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No information exists on the effect of water deficit on quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) fruit quality characteristics. In this paper, the effect of withholding irrigation water in the middle of the rapid fruit growth period on yield, main fruit physicochemical characteristics, sensory profile, and volatile composition of quince (cv. BA-29) was studied. The linear fruit growth phase was seen to be a critical phenological period for the marketable yield of quince because water deficit decreased the fruit weight, size, and moisture content. Also, this period was clearly critical for the fruit’s chemical characteristics. Water deficit induced important changes in an important number of the identified volatile compounds, characterized by decreases on pear, pineapple and apple sensory descriptors and increases on the green-herbaceous sensory descriptors. Moreover, total soluble solids increased and the total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity decreased as a result of water deficit effect, even though the still high levels of total polyphenols, regardless of the fruit water status, suggested that quinces can be used as an important source of natural antioxidants. The fruit sensory analysis indicated that the peel colour intensity of fruits from the water deficit treatment increased and fruit flesh texture improved. Indeed, the main handicaps for its consumption as fresh fruit (corkiness and fibreness) severely decreased and crunchiness increased.

El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es un trastorno complejo del neurodesarrollo. Se caracteriza por la existencia de dificultad en la socialización con intereses circunscritos y tendencia a las rutinas. Afecta a la manera de comunicarse y a la interacción con otras personas. La sintomatología del autismo se manifiesta con más claridad entre los dos y los tres años de vida. El diagnóstico precoz favorece el acceso temprano a los servicios sanitarios. Una intervención adecuada ayuda a un desarrollo social a lo largo de la vida. Existe un intenso debate entre investigadores y clínicos sobre la definición de los límites que existen entre los TEA y otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo. El diagnóstico del autismo se realizaba mediante los criterios diagnósticos del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, Cuarta Edición, Texto Revisado (DSM-IV-TR). El DSM-5 contiene criterios diagnósticos renovados con respecto al DSM-IV-TR. Los cambios en los criterios diagnósticos que se recogen en el DSM-5 pueden afectar al proceso diagnóstico del TEA. En el presente artículo se revisa el impacto de los nuevos criterios diagnósticos del TEA, Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disability. ASD is characterized by deficits in social cognition and highly circumscribed interests and a strong desire for routines. It affects how a person communicates with and the interaction with other people. Autism´s most obvious signs tend to appear between 2 and 3 years of age. An early diagnosis helps autistic people to access services. With the right sort of support, all can be helped to live a more fulfilling life. The definition of the boundaries of ASD as opposed to other related pervasive developmental disorders is widely debated among clinicians and research investigators. The diagnosis of autism was based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (SDM-IV-TR). The DSM-5 contains revised diagnostic criteria for ASD from the DSM-IV-TR. Changes in autism diagnosis criteria found in DSM-5 may affect ASD diagnostic processes. We discuss the potential impacts of new criteria on ASD.

The fruit maturation stage is considered the optimal phenological stage for implementing water deficitin jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), since a low, moderate or severe water deficit at this time has no effect onyield, fruit volume or eating quality. However, no information exists at fruit water relations level on themechanisms developed by Z. jujuba to confront drought. The purpose of the present study was to increaseour understanding of the relationship between leaf and fruit water relations of jujube plants under dif-ferent irrigation conditions during fruit maturation, paying special attention to analysing whether fruitsize depends on fruit turgor. For this, adult jujube trees (cv. Grande de Albatera) were subjected to fiveirrigation treatments. Control plants (T0) were irrigated daily above their crop water requirements inorder to attain non-limiting soil water conditions in 2012 and 2013. T1 plants were subjected to deficitirrigation throughout the 2012 season, according to the criteria frequently used by the growers in thearea. T2 (2012), T3 and T4 (2013) were irrigated as T0 except during fruit maturation, in which irrigationwas withheld for 32, 17 and 24 days, respectively. The results indicated that the jujube fruit maturationperiod was clearly sensitive to water deficit. During most of this stage water could enter the fruits viathe phloem rather than via the xylem. From the beginning of water withholding to when maximumwater stress levels were achieved, fruit and leaf turgor were maintained in plants under water deficit.However, a direct relation between turgor and fruit size was not found in jujube fruits, which could bedue to an enhancement of a cell elasticity mechanism (elastic adjustment) which maintains fruit turgorby reducing fruit cells size or to the fact that jujube fruit growth depends on the fruit growth-effectiveturgor rather than just turgor pressure.

The non-climateric character of pomegranate (P. granatum) fruit underlines the importance of determining the optimum harvest time to improve fruit quality. The effect of irrigation withholding during 6, 15, 25 and 36 d before harvest was evaluated in order to clarify whether fruit ripening is critical or non-critical from the yield, fruit characteristics and composition point of view. The results indicated that this phenological period is critical because irrigation is essential during most of this phenological period to achieve maximum yield. However, a 6 d of irrigation restriction at the end of ripening period can be used as a tool to come early harvest time, saves irrigation water, enhances the bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, punicalagin and ellagic acid) and increases the price of the fruit without affecting marketable yield and fruit size.

Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common developmental neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood. Objective To establish a chronological timeline that includes the description of the evolution of the concept of ADHD throughout history. Methodology Bibliographic review paper in which the most relevant databases are consulted, as well as different historical publications related to child and adolescent psychiatrics and psychology. The successive Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders by the American Psychological Association will also be consulted, as well as other information and relevant papers found on the Internet. Results There have been up to 13 books (both historical and contemporary) and 12 scientific articles that contain relevant information about ADHD. It can be observed that significant differences exist throughout history both when it comes to the concept of the disorder (having been considered throughout the years as a neurological illness, an injury occuring at birth or an illness consisting of a minimal brain malfunction to being considered at the present time a multifactorial disorder) and when it comes to the diagnostic criteria (having been exclusively related to the attention deficit ground up to 1950, with the hyperactivy symptoms predominating over the attention deficit ones between 1950 and 1980 and having both being integrated in a unique disorder that year, establishing diagnostic criteria related both with hyperactiviy and with attention deficit). Conclusions The name and concept of ADHD disorder has changed from the first descriptions of its diagnostic criteria up to the present time., Introducción El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) es el trastorno del neurodesarrollo más frecuente en la infancia. Objetivo Establecer una línea histórica descriptiva de la evolución del concepto del TDAH. Metodología Trabajo de revisión bibliográfica en el cual se consultan bases de datos así como diferentes publicaciones históricas relacionadas con la psiquiatría y psicología de niños y adolescentes. También se consultan los sucesivos Manuales Diagnósticos y Estadísticos de los Trastornos Mentales publicados periódicamente por la Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA), así como información y artículos relevantes obtenidos a través de la web. Resultados Se han identificado 13 libros -tanto históricos como actuales-, y 12 artículos que contienen información relevante sobre la evolución del concepto del TDAH. Se observa que existen diferencias significativas a largo de la historia (pasando de ser considerado una enfermedad neurológica de origen genético, una lesión en el momento del nacimiento o una enfermedad debido a una disfunción cerebral mínima a ser definido como trastorno de comportamiento de origen multifactorial). También existen diferencias en los criterios empleados para diagnosticar el trastorno (pasando de estar ligados exclusivamente al déficit de atención hasta 1950, prevaleciendo la hiperactividad sobre la falta de atención entre 1950 y 1980 e integrándose ambos en un solo trastorno a partir de este año, estableciéndose así criterios diagnósticos relacionados tanto con la hiperactividad como con el déficit de atención). Conclusiones La conceptualización y denominación del TDAH ha variado desde las primeras descripciones de sus criterios diagnósticos hasta la actualidad.

The fruit maturation stage is considered the optimal phenological stage for implementing water deficitin jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), since a low, moderate or severe water deficit at this time has no effect onyield, fruit volume or eating quality. However, no information exists at fruit water relations level on themechanisms developed by Z. jujuba to confront drought. The purpose of the present study was to increaseour understanding of the relationship between leaf and fruit water relations of jujube plants under dif-ferent irrigation conditions during fruit maturation, paying special attention to analysing whether fruitsize depends on fruit turgor. For this, adult jujube trees (cv. Grande de Albatera) were subjected to fiveirrigation treatments. Control plants (T0) were irrigated daily above their crop water requirements inorder to attain non-limiting soil water conditions in 2012 and 2013. T1 plants were subjected to deficitirrigation throughout the 2012 season, according to the criteria frequently used by the growers in thearea. T2 (2012), T3 and T4 (2013) were irrigated as T0 except during fruit maturation, in which irrigationwas withheld for 32, 17 and 24 days, respectively. The results indicated that the jujube fruit maturationperiod was clearly sensitive to water deficit. During most of this stage water could enter the fruits viathe phloem rather than via the xylem. From the beginning of water withholding to when maximumwater stress levels were achieved, fruit and leaf turgor were maintained in plants under water deficit.However, a direct relation between turgor and fruit size was not found in jujube fruits, which could bedue to an enhancement of a cell elasticity mechanism (elastic adjustment) which maintains fruit turgorby reducing fruit cells size or to the fact that jujube fruit growth depends on the fruit growth-effectiveturgor rather than just turgor pressure.

The non-climateric character of pomegranate (P. granatum) fruit underlines the importance of determining the optimum harvest time to improve fruit quality. The effect of irrigation withholding during 6, 15, 25 and 36 d before harvest was evaluated in order to clarify whether fruit ripening is critical or non-critical from the yield, fruit characteristics and composition point of view. The results indicated that this phenological period is critical because irrigation is essential during most of this phenological period to achieve maximum yield. However, a 6 d of irrigation restriction at the end of ripening period can be used as a tool to come early harvest time, saves irrigation water, enhances the bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, punicalagin and ellagic acid) and increases the price of the fruit without affecting marketable yield and fruit size.

A substantial number of children are affected by a behaviour disorder. Research provides strong support for the efficacy and effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for these childhood mental disorders. The use of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may represent an efficacious treatment for behaviour disorders with minimal side effects. Omega 3 fatty acid are essential nutrients for health, and our bodies cannot make omega 3 fats, we must get them through food. We need omega 3 for numerous normal body functions. There are two major types of omega 3 fatty acid in our diets: one type is alpha-linolenic acid, with is found in some vegetable oils. The other type, eicosapentae- noic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, is found in fatty fish. This current article develops the main basis about omega 3 in childhood and recent ad- vances in pediatric population and an assess- ment of the advantages and disadvantages that are related to its use., Un gran porcentaje de niños se ven afectados por problemas del comportamiento. Las investigaciones aportan una evidencia elevada de la eficacia y efectividad de la intervención farmacológica en estos trastornos mentales. La utilización de suplementos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega 3 puede ser un tratamiento eficaz en los trastornos de conducta con mínimos efectos secundarios. Los ácidos grasos omega 3 son nutrientes esenciales para la salud, y el cuerpo no los puede generar por lo que hay que adquirirlos a partir de la dieta. Necesitamos omega 3 para numerosas funciones corporales habituales. Hay dos tipos principales de ácidos grasos omega 3 en la dieta: Un tipo es el ácido alfa linolénico, que se encuentra en algunos aceites vegetales. El otro es el ácido eicosapentaenoico y el ácido docosahexaenoico, que se encuentran presentes en la grasa del pescado. En el presente artículo se desarrollan los as- pectos más importantes sobre la utilización de los omega-3 en la infancia y los avances recientes en población pediátrica y analiza las ventajas y desventajas relacionadas con su utilización.