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Future fossil-fueled power generation systems will require carbon capture and sequestration to comply with government green house gas regulations. The three prime candidate technologies that capture carbon dioxide (CO2 ) are pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion techniques. Clean Energy Systems, Inc. (CES) has recently demonstrated oxy-fuel technology applicable to gas turbines, gas generators, and reheat combustors at their 50MWth research test facility located near Bakersfield, California. CES, in conjunction with Siemens Energy, Inc. and Florida Turbine Technologies, Inc. (FTT) have been working to develop and demonstrate turbomachinery systems that accommodate the inherent characteristics of oxy-fuel (O-F) working fluids. The team adopted an aggressive, but economical development approach to advance turbine technology towards early product realization; goals include incremental advances in power plant output and efficiency while minimizing capital costs and cost of electricity [1]. Proof-of-concept testing was completed via a 20MWth oxy-fuel combustor at CES’s Kimberlina prototype power plant. Operability and performance limits were explored by burning a variety of fuels, including natural gas and (simulated) synthesis gas, over a wide range of conditions to generate a steam/CO2 working fluid that was used to drive a turbo-generator. Successful demonstration led to the development of first generation zero-emission power plants (ZEPP). Fabrication and preliminary testing of 1st generation ZEPP equipment has been completed at Kimberlina power plant (KPP) including two main system components, a large combustor (170MWth ) and a modified aeroderivative turbine (GE J79 turbine). Also, a reheat combustion system is being designed to improve plant efficiency. This will incorporate the combustion cans from the J79 engine, modified to accept the system’s steam/CO2 working fluid. A single-can reheat combustor has been designed and tested to verify the viability and performance of an O-F reheater can. After several successful tests of the 1st generation equipment, development started on 2nd generation power plant systems. In this program, a Siemens SGT-900 gas turbine engine will be modified and utilized in a 200MWe power plant. Like the 1st generation system, the expander section of the engine will be used as an advanced intermediate pressure turbine and the can-annular combustor will be modified into a O-F reheat combustor. Design studies are being performed to define the modifications necessary to adapt the hardware to the thermal and structural demands of a steam/CO2 drive gas including testing to characterize the materials behavior when exposed to the deleterious working environment. The results and challenges of 1st and 2nd generation oxy-fuel power plant system development are presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME and Siemens Energy Inc.

Future fossil-fuel-based power generation systems must include decarbonizing technologies to capture and store (CCS) carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Oxy-fuel (O-F) combustion-based power systems are uniquely capable of capturing almost all CO2 . In the O-F power plant cycle, fuel and nearly pure oxygen, delivered from an air separation unit (ASU), are burned to form a working fluid composed primarily of steam and CO2 . Clean Energy Systems (CES), Siemens Energy, Inc. and Florida Turbine Technologies, Inc. (FIT) are jointly developing turbomachinery systems driven by O-F working fluids and have adopted a stepped development approach to advance the technology toward product realization through an initial proof-of-concept phase and subsequent development of 1st and 2nd generation power plant systems. Specific goals and objectives target incremental advancements of power plant efficiency and output while reducing capital costs and cost of electricity. In the initial proof-of-concept phase, bench-level research was performed on a primary combustion system. A 20MWth development gas generator was used to explore operability and performance limits while operating on a variety of fuels over a wide range of conditions. Further, the working fluid produced by this combustor was used to drive an existing turbine/generator set at CES’ Kimberlina prototype power plant located near Bakersfield, California. This paper summarizes the recent follow-on work to develop and demonstrate 1st and 2nd generation O-F power plant systems. Successful completion of the proof-of-concept phase led to the development of the 1st generation power plant system. Specific equipment required for this operation included a larger 170MWth combustor, which was constructed to produce additional power in this phase. An existing General Electric GE-J79 turbine was modified to extract power from this unit. All equipment required for this system has been assembled at CES’ Kimberlina power plant. In addition, a reheat combustion system is being developed to enhance the 1st generation power plant cycle. In a logical next step, a larger power output, increased-efficiency 2nd generation power plant system was defined. For this application, the Siemens SGT-900 gas turbine was selected as the basis for the Intermediate Pressure Turbine. Conceptual design studies were performed to identify the modifications needed in order to adapt the hardware to accept O-F drive gases. Specific challenges related to the mechanical design configuration, and thermal/structural behaviors of the system are delineated. Testing is being performed to characterize the behavior of materials when exposed to the steam/CO2 working fluid environment. Necessary development of long-lead items required for this system is also described.Copyright © 2009 by Siemens Energy, Inc.

