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We examined the abundance of five small rodent species, the chestnut white-bellied rat (Niviventer fulvescens), red spiny rat (Maxomys surifer), long-tailed giant rat (Leopoldamys sabanus), house mouse (Mus musculus), and black rat (Rattus rattus), and the stand structure of primary and secondary forest stands resulting from two types of post-fire silvicultural management practices in the Phou Khao Khauy National Protected Area (PKKNPA), Lao PDR. Post-fire silvicultural practices contributed to dramatically converting the structure of forests. Coverage of overstory, midstory, and ground vegetation, number of tree stems, woody seedlings, snags, and volume of coarse woody debris all had significant differences among study sites. We captured 456 individual small rodents during the dry and rainy seasons. The mean number of small rodents captured in primary forests was significantly higher than that in two secondary forests. In addition, there were more rodents in burned rice field stands than in burned rubber plantation stands. The value of overstory to understory vegetation coverage and the volume of coarse woody debris were strongly associated with small-mammal abundance in the PKKNPA. Thus, post-fire silvicultural practices should take the differences in small rodent abundance as well as forest structure into account. Long-term experiments may help illuminate the potential effects of management strategies after forest fires in the Lao PDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, the Jakarta Metropolitan Area has experienced rapid urbanization, impacting the dynamics of built-up areas and agricultural land. This paper aims to understand the dynamics of rural–urban transition concerning spatial land cover in the last 20 years. The data was obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia, and land system maps. The change in built-up land from 2000 to 2011 showed an increasing trend of converting second-class paddy fields. This situation indicates rapid urbanization is taking place. Meanwhile, the second phase (2011–2019) shows a different pattern of massive change in peri-urban areas due to rural forces and increasingly limited space in the city center, allowing only low-intensity expansion. Peri-urbanization does not necessarily involve large-scale conversion of agricultural land but a shift in regional growth that extends into what used to be rural areas. Retaining more agricultural land around Greater Jakarta provides the dual benefits of providing agricultural products for the city as well as maintaining the region’s ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Lake Burlan, a lentic ecosystem artificially created by untreated runoff from adjacent rice fields, is located in the Amazon region within the dry forests of northern Peru. This body of water plays a fundamental role in agriculture and recreational activities in the area, which are fundamental to the local economy. This research aimed to evaluate the water quality of Lake Burlan using the Water Quality Index of Peru (WQI-PE). In addition, both spatial and depth variations of limnological parameters and trace elements were determined. The WQI-PE was calculated at seven sampling stations at two depths (surface level and one meter), using 18 limnological parameters and nine trace elements. The WQI-PE assessment indicated that the lake water quality ranged from poor to fair for both depths. Statistical analysis showed that nine limnological parameters and five trace elements showed spatial differences across seven sampling stations, while three limnological parameters and two trace elements showed depth-dependent variations. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were in exceedance of the national and international standards on environmental water quality. Therefore, the water quality of Lake Burlan is affected mainly by the impact of the surrounding rice fields and recreational activities. This research establishes a starting point for future monitoring to assist in the implementation of prevention and mitigation.

Abstract Background The core vector control tools used to reduce malaria prevalence are currently long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and indoor residual spraying (IRS). These interventions are hindered by insecticide resistance and behavioural adaptation by malaria vectors. Thus, for effective interruption of malaria transmission, there is a need to develop novel vector control interventions and technologies to address the above challenges. Larviciding using drones was experimented as an innovative tool that could complement existing indoor interventions to control malaria. Methods A non-randomized larviciding trial was carried out in irrigated rice fields in sub-urban Kigali, Rwanda. Potential mosquito larval habitats in study sites were mapped and subsequently sprayed using multirotor drones. Application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) (Vectobac® WDG) was followed by entomological surveys that were performed every two weeks over a ten-month period. Sampling of mosquito larvae was done with dippers while adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and pyrethrum spraying collection (PSC) methods. Malaria cases were routinely monitored through community health workers in villages surrounding the study sites. Results The abundance of all-species mosquito larvae, Anopheles larvae and all-species pupae declined by 68.1%, 74.6% and 99.6%, respectively. Larval density was reduced by 93.3% for total larvae, 95.3% for the Anopheles larvae and 61.9% for pupae. The total adult mosquitoes and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato collected using CDC-Light trap declined by 60.6% and 80% respectively. Malaria incidence also declined significantly between intervention and control sites (U = 20, z = − 2.268, p = 0.023). Conclusions The larviciding using drone technology implemented in Rwanda demonstrated a substantial reduction in abundance and density of mosquito larvae and, concomitant decline in adult mosquito populations and malaria incidences in villages contingent to the treatment sites. The scaling up of larval source management (LSM) has to be integrated in malaria programmes in targeted areas of malaria transmission in order to enhance the gains in malaria control.

