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Open theism denies that God has definite exhaustive foreknowledge, and affirms that God takes certain risks when creating the universe. Critics of open theism often complain that the risks are too high. Perhaps there is something morally wrong with God taking a risk in creating a universe with an open future. Open theists have tried to respond by clarifying how much risk is involved in God creating an open universe, though we argue that it remains unclear how much risk is actually involved. We claim that open theists need to start developing theories about how God manages risks in order to bring about His purposes for the universe. In this article, we will take a philosophical and biological perspective on risk management that adds plausibility to open theism. We will consider how God can use different risk‐management, surveillance, and redundancy systems in the natural world in order to accomplish His goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a novel design and wet laboratory implementation of reliable end-to-end molecular communication. In the reliable end-to-end molecular communication described in this paper, source and destination bio-nanomachines exchange molecular packets through intermediate bio-nanomachines that are capable of packet replication. A source bio-nanomachine forms a molecular packet and transmits the molecular packet into the environment. An intermediate bio-nanomachine detects a molecular packet and produces its copies through packet replication. A destination bio-nanomachine, upon reception of a molecular packet, produces an acknowledgment molecular packet and transmits back to the source bio-nanomachine. This paper describes how the reliable end-to-end molecular communication can be biochemically implemented with RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules and artificial cell systems. It also describes a simulation-based performance evaluation study showing the impact of model parameters on propagation delay in the reliable end-to-end molecular communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]