Future power plants will require some type of carbon capture and storage (CCS) system to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions. The most promising technologies for CCS are: oxy-fuel (O-F) combustion, pre-combustion capture, and post-combustion capture. This paper discusses the recent work conducted by Siemens Power Generation, Florida Turbine Technologies, Inc. (FTT) and Clean Energy Systems, Inc. (CES) in adapting high temperature gas turbines to use CES’s drive gases in high-efficiency O-F zero emission power plants (ZEPPs). CES’s O-F cycle features high-pressure combustion of fuel with oxygen (O2 ) in the presence of recycled coolant (water, steam or CO2 ) to produce drive gases composed predominantly of steam and CO2 . This cycle provides the unique capability to capture nearly pure CO2 and trace by-products by simple condensation of the steam. An attractive O-F power cycle uses high, intermediate and low pressure turbines (HPT, IPT and LPT, respectively). The HPT may be based on either current commercial or advanced steam turbine technology. Low pressure steam turbine technology is readily applicable to the LPT. To achieve high efficiencies, an IPT is necessary and efficiency increases with inlet temperature. The high-temperature IPT’s necessitate advanced turbine materials and cooling technology. O-F plants have an abundance of water, cool steam ∼200°C (400°F) and CO2 that can be used as cooling fluids within the combustor and IPT systems. For the “First Generation” ZEPP, a General Electric J79 turbine, minus the compressor, to be driven directly by CES’s 170 MWt high-pressure oxy-fuel combustor (gas generator), has been adapted. A modest inlet gas temperature of 760°C (1400°F) was selected to eliminate the need for turbine cooling. The J79 turbine operating on natural gas delivers 32 MWe and incorporates a single-stage free-turbine that generates an additional 11 MWe . When an HPT and an LPT are added, the net output power (accounting for losses) becomes 60 MWe at 30% efficiency based on lower heating value (LHV), including the parasitic loads for O2 separation and compression and for CO2 capture and compression to 151.5 bar (2200 psia). For an inlet temperature of 927°C (1700°F), the nominal value, the net output power is 70 MWe at 34% efficiency (LHV). FTT and CES are evaluating a “Second Generation” IPT with a gas inlet temperature of 1260°C (2300°F). Predicted performance values for these plants incorporating the HPT, IPT and the LPT are: output power of approximately 100–200 MWe with an efficiency of 40 to 45%. The “Third Generation” IPT for 2015+ power plants will be based on the development of very high temperature turbines having an inlet temperature goal of 1760°C (3200°F). Recent DOE/CES studies project such plants will have LHV efficiencies in the 50% range for natural gas and HHV efficiencies near 40% for gasified coal.Copyright © 2008 by Clean Energy Systems, Inc and Siemens Power Generation, Inc.

