stability screens (p <0.01). Conclusion Lower scores on the FMS™ are associated with impaired functional movement. Identifying the specific functional movement impairments linked to LBP can assist in the creation of personalized treatment plans and interventions. Further research is needed to assess the association of cofounders, such as age, gender, and body mass index, with the FMS™ score among LBP patients and controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The German version of the SarQoL®, a sarcopenia-specific quality of life (QoL) questionnaire, has not been validated hindering its widespread use. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the German SarQoL®. Methods: Via a cross-sectional study participants were recruited in two geriatric outpatient facilities and one acute geriatric ward in Munich (Germany). Sarcopenia and probable sarcopenia were diagnosed with the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) algorithm. From 185 participants (age 79.8 ± 6.1), 77 had probable sarcopenia, and 51 had sarcopenia. Participants completed the SarQoL® and the European Quality-of-Life 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaires. The validation included examination of the discriminative power, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and floor/ceiling effects. Results: Lower SarQoL®scores for sarcopenic (p = 0.002) and probable sarcopenic subjects (p < 0.001) compared to controls indicated good discriminative power. Consistent construct validity was found for sarcopenic subjects: moderate to high correlations with domains capturing similar constructs of the EQ-5D: 'Activities of daily living' (r = -0.58, p < 0.001), 'Mobility' (r = -0.72, p < 0.001) and low correlations with domains related to different constructs like 'Pain' (r = -0.32, p < 0.022). Similar correlations were found for probable sarcopenic subjects. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.8. Test-retest reliability was excellent (intraclass coefficient correlation of = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.91–0.99), and no floor/ceiling effects were observed. Conclusion: QoL was similarly reduced in both patient cohorts compared to controls. The German SarQoL® is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring QoL in patients > 65 years of age with sarcopenia and probable sarcopenia and can now be used in epidemiological studies and clinical trials in a German-speaking population. Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS)-ID: DRKS00020504 (March 12th, 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent methodological developments have contributed to a significant advance in computerised neuropsychological instruments and procedures, including those accessible from remote. In this paper we present Auto-GEMS, a newly developed, web-based, self-administered screening test allowing to quickly estimate an individual's cognitive state also considering their cognitive reserve. Auto-GEMS measures cognitive functioning on eleven items similarly to the in-person paper-and-pencil version (GEMS) and to the remote (phone or video call) version (Tele-GEMS) of the same screening. We collected normative data on a sample of 1308 Italian-speaking participants (age range 18–93) to verify its psychometric properties and computed regression models on demographic variables to establish clinical cut-offs. The psychometric properties of Auto-GEMS have shown good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity. This short and user-friendly tool has a number of potential applications. For instance, it can be useful in clinical practice to monitor the cognitive profile of patients or vulnerable individuals, or even administered in a face-to-face, standard clinical setting. It can also be used in research studies to screen participants. The testing materials and the collected data are freely available in a digital archive along with a web App to visualise the test outcome with reference to its normative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the influential factors in attracting foreign patients is possible by evaluating and identifying hospitals' capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses. This study assessed Ahvaz hospitals' readiness to attract health tourists using International Joint Commission (IJC) standards. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study examined 21 hospitals in Ahvaz using IJC standard questionnaires with 76 questions across six fields. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney test in SPSS version 22. Results: The overall compliance rate with organization-oriented standards was 79.53%. Staff training and qualification standards scored highest at 81.79%, while information management standards scored lowest at 76.26%. Non-academic hospitals averaged higher scores than academic hospitals, though this difference was insignificant (p > 0.05). Bed occupancy rates ranged from 40.96% to 85.33%, with average lengths of stay between 1.33 and 64.31 days. Conclusion: Ahvaz hospitals demonstrated above-average readiness to attract medical tourists across most dimensions. To enhance their competitiveness, hospitals should prioritize improvements in information management systems, leverage strengths in staff training and qualifications, address disparities between academic and non-academic institutions, and invest in marketing their unique capabilities to potential health tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: This study aimed to employ machine learning techniques to predict the clinical efficacy of acupuncture as an intervention for patients with upper limb motor dysfunction following ischemic stroke, as well as to assess its potential utility in clinical practice. Methods: Medical records and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging data were collected from 735 ischemic stroke patients with upper limb motor dysfunction who were treated with standardized acupuncture at two hospitals. Following the initial screening, 314 patient datasets that met the inclusion criteria were selected. We applied three deep-learning algorithms (YOLOX, FasterRCNN, and TOOD) to develop the object detection model. Object detection results pertaining to the cerebral vessels were integrated into a clinical efficacy prediction model (random forest). This model aimed to classify patient responses to acupuncture treatment. Finally, the accuracies and discriminative capabilities of the prediction models were assessed. Results: The object detection model achieved an optimal recognition rate, The mean average precisions of YOLOX, TOOD, and FasterRCNN were 0.61, 0.7, and 0.68, respectively. The prediction accuracy of the clinical efficacy model reached 93.6%, with all three-treatment response classification area under the curves (AUCs) exceeding 0.95. Feature extraction using the prediction model highlighted the significant influence of various cerebral vascular stenosis sites within the internal carotid artery (ICA) on prediction outcomes. Specifically, the initial and C1 segments of the ICA had the highest predictive weights among all stenosis sites. Additionally, stenosis of the middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries exerted a notable influence on the predictions. In contrast, the stenosis sites within the vertebral artery exhibited minimal impact on the model's predictive abilities. Conclusions: Results underscore the substantial predictive influence of each cerebral vascular stenosis site within the ICA, with the initial and C1 segments being pivotal predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate intraoperative and early postoperative clinical outcomes using the "tension band wiring first technique" to reduce C type patellar fractures. Methods: Sixty-four patients with C type fractures were enrolled in this study. Thirty-four patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) surgeries using the traditional reduction technique by pointed clamps (TRT group). The other thirty patients received the patellar fracture reduction using the "Tension band wiring first technique" (TBWFT group). All patellar fractures were treated with a cable tension band and a cerclage cable. The duration of intraoperative procedure and X-ray exposure times were recorded. All patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Bone union time was recorded. The articular surface steps of the patellas were measured. After surgery, range of motion (ROM) of the knee, and complications were evaluated, and patellar function was evaluated using the Lysholm knee scores and Böstman scores. Results: When compared to TRT group, the "Tension band wiring first technique" significantly reduced the intraoperative time and X-ray exposure times and tended to reduce the articular surface steps, though without statistical significance. In the two groups, there was no significant difference in bone union time, ROM, complications and patellar function. Conclusion: The utilization of "Tension band wiring first technique" proved to be a straightforward, expeditious, and reproducible technique for reducing patellar fracture in comparison to the conventional reduction technique utilizing pointed clamps. Further studies are required to ensure the generalizability of these findings to additional patient populations at other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]