Lake Burlan, a lentic ecosystem artificially created by untreated runoff from adjacent rice fields, is located in the Amazon region within the dry forests of northern Peru. This body of water plays a fundamental role in agriculture and recreational activities in the area, which are fundamental to the local economy. This research aimed to evaluate the water quality of Lake Burlan using the Water Quality Index of Peru (WQI-PE). In addition, both spatial and depth variations of limnological parameters and trace elements were determined. The WQI-PE was calculated at seven sampling stations at two depths (surface level and one meter), using 18 limnological parameters and nine trace elements. The WQI-PE assessment indicated that the lake water quality ranged from poor to fair for both depths. Statistical analysis showed that nine limnological parameters and five trace elements showed spatial differences across seven sampling stations, while three limnological parameters and two trace elements showed depth-dependent variations. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were in exceedance of the national and international standards on environmental water quality. Therefore, the water quality of Lake Burlan is affected mainly by the impact of the surrounding rice fields and recreational activities. This research establishes a starting point for future monitoring to assist in the implementation of prevention and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The core vector control tools used to reduce malaria prevalence are currently long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and indoor residual spraying (IRS). These interventions are hindered by insecticide resistance and behavioural adaptation by malaria vectors. Thus, for effective interruption of malaria transmission, there is a need to develop novel vector control interventions and technologies to address the above challenges. Larviciding using drones was experimented as an innovative tool that could complement existing indoor interventions to control malaria. Methods: A non-randomized larviciding trial was carried out in irrigated rice fields in sub-urban Kigali, Rwanda. Potential mosquito larval habitats in study sites were mapped and subsequently sprayed using multirotor drones. Application of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) (Vectobac® WDG) was followed by entomological surveys that were performed every two weeks over a ten-month period. Sampling of mosquito larvae was done with dippers while adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC miniature light traps (CDC-LT) and pyrethrum spraying collection (PSC) methods. Malaria cases were routinely monitored through community health workers in villages surrounding the study sites. Results: The abundance of all-species mosquito larvae, Anopheles larvae and all-species pupae declined by 68.1%, 74.6% and 99.6%, respectively. Larval density was reduced by 93.3% for total larvae, 95.3% for the Anopheles larvae and 61.9% for pupae. The total adult mosquitoes and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato collected using CDC-Light trap declined by 60.6% and 80% respectively. Malaria incidence also declined significantly between intervention and control sites (U = 20, z = − 2.268, p = 0.023). Conclusions: The larviciding using drone technology implemented in Rwanda demonstrated a substantial reduction in abundance and density of mosquito larvae and, concomitant decline in adult mosquito populations and malaria incidences in villages contingent to the treatment sites. The scaling up of larval source management (LSM) has to be integrated in malaria programmes in targeted areas of malaria transmission in order to enhance the gains in malaria control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW) on cropland soils can increase crop yield and promote carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration. Applying silicate rock powder to flooded rice paddies can promote weathering, but the effects of ERW on rice production and CO2 removal rates in the field remain unclear. Methods: We investigated the effects of adding wollastonite (CaSiO3) powder (5 t ha−1) to rice paddy plots on soil properties, rice yield, rice grain quality, grain arsenic, grain cadmium, and soil CO2 sequestration in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. Results: Wollastonite application increased soil pH, soil available silicon (Si) content, and Si uptake by rice. Wollastonite application increased grain number by 10% per panicle (15 ± 2), total grain number by 15%, and rice yield by 12% (1.4 ± 0.1 t ha−1). After five months of rice growth, soil inorganic carbon (SIC) content in the surface soil increased by 1.20 ± 0.03 t CO2 ha−1 in wollastonite treatments. We estimated a net profit of $300 (U.S.) ha−1 from yield increase and carbon trade with wollastonite application to this paddy field. Conclusions: Wollastonite application to paddy fields in Northeast China promoted rice yield and CO2 sequestration in the surface soil. This soil CO2 sequestration triples that from the control soil and is comparable to prior pot trials. Although field trials are needed on the limits to CO2 sequestration and rice yield increases with wollastonite application, such applications promise to increase soil CO2 sequestration and profits for a key crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers began to implement organic systems when the quality of rice fields decreased. Indonesia has several active volcanoes so that the agricultural land was formed by generally Entisols. Several natural and synthetic soil conditioners were starting to be used to decompose the litter and increase the availability of Entisol nutrients. The research aimed to study the effect of providing biological soil amendments on the chemical properties of Entisols. The demonstration plots scale research were used a completely randomized design with a combination of treatments: (P1) Flooded dolomite control, (P2) Non-flooded dolomite control, (P3) Flooded bio soil-neutralizer, and (P4) Non-flooded bio soil-neutralizer. Parameters of soil chemical properties observed were pH, C-organic (%), N-total (%), P2O5-total (%), K2O-total (%), CEC (c mol + kg-1), total bacteria (CFU mL-1), and total fungi (spores g-1). The chemical properties of Entisols before treatment showed slightly acidic pH, low C-organic, low N-total, low K-total, low P-total, and very high CEC. After applying the soil neutralizer, there were an increase in chemical properties including pH becoming alkaline and neutral, medium C-organic, standards to moderat NPK-total, and high CEC. Flooding treatment did not increase the chemical properties of the Entisols.

Snails are the first intermediate host in the life cycle of trematodes. Previous research found that Trichopodus microlepis fish, cultured in earthen ponds in Tan Nhut Commune, Binh Chanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam had a high infection rate with metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus and Procevorum sp. It is necessary to investigate whether habitats supplying water to the ponds may contribute to the transmission by carrying intermediate hosts and/or cercariae into these ponds or not. A study of cercariae and snail composition in rice fields and canal supplying water directly to these Trichopodus microlepis ponds was carried out with six samplings in the years 2022 and 2023. A total of 1,151 snails were collected, and nine snail species belonging to 8 genera and 6 families were identified. Three snail species in both rice fields and canal were infected with trematode (cercariae stage) including Bithynia siamensis, Lymnaea viridis and Indoplanorbis exustus. The overall prevalence in the dry season (25.9%) was significantly higher than in the wet season (10.6%) (P<0.05). Three cercariae morphotypes were recovered from snails: xiphidio (in all three snails), echinostome (in Lymnaea viridis and Indoplanorbis exustus), and pleurolophocercous in Bithynia siamensis. This finding shows that Bithynia siamensis is one of the infected sources for Trichopodus microlepis fish cultured in ponds, as pleurolophocercous is also the cercariae in the family of Heterophyidae (including Centrocestus formosanus and Procevorum sp.). Further research should be done to clarify the transmission of fish-borne zoonotic diseases to cultured Trichopodus microlepis in other habitats including the actual fishponds, and sources of trematodes in order to produce Trichopodus microlepis free of metacercariae, contributing to clean aquaculture development and safe food for local people in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is a globally important food crop, and it is crucial to accurately and conveniently obtain information on rice fields, understand their spatial patterns, and grasp their dynamic changes to address food security challenges. In this study, Chongqing's Yongchuan District was selected as the research area. By utilizing UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to collect multi-spectral remote sensing data during three seasons, the phenological characteristics of rice fields were analyzed using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Based on Sentinel data with a resolution of 10 m, the NDVI difference method was used to extract rice fields between 2019 and 2023. Furthermore, the reasons for changes in rice fields over the five years were also analyzed. First, a simulation model of the rice harvesting period was constructed using data from 32 sampling points through multiple regression analysis. Based on the model, the study area was classified into six categories, and the necessary data for each region were identified. Next, the NDVI values for the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods of rice fields, as well as the differences between them, were calculated for various regions. Additionally, every year, 35 samples of rice fields were chosen from high-resolution images provided by Google. The thresholds for extracting rice fields were determined by statistically analyzing the difference in NDVI values within the sample area. By utilizing these thresholds, rice fields corresponding to six harvesting regions were extracted separately. The rice fields extracted from different regions were merged to obtain the rice fields for the study area from 2019 to 2023, and the accuracy of the extraction results was verified. Then, based on five years of rice fields in the study area, we analyzed them from both temporal and spatial perspectives. In the temporal analysis, a transition matrix of rice field changes and the calculation of the rice fields' dynamic degree were utilized to examine the temporal changes. The spatial changes were analyzed by incorporating DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data. Finally, a logistic regression model was employed to investigate the causes of both temporal and spatial changes in the rice fields. The study results indicated the following: (1) The simulation model of the rice harvesting period can quickly and accurately determine the best period of remote sensing images needed to extract rice fields. (2) The confusion matrix shows the effectiveness of the NDVI difference method in extracting rice fields. (3) The total area of rice fields in the study area did not change much each year, but there were still significant spatial adjustments. Over the five years, the spatial distribution of gained rice fields was relatively uniform, while the lost rice fields showed obvious regional differences. In combination with the analysis of altitude, it tended to grow in lower areas. (4) The logistic regression analysis revealed that gained rice fields tended to be found in regions with convenient irrigation, flat terrain, lower altitude, and proximity to residential areas. Conversely, lost rice fields were typically located in areas with inconvenient irrigation, long distance from residential areas, low population, and negative topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The most accurate method for rice fields mapping involves a phenological approach using optical remote sensing and a multisource data integration approach. However, these approaches do not consider the two rice growing periods in tropical regions, which are the rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season, the optical remote sensing data are affected by clouds and haze. On the other hand, during the dry season, rainfed rice fields are not planted with rice. Therefore, this study proposed a new scheme for rice fields classification in the tropical regions using data fusion between different seasonal periods. Three data fusion scenarios based on reflectance fusion, temporal feature fusion, and information fusion from remote sensing data during the rainy and dry seasons were analyzed. The results showed that the accuracy of rice fields classification increased by using the proposed scheme, rather than a single period. The best fusion scenario was the information fusion strategy with the highest increase in precision accuracy, from 92.72% in reflectance fusion and 93.17% in temporal feature fusion to 94.99%. This strategy distinguished the rice fields from the fish pond and other seasonal crops such as sugar plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe research aims to investigate the Cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice fields within Sleman Regency due to its potential environmental and human health impact. The study was conducted from January to June 2023 and involved collecting soil samples from 23 irrigated rice fields within Sleman Regency with a grid sampling approach. Composite soil samples were created by blending five individual sub-samples from the cultivated layer (0-20 cm). The Cd levels in these samples were investigated using the Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometer (AAS) method. The findings revealed that all the sampled rice fields in Sleman Regency exceeded the critical limit of Cd concentration. The analysis of contamination factors (CF) and potential ecological risks (Er) indicated that the Cd contamination in Sleman Regency had reached a highly polluted level, carrying potential ecological risks. The extent of Cd contamination, primarily resulting from human activities (EF > 1), fell within the severe to extreme range (I-geo = 4-5). As a result, remediation measures are required to address the Cd contamination in Sleman Regency’s rice fields. These findings call for reducing the usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides. Future studies should determine the possibility of cadmium accumulation in rice and its transfer from soil to rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Basic Land Policy that stipulates land as a Gift of God Almighty regulated in the Basic Agrarian Law is about earth, water and space in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia must always be based on the unity of the nation for the greatest prosperity of the people, In this study, the author uses the type of Normative Juridical legal research, which is a type of legal research by describing a legal problem by analyzing a law and through laws and regulations, literature that can be obtained through literature studies. Implementation of the synchronization stages of the Determination of Protected Rice Field Maps (LSD) with District/City Regional Spatial Plans (RTRW), The frequent conversion of paddy fields in Indonesia encourages the government to make efforts to protect the existence of paddy fields to ensure the availability of paddy fields as a form of control rights from the state. Therefore, through Presidential Regulation Number 59 of 2019, the government mandates to accelerate the determination of protected rice field maps as a form of protection for the existence of rice fields. In practice, there is a discrepancy between the map of protected paddy fields and the spatial plan of an area, the determination of the map of protected rice fields through three stages, namely verification of rice fields, synchronization of rice field verification results, and implementation of the determination of protected rice field maps, second, synchronization of protected rice field maps with regional spatial plans can be done through requests for the release of land from the map of rice fields protected as long as it meets the criteria in the Technical Guidelines of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency Number 5/Juknis-HK.02/VI/2022 and further changes to the map of rice fields protected by regional officials, the head of the implementation team, and the integrated team are carried out to realize synchronization between regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: DNA metabarcoding was used to survey the biodiversity of parasitoid wasps in rice fields. DNA was collected from tissue samples of selected parasitoid wasps in the ethanol of Malaise traps. The results demonstrated the utility of the ethanol filter method for obtaining species information. However, it may lack detailed information and potentially lead to a reduced estimate of species richness. We also identified additional insect species in the parasitoid samples through metabarcoding. The results demonstrate the efficacy of high throughput sequencing on adult parasitoid wasps to determine their host associations. These data enhance the understanding of host species and provide insights into food web dynamics. A comprehensive and precise evaluation of Arthropoda diversity in agricultural landscapes can enhance biological pest control strategies. We used Malaise traps and sweep nets to collect insects from three double-cropping paddy fields. DNA was extracted from the ethanol preservative of the Malaise traps and from tissue samples of selected parasitoid wasps. This was followed by amplification using DNA barcoding primers to prepare high-throughput sequencing libraries. We annotated a total of 4956 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), encompassing 174 genera and 32 families of parasitoid wasps. The ethanol filter method efficiently captured a wide range of information. However, the method has low resolution and may result in a reduced estimate of species abundance. Additional insect species were also identified in the parasitoid samples. This suggests that high throughput sequencing from adult parasitoid wasps can also detect host species, enabling a better understanding of host species and providing insights into food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the growth phase or age of rice is carried out to estimate harvest area and rice production is important to maintain food security. Remote Sensing as an indirect observation technology is able to monitor growth phases and map plant age through data processing multi-temporal rice reflectance. Currently there are many remote sensing technologies available with a variety of sensors from optic to radar, of spatial resolutions from low to high, and easy in data access from non-commercial (free) to commercial. In this research, Sentinel-2 optical images were used which have moderate spatial and temporal resolution of 5 – 10 days. This research aims to identify the age of rice plants, to map and to monitor the spatio-temporal distribution of rice age with Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) classification using multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery. The GMM classification is a simple method based on density function. The research was carried out in rice fields at the Agency of Agriculture, Plantation, Food and Horticulture, Cianjur Regency, West Java Province, with observation periods from May - August 2021. The results showed that the temporal spectral response is different between the visible band (blue, green and red) and the near infrared band, where the 3 visible bands have a similar pattern with lower value than the near infrared band. The GMM classification results on multi-temporal images show that there is continuity of rice age classes in each image acquisition from 0 to 130 days after transplanting. Therefore, the GMM approach using Sentinel-2 imagery is promising for monitoring the age or growth phase of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice cultivation in Southeast Asia is a One Health interface intersecting human, animal, and environmental health. This complexity creates a potential for zoonotic transmission between diverse reservoirs. Bats harbor viruses like Nipah; mosquitoes transmit arboviruses; rodents spread hantaviruses. Domestic animals— including pigs with influenza and dogs with rabies and aquatic animals can also transmit pathogens. Climate change and urbanization may further disrupt rice agro-ecologies. This paper explores animal viral reservoirs, vectors, and historical practices associated with risk in rice farming. Climate and land use changes could enhance spillover. Solutions are proposed, including surveillance of animals, vectors, water, and air to detect threats before major outbreaks, such as improved biosecurity, hygiene, and livestock vaccinations. Ecological viral surveillance and agricultural interventions together can reduce zoonotic transmission from rice farming.

Rice fields are wetland ecosystems serving as crucial habitats for various organisms. Birds use these ecosystems as breeding, stopover, and wintering sites. Studies on birds that use rice fields have been continuously conducted worldwide and have recently gained interest in South Korea. This study aimed to determine the research trends and characteristics of avian research related to rice fields in South Korea using the text mining technique. Among the 118 peer-reviewed papers, the number of published papers per decade increased steadily from the 1990s to the 2010s, with an increasing trend in the direct relevance to rice fields. The number of papers was the highest for the bird orders Ciconiiformes and Gruiformes, followed by Anseriformes and Charadriiformes. Additionally, the number of papers was the highest in Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheongnam-do, followed by Gangwon-do and Jeollabuk-do. Further, the text mining results showed that the most frequently used words were “rice,” “habitat,” and “species,” followed by “wintering,” “feeding,” and “population.” Thus, based on the observed trends of avian research in rice fields in South Korea, it will be helpful for suggesting the direction of birds studies in rice fields as an important habitat at the future researcher or national level.

ABSTRAK Hak milik atas tanah adalah hak yang terkuat, terpenuh dan dapat dipertahankan kepada siapa saja. Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria negara memiliki hak menguasai. Berdasarkan Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 dinyatakan bahwa bumi, air, udara dikuasai oleh negara dengan sebesar-besarnya demi kesejahteraan rakyat. Pemerintah mengeluarkan aturan mengenai lahan sawah dilindungi yang hanya menetapkan luas tanah sawah setiap daerah yang ditetapkan dengan aturan Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 Tentang Lahan Sawah Dilindungi tanpa menjelaskan lebih rinci tanggung jawab pemerintah terhadap masyarakat yang tanahnya termasuk ditetapkan sebagai lahan sawah dilindungi. Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini adalah 1. Apa dampak yang ditimbulkan Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 terhadap hak milik atas tanah? 2. Bagaimanakah kekuatan hukum Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 terhadap hak milik atas tanah? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 terhadap hak milik atas tanah dan untuk mengetahui kekuatan hukum Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 terhadap hak milik atas tanah. Metode penelitian pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif, yaitu mengkaji dari regulasi dan juga doktrin hukum para ahli hukum. Hasil dari penelitian ini dengan adanya Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 tentang lahan sawah dilindungi mengakibatkan hak masyarakat terhadap hak milik atas tanahnya menjadi tidak penuh lagi. Kemudian kekuatan hukum Keputusan Menteri Atr/Bpn Nomor 1589/Sk-Hk.02.01/Xii/2021 tentang lahan sawah dilindungi menjadi kurang kuat dan tidak relevan karena ketidakjelasan aturan dan bertentangan dengan peraturan yang lebih tinggi.

The total area of irrigated rice fields on the slopes of Mount Argopura is 21,420.02 hectares. Soil that experiences flooding will change the characteristics of the physical, chemical, and soil classification properties. The aim of the study was to examine the soil characteristics and classification system of paddy fields on the slopes of Mount Argpura. The research was conducted in July–September 2022 in paddy fields on the slopes of Mount Raung. Soil analysis in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember This research uses a descriptive exploratory method through field surveys. Parameter research on the chemical-physical characteristics of soil and soil classification The research shows that the average rainfall of paddy fields at the foot of Mount Argopura is 2,275 mm per year with a standard deviation of 514 mm and a coefficient of variance of 23%. The morphological horizons of the genesis results in paddy fields are generally Apg, Adg, Bwg, and Cg. The USDA's classification of soil Hydraquentic Humaquepts (pedon 1), Typic Epiaquepts (pedon 2), Aeric Epiaquepts (pedon 3), Indonesian soil classification Gleisol molik (pedon 1), Gleisol eutric (pedon 2), and Gleisol eutric (pedon 3), according to WRB/FAO Molic epireductic Gleisol (Aphihumic) (pedon 1), ochric reductive gleysol (ochric, clayic) (pedon 2), and ochric siltic reductive gleysol (pedon 3).

Global warming is influenced by an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. Consequently, Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) is the main factor that influences the exchange of carbon (C) between the atmosphere and the soil. As a result, agricultural ecosystems are a potential carbon dioxide (CO2) sink, particularly rice paddies (Oryza sativa). Therefore, a static chamber with a portable CO2 analyzer was designed and implemented for three rice plots to monitor CO2 emissions. Furthermore, a weather station was installed to record meteorological variables. The vegetative, reproductive, and maturation phases of the crop lasted 95, 35, and 42 days post-sowing (DPS), respectively. In total, the crop lasted 172 DPS. Diurnal NEE had the highest CO2 absorption capacity at 10:00 a.m. for the tillering stage (82 and 89 DPS), floral primordium (102 DPS), panicle initiation (111 DPS), and flowering (126 DPS). On the other hand, the maximum CO2 emission at 82, 111, and 126 DPS occurred at 6:00 p.m. At 89 and 102 DPS, it occurred at 4:00 and 6:00 a.m., respectively. NEE in the vegetative stage was −25  μ m o l C O 2   m 2   s − 1 , and in the reproductive stage, it was −35  μ m o l C O 2   m 2   s − 1 , indicating the highest absorption capacity of the plots. The seasonal dynamics of NEE were mainly controlled by the air temperature inside the chamber (Tc) (R = −0.69), the relative humidity inside the chamber (RHc) (R = −0.66), and net radiation (Rn) (R = −0.75). These results are similar to previous studies obtained via chromatographic analysis and eddy covariance (EC), which suggests that the portable analyzer could be an alternative for CO2 monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is a globally important food crop, and it is crucial to accurately and conveniently obtain information on rice fields, understand their spatial patterns, and grasp their dynamic changes to address food security challenges. In this study, Chongqing’s Yongchuan District was selected as the research area. By utilizing UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to collect multi-spectral remote sensing data during three seasons, the phenological characteristics of rice fields were analyzed using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Based on Sentinel data with a resolution of 10 m, the NDVI difference method was used to extract rice fields between 2019 and 2023. Furthermore, the reasons for changes in rice fields over the five years were also analyzed. First, a simulation model of the rice harvesting period was constructed using data from 32 sampling points through multiple regression analysis. Based on the model, the study area was classified into six categories, and the necessary data for each region were identified. Next, the NDVI values for the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods of rice fields, as well as the differences between them, were calculated for various regions. Additionally, every year, 35 samples of rice fields were chosen from high-resolution images provided by Google. The thresholds for extracting rice fields were determined by statistically analyzing the difference in NDVI values within the sample area. By utilizing these thresholds, rice fields corresponding to six harvesting regions were extracted separately. The rice fields extracted from different regions were merged to obtain the rice fields for the study area from 2019 to 2023, and the accuracy of the extraction results was verified. Then, based on five years of rice fields in the study area, we analyzed them from both temporal and spatial perspectives. In the temporal analysis, a transition matrix of rice field changes and the calculation of the rice fields’ dynamic degree were utilized to examine the temporal changes. The spatial changes were analyzed by incorporating DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data. Finally, a logistic regression model was employed to investigate the causes of both temporal and spatial changes in the rice fields. The study results indicated the following: (1) The simulation model of the rice harvesting period can quickly and accurately determine the best period of remote sensing images needed to extract rice fields. (2) The confusion matrix shows the effectiveness of the NDVI difference method in extracting rice fields. (3) The total area of rice fields in the study area did not change much each year, but there were still significant spatial adjustments. Over the five years, the spatial distribution of gained rice fields was relatively uniform, while the lost rice fields showed obvious regional differences. In combination with the analysis of altitude, it tended to grow in lower areas. (4) The logistic regression analysis revealed that gained rice fields tended to be found in regions with convenient irrigation, flat terrain, lower altitude, and proximity to residential areas. Conversely, lost rice fields were typically located in areas with inconvenient irrigation, long distance from residential areas, low population, and negative topography.

Resource partitioning among tropical bats in agricultural areas of Peninsular Malaysia remains unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate resource partitioning among bats by examining their fecal samples. The main bat species sampled included: Rhinolophus coelophyllus, Rhinolophus malayanus, Rhinolophus pusillus, Rhinolophus refulgens, Taphozous melanopogon and Hipposideros larvatus. Two harp traps were set at different elevations on a hilltop (Gunung Keriang) and two high nets were used in neighboring rice fields at three sites, for three consecutive nights per sampling from April 2021 to February 2022. A total of 301 bats and 1,505 pellets were analyzed using a conventional approach which examined the fecal sample under the microscope. All of the bat species within the study had insects from the order Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera in their diet. Larger bats exhibited a greater variety of prey consumption. Male individuals were observed to be generalists while female individuals were specialists, particularly during pregnancy and lactating reproductive stages. Bat species and insect order had a significant impact on the percentage fragment frequency of the insects consumed. Rhinolophus coelophyllus specialized in feeding on Coleoptera and Diptera, H. larvatus fed on Coleoptera, R. malayanus fed on Hemiptera, R. pusillus and T. melanopogon fed on Lepidoptera. Future molecular analysis can be carried out to further identify the insect pests consumed by these bats up to species level. These findings enhance our understanding of bats’ ecological roles in agricultural landscapes and contribute to conservation and pest management strategies.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of designing and explaining the optimal model for extension GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The research was qualitative. Data analysis was done with the method of qualitative content analysis of scientific and semi-structured interviews by extracting codes, concepts and categorizing categories, during a three-step process of open coding, central coding and selective coding through Maxqda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and rice farmers' cooperatives of Mazandaran province and the academic staff of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Analysis of semi-structured interviews was done through the technique of qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The interviews were studied line by line. the content analysis of the conceptualization process was done to explain the model. In the first stage of coding, 56 contents among 260 conceptual codes were identified, and after refining and merging, the codes were classified into 19 subcategories. Coding of categories was determined with coherence and logical order and accurate connection with axial coding. And it led to the paradigm model of explaining the pattern of extension and development of GAP standard in rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive land use in the long term can cause land degradation, affecting soil fertility, especially on Vertic Endoaquepts in Pati that have been managed as rainfed rice fields. The characteristics of rainfed rice fields are low nutrient availability and rice yields. This study aimed to determine the effect of tillage depth management and soil ameliorants on nutrient availability, plant uptake, and rice yield in rainfed rice fields. The field experiment that was conducted at farmer’s field used a split-plot design. The main plot was the treatment of tillage depth treatments (OT), with depths of 10 cm (T1) and 20 cm (T2). The subplots were ameliorant treatments (A), consisting of A1 = sugarcane leaf compost, A2 = rice straw compost, A3 = chicken manure, and A4 = cow manure, with each dose of 5 t ha-1. The Inpari 32 rice variety was grown for 95 days. Available N, P and K of the soil were measured at 0, 62, and 94 days after transplanting (DAT). Plant N, P, and K contents, plant height, number of tillers, and rice yield were measured at 62 DAT. The results showed that the interaction of soil depth and ameliorant significantly affected soil available P and K but had no significant effect on soil available N. Ameliorant treatment of cow manure significantly increased rice yield.

In order to explore the methane reduction potential with two scenarios of water management and Chinese Milk Vetch return, we calculated the methane emissions of Hunan Province rice fields in 2019 using the SECTOR tool based on Excel and released by the International Rice Research Institute. Thus, we preliminarily established an agricultural carbon emissions monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system. The results showed that: (1) There was significant spatial variation in methane emissions in Hunan rice fields, with higher emissions in both the south and north and lower emissions in the east and west. Late rice was the main contributor to methane emissions, and the cities of Changde, Hengyang, Yueyang, and Shaoyang were high-emission areas due to differences in rice planting types and areas. Compared with flooding (1275.75 Gg), optimized water management measures (mid-drainage and AWD irrigation) reduced methane emissions by 29~45% (905.79 and 701.66 Gg, respectively). (2) Under the same nitrogen input conditions, compared with a solely straw return (375.24 Gg), combining green manure with straw return could partially reduce methane emissions from Hunan super hybrid rice (327.63 Gg). Compared with the control fertilizers (404.28 Gg), the reduction rates of winter-planted Chinese Milk Vetch, the return of rice straw, and the incorporation of both Chinese Milk Vetch and straw were 7.19%, 13.01%, and 18.96%, respectively. Based on scientific accounting tools, a preliminary MRV system for rice field carbon emissions was established. Under the national demand for reducing fertilizer use and increasing efficiency, equal nitrogen organic amendments could effectively contribute to the development of green, low-carbon, and high-quality agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in the future aims to increase productivity every year with high input technology, including irrigated rice. However, the practices of irrigated rice fields have a high methane (CH4) production potential. Soil tillage could affect CH4 emission conditions. Puddling and flooding through soil tillage create reduction conditions that promote CH4 production by methanogenic bacteria. The objective was to determine the effect of soil tillage and N fertilizer management on CH4 emissions from rice fields with heavytextured soil. The field experiment was arranged in a split-plot design in which soil tillage was the main plot and consisted of maximum tillage and no-tillage. Nitrogen fertilizer management was the split plot and consisted of a control without N, prilled urea broadcasting, prilled urea deep placement, ammonium sulfate (AS) broadcasting, AS deep placement, and tablet urea deep placement. No-tillage could reduce CH4 emissions by 15.58% compared with maximum tillage. However, grain yield for no-tillage was lower than for maximum tillage with 2.73 and 3.68 t ha-1, respectively. The AS and tablet urea deep placement emitted lower CH4 and grain yield was higher than with other N management practices. The CH4 emissions for AS and tablet urea deep placement was 96 and 97 kg CH4 ha-1 season-1 and grain yield was 3.79 and 4.25 t ha-1, respectively. The application of fertilizers incorporated into the soil increased rice productivity and mitigated CH4 emissions from rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the structure and influencing factors of intestinal microflora of Procrayfish clarkii in pond and rice field. Three breeding ponds and three rice-breeding plots were selected. 4~5 g of crayfish (250~300 kg/hm²) were raised successively in ponds and rice fields. Samples of crayfish (25~32 g/person), surface sediment and bottom water were collected in ponds and rice fields. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology was used to compare and analyze the difference of gut microbiota structure of Procrayfish clarkii under two farming modes, which were pond and rice field. The experiment lasted for 90 d. The results showed that the intestinal microbial diversity of Procrayfish clarkii tended to decrease in rice field culture compared with pond culture. The microbial diversity of rice field water was significantly lower than that of pond water (P<0.05). Compared with pond, the relative abundance of Planktothrix in intestinal tract of Procrazii clarkii cultured in rice field was significantly increased (P<0.05). The relative abundance of uncultured Chthoniobacterales was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The results of correlation analysis showed that the gut microbiota of Procrayfish clarkii was significantly positively correlated with sediment and water microorganisms (P<0.05), the correlation with sediment microorganisms was stronger. The experiment indicates that there is a significant difference in the structure of gut microbiota of Procrayfish clarkii between pond and rice field. The gut microbial structure is positively regulated by the culture environment, which is more affected by sediment microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline of land quality has an impact on the decline of productivity which in turn reduces production. This kind of thing happened to rice fields in the research area of Seririt District. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rice field quality in Seririt District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province. The study used a survey method to take soil samples, followed by laboratory analysis for each homogeneous land unit (HLU). The HLU was determined by overlapping soil type maps, slope maps, and utility maps. Parameters analysed were bulk density, texture, porosity, water content, organic C, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), nutrients (total N, available P, and available K), and biomass C. The results of the laboratory analysis were compared with the criteria for soil quality based on ten minimum data sets (MDS) for each HLU. The results showed that the soil quality at the study site is classified as very good in HLU I with a soil quality index (SQI) of 18. This HLU is located in Rangdu and Ringdikit villages, with an area of 125.15 ha. Good SQI was observed on HLUs II, III, IV, V, VII, and VIII, respectively, located in Banjar Asem, Lokapaksa, Pangkung Paruk, Bestala, Ume Anyar, Mayong, Joanyar, the SQI value of 22-25 is 2,321.49 ha with the limiting factors of total N, total P, texture, and bulk density. The suggested rice field management plan is the addition of organic, nitrogen, and phosphate fertilisers.

In Article 1150 of the Civil Code, a pawn is a right obtained by a person who owes a debt to a movable property, which is handed over to him by a debtor or by another person on his behalf, and which gives the debtor the power to take full repayment of the goods in full. take precedence over other debtors; with the exception of the cost of auctioning the item and the costs that have been incurred to save it after the item has been mortgaged, which costs should take precedence. In the form of field pawning carried out in Cijaku Village, in general the pawning party borrows money or gold to the pawn recipient with a guarantee of paddy fields, for a period of time that is determined or not determined at all, during which the paddy fields are managed by the recipient of the pawn. Pawn fields are the results used by both parties. With a percentage that is generally 50%-50%. The nominal amount of the loan given by the pawnee to the pawnbroker is not adjusted to the area and condition of the land, but according to the agreement of both parties.

Introduction: Deep insights into adhering soil of root zones (rhizosphere and rhizoplane) microbial community could provide a better understanding of the plant-microbe relationship. To better understand the dynamics of these microbial assemblies over the plant life cycle in rhizodeposition along rice roots. Methods: Here, we investigated bacterial distribution in bulk, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane soils at tillering, heading, and mature stage, from rice (Oryza sativa) fields of the Northeast China. Results and Discussion: Our results revealed that soil bacterial α-diversity and community composition were significantly affected by root compartment niches but not by temporal change. Compared to rhizoplane soils in the same period, bulk in the heading and rhizosphere in the mature had the largest increase in Shannon's index, with 11.02 and 14.49% increases, respectively. Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria are predominant across all soil samples, bulk soil had more phyla increased across the growing season than that of root related-compartments. Deterministic mechanisms had a stronger impact on the bacterial community in the compartments connected to the roots, with the relative importance of the bulk soil, rhizoplane and rhizosphere at 83, 100, and 56%, respectively. Because of ecological niche drivers, the bacterial networks in bulk soils exhibit more complex networks than rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils, reflected by more nodes, edges, and connections. More module hub and connector were observed in bulk (6) and rhizoplane (5) networks than in rhizosphere (2). We also detected shifts from bulk to rhizoplane soils in some functional guilds of bacteria, which changed from sulfur and nitrogen utilization to more carbon and iron cycling processes. Taken together, our results suggest distinct bacterial network structure and distribution patterns among rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and bulk soils, which could possibly result in potential functional differentiation. And the potential functional differentiation may be influenced by plant root secretions, which still needs to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive land use in the long term can cause land degradation, affecting soil fertility, especially on Vertic Endoaquepts in Pati that have been managed as rainfed rice fields. The characteristics of rainfed rice fields are low nutrient availability and rice yields. This study aimed to determine the effect of tillage depth management and soil ameliorants on nutrient availability, plant uptake, and rice yield in rainfed rice fields. The field experiment that was conducted at farmer's field used a split-plot design. The main plot was the treatment of tillage depth treatments (OT), with depths of 10 cm (T1) and 20 cm (T2). The subplots were ameliorant treatments (A), consisting of A1 = sugarcane leaf compost, A2 = rice straw compost, A3 = chicken manure, and A4 = cow manure, with each dose of 5 t ha-1. The Inpari 32 rice variety was grown for 95 days. Available N, P and K of the soil were measured at 0, 62, and 94 days after transplanting (DAT). Plant N, P, and K contents, plant height, number of tillers, and rice yield were measured at 62 DAT. The results showed that the interaction of soil depth and ameliorant significantly affected soil available P and K but had no significant effect on soil available N. Ameliorant treatment of cow manure significantly increased rice yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denpasar City as the capital city of Bali Province-Indonesia, is the second largest city in Eastern region of Indonesia. The rapid development of the tourism industry has made Denpasar City as the center of Bali Province's business activities. The conversion of agricultural land is still a serious problem, especially related to the development of agricultural potential in urban areas. This condition certainly requires special attention so that it does not become a threat to the sustainability of agriculture and the lives of the people of Denpasar City. One solution to maintain agricultural activities in conditions of limited agricultural area in urban areas is through a sustainable urban agricultural development approach. Urban agriculture is oriented towards the realization of the ease of fulfilling daily food needs for urban communities. In addition, the urbanization of Denpasar City is so high, thus there was a conversion of agricultural land into residential areas and other purposes to support tourism. The aim of this research was to analyses the status of agricultural resources sustainability and formulate a strategy for sustainable agricultural policy in Denpasar City. The analysis used the Rap-Ur-Agri ordinance method (Rapid Appraisal for Urban Agriculture), the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method and prospective analysis. The results showed that the ecological and economic dimensions were in a less sustainable status, while the social, institutional, and technological dimensions were in moderate sustainable status. Policy strategies to support the sustainability of the agricultural sector in Denpasar City include: (a) maintaining productive rice fields and arranging potential home gardens as an alternative to urban farming development; (b) maintaining the safety and security status of production land through flood prevention and control efforts; (c) designing and developing land-saving urban farming models with clean products; (d) providing subsidies and incentives for farming; (e) developing urban agriculture by using environmentally friendly technology; (f) strengthening of agricultural extension institutions; and (g) developing the implementation of the Sustainable Food House Area Model. The recommendations for agricultural sustainability in Denpasar City were maintaining productive rice fields, arranging the yard of the house as an alternative to be development of farming and preparing workers for agricultural sector, especially the young generation (millennial). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic macroinvertebrates are very important components of aquatic environments, and monitoring their population dynamics helps us understand the effects of environmental factors on ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in paddy fields in the Meriç–Ergene River Basin (Turkish Thrace region) by investigating some physicochemical environmental parameters that may affect its distribution. For this purpose, water and sediment samples were collected from paddy fields in the study area during the cultivation season, including spring, summer and autumn of 2016, taking into account the water resources that supply the rice fields (artesian water, the Meriç River, the Ergene River and Meriç–Ergene mixed water). A total of 47 taxa (on average 8953 individuals per m2) were identified at the study sites. Water samples were analyzed to determine water temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate, dissolved oxygen and pesticides, and sediment samples were analyzed to determine the content of some heavy metals, including Cd, Ni, Cu, and Mn. The biological risk index (mERM-Q) and the potential ecological risk index (RI) were applied to the data and a hypothetical ecological risk analysis was conducted using our data and data available in the literature to assess the ecological risk profile of the ecosystem based on benthic macroinvertebrates. To this end, environmental factors were grouped based on the literature as heavy metals (S1), nutrients (S2), other physicochemical parameters (S3) and pesticides (S4), while organisms were grouped as Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, Insecta and others based on the dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrates to assess pressure factors. As a result, pesticides (S4) were found to exert the strongest ecological pressure on benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in paddy fields in the Meriç–Ergene River Basin.

Although several countries along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway have recently begun reporting population trends and identifying threats to migratory waterbirds, there remains rather sparse geographical coverage of systematic waterbird monitoring, impeding our understanding of the flyway-wide status of waterbird populations. To fill this gap, we used the data from a nationwide citizen science project, the “Taiwan New Year Bird Count'' to examine recent population trends of 31 migratory waterbird species across Taiwan, and within three of its waterbird hotspot regions, between 2014 and 2021. Island-wide, the abundance of two species declined significantly while five species increased. However, there was substantial heterogeneity in population trends among regions, with nine species declining significantly in Yi-Lan, four species in Chang-Hua and one species in Chia-Nan. Conversely, 11 species increased significantly in Chia-Nan, one species in Chang-Hua, but no species increased in Yi-Lan. This suggests that a combination of local and remote factors is driving population change in Taiwanese migratory waterbirds. Moreover, species that use local rice paddies or are dependent on tidal flats around the Yellow Sea were more likely to show population declines, and those able to use aquacultural wetlands showed growth. These results suggest that recent rice paddy loss and habitat loss in the Yellow Sea have been contributing to migratory waterbird declines in Taiwanese wetlands. Our findings suggest that local land use planning policies within Taiwan as well as mitigation of Yellow Sea tidal flat loss are likely to be complementary in safeguarding the future of migratory waterbirds in Taiwan.

Biaxial rotary tillage is considered an effective approach for enhancing the structure of soil in rice fields. There are few reports on the effects of biaxial rotary tillage on the carbon footprint (CF), energy budget, and net ecosystem economic efficiency (NEEB) of rice fields. Here, we evaluated the effects of dryland biaxial rotary tillage (DBRT), as well as two traditional tillage methods, dryland and paddy field in uniaxial rotary tillage (DPURT) and paddy field in uniaxial rotary tillage (PURT), on the CF, energy budget, and NEEB of rice production to clarify the economic and ecological utility of DBRT. The tillage depth was 9.5–15.4% higher under DBRT than under DPURT and PURT (p

At Okubo rice fields, located in the lower Arakawa Valley in the Kanto Plain of Central Japan, we observed the movements of Pacific Golden Plovers Pluvialis fulva from the rice fields to lawn areas in the evening during the spring and autumn migration season in 1987. During the spring season in early April before spring farming, and in the autumn season from September to October after harvesting, we observed that Pacific Golden Plovers moved from rice fields to lawn areas in the evening. However, from mid-April to May, after the start of spring farming, many individuals remained in rice fields without moving to lawn areas in the evening. Our observation using night vision scopes revealed that the Pacific Golden Plovers were foraging in the nighttime for two nights at the lawn areas, thus suggesting the importance of lawn areas as foraging sites at nighttime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The White Stork is one of the iconic bird species that is easily recognized by humans as it inhabits and nests in settlements as well as other places and structures located near lakes, rivers, dams, rice fields, wet meadows, and others. Given its feeding habitats, the species is a typical farmland bird. In many settlements in Bulgaria, including the village of Belozem, several dozen nesting pairs have been established, and this number is significantly higher than the average for the country. Some of the largest rice fields in the country, which are key foraging habitats for the species, are located around Belozem. In the village of Belozem, the stork colony formed on the roof of the local school is very impressive and counts over 20 nests, which represent almost half of the pairs nesting in the village - about 40 in total. In the current study, 41 to 53 stork nests were recorded, and 35-37 pairs successfully reared at least one juvenile each. The number of fledglings leaving the nest ranged from 94 to 115. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to initiate a discussion based on a new reading of field data I collected in Nepal and South India that was triggered by the notion of irrigated land tenure. The first part deals with the way of applying this notion to rice fields. In South Asia, rice fields occupy a discriminating position in administrative and vernacular classifications, which has been turned upside-down by the surge in groundwater irrigation. Moreover, some rice fields may be cultivated without irrigation thanks to monsoon rains. However, this is not reflected in the traditionally used visual representations of irrigation systems (aerial photos, satellite images, maps of irrigation networks) that overlook farmers' difficulties to access to water. The notion of irrigated land tenure, hence, has some limitation in the case of rice cultivation, if non-irrigated rice fields are not clearly identified. However, this notion has the advantage of making explicit the interest to analyse the links between water rights and land rights, which is the purpose of the second part of this paper. In a context of legal pluralism, the examples discussed show the diversity of these interactions: in some cases water rights are modified so as to increase the size of the irrigated land; in others the use of water is instrumental in obtaining a legitimate land right. In contrast, in the case of tenancy situations, the status of land tenure continues to jeopardize access to water. The tenure status of an irrigated or potentially irrigable land is important to consider in order to understand the dynamics of water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Soil functions as a storehouse of nutrients that are needed by plants for growth and production. Decreased soil fertility will cause a decrease in productivity due to reduced nutrients in the soil. To determine the state of nutrients, it is necessary to evaluate the status of soil fertility. This study was carried out in the Subak rice fields in Denpasar City, Bali Province, Indonesia. Denpasar City, is the capital of Bali Province which continues to grow, relying on the rice production from its rice fields. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the fertility status of soils in Subak rice fields in Denpasar City based soil chemical properties and to map their fertility status using Geographic Information System (GIS). The approach for this study included surveying and soil sample analysis. The parameters observed were soil chemical properties including: CEC, Base Saturation, C-Organic, P2O5, K2O and pH. The study delineated three categories of soil fertility status, namely high, moderate and low. The total area with high soil fertility was 1312.76 ha (63.77 %), while for the medium and low, the respective total areas were 560.83 ha (27.24 %) and 184.89 ha (8.98 %). The Subak condition with low soil fertility has deficiency in soil organic Carbon (C) content and low total Phosphorus (P). Recommendations for managing low soil fertility status are addition of organic matter and P fertilizer of 100 kgha-1. The spatial distribution of soil fertility status in Denpasar City was mapped using GIS. The distribution of fertility status in these rice fields shows that the majority of the fields classified as high fertility are located in East and South Denpasar. The different fertilization regimes followed between the Subaks were the cause of the observed different soil nutrient statuses. Therefore, it is necessary to give the same treatment in order to maintain soil fertility. Soil fertility and maintenance of agricultural land productivity were factors that supported food security in Denpasar City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]