In Aug 2004 the Zero Emission Norwegian Gas (ZENG) project team completed Phase-1: Concept and Feasibility Study for a 40 MW Pilot & Demonstration (P&D) Plant, that is proposed will be located at the Energy Park, Risavika, near Stavanger in South Norway during 2008. The power plant cycle is based upon implementation of the natural gas (NG) and oxygen fueled Gas Generator (GG) (1500°F/1500 psi) successfully demonstrated by Clean Energy Systems (CES) Inc. The GG operations was originally tested in Feb 2003 and is currently (Feb 2005) undergoing extensive commissioning at the CES 5MW Kimberlina Test Plant, near Bakersfield, California. The ZENG P&D Plant will be an important next step in an accelerating path towards demonstrating large-scale (+200 MW) commercial implementation of zero-emission power plants before the end of this decade. However, development work also entails having a detailed commercial understanding of the techno-economic potential for such power plant cycles: specifically in an environment where the future penalty for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions remains uncertain. Work done in dialogue with suppliers during ZENG Project Phase-1 has cost-estimated all major plant components to a level commensurate with engineering pre-screening. The study has also identified several features of the proposed power plant that has enabled improvements in thermodynamic efficiency from 37% up to present level of 44–46% without compromising the criteria of implementation using “near-term” available technology. The work has investigated: i. Integration between the cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) and the power plant. ii. Use of gas turbine technology for the intermediate pressure (IP) steam turbine. iii. Optimal use of turbo-expanders and heat-exchangers to mitigate the power consumption incurred for oxygen production. iv. Improved condenser design for more efficient CO2 separation and removal. v. Sensitivity of process design criteria to “small” variations in modeling of the physical properties for CO2/steam working fluid near saturation. vi. Use of a second “conventional” pure steam Rankine bottoming cycle. In future analysis, not all these improvements need necessarily be seen to be cost-effective when taking into account total P&D program objectives; thermodynamic efficiency, power plant investment, operations and maintenance cost. However, they do represent important considerations towards “total” optimization when designing the P&D Plant. We observe that Project Phase-2: Pre-Engineering & Qualification should focus on optimization of plant size with respect to total capital investment (CAPEX); and identification of further opportunities for extended technology migration from gas turbine environment that could also permit raised turbine inlet temperatures (TIT).

In September 2000 the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) contracted with Clean Energy Systems, Inc. (CES) of Sacramento, California to design, fabricate, and test a 20 MW{sub t} (10 MW{sub e}) gas generator. Program goals were to demonstrate a non-polluting gas generator at temperatures up to 3000 F at 1500 psi, and to demonstrate resulting drive gas composition, comprising steam and carbon dioxide substantially free of pollutants. Following hardware design and fabrication, testing, originally planned to begin in the summer of 2001, was delayed by unavailability of the contracted test facility. CES designed, fabricated, and tested the proposed gas generator as originally agreed. The CES process for producing near-zero-emissions power from fossil fuels is based on the near-stoichiometric combustion of a clean gaseous fuel with oxygen in the presence of recycled water, to produce a high-temperature, high-pressure turbine drive fluid comprising steam and carbon dioxide. Tests demonstrated igniter operation over the prescribed ranges of pressure and mixture ratios. Ignition was repeatable and reliable through more than 100 ignitions. Injector design ''A'' was operated successfully at both low power ({approx}20% of rated power) and at rated power ({approx}20 MW{sub t}) in more than 95 tests. The uncooled gas generator configuration (no diluent injectors or cooldown chambers installed) produced drive gases at temperatures approaching 3000 F and at pressures greater than 1550 psia. The fully cooled gas generator configuration, with cooldown chambers and injector ''A'', operated consistently at pressures from 1100 to 1540 psia and produced high pressure, steam-rich turbine drive gases at temperatures ranging from {approx}3000 to as low as 600 F. This report includes description of the intended next steps in the gas generator technology demonstration and traces the anticipated pathway to commercialization for the gas generator technology developed in this program.

The Air Force's Phillips Laboratory has acquired a high power magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator for possible use with advanced weapons applications. This MHD generator is a PAMIR-3U, a modified Russian-built MHD generator that uses a modified rocket fuel to produce a DC electrical pulse of 100 MJ. The PAMIR-3U generator produces tens of kA at 800 V for an optimized load of (20/spl plusmn/5) m/spl Omega/. A review of the MHD generator design and results of the generator acceptance testing is presented. The PAMIR-3U generator was constructed by the Institute of High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IVTAN) and delivered to the Air Force's Phillips Laboratory under contract with Textron Defense Systems (TDS) of Everett MA.

The Chemistry Department at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory has been engaged in the use of digital control computers as an integral part of laboratory experiments. These computers not only provide control and data acquisition functions, but also result in improved accuracy and the ability to perform more advanced experiments. This paper describes two of the eight systems currently in use in the Chemistry Department. One is a PDP 8/S dedicated to one experiment at a time while the other is a time-shared PDP-7. The differences in operation and application of each will be surveyed and the advantages and disadvantages compared.

A Zeeman modulated microwave spectrometer, specifically designed for K band rotational studies of gaseous free radicals and transient molecular species and using a Fabry‐Perot type resonator as the absorption cell, is described. The theoretical sensitivity of the system is shown to be comparable to that of the most sensitive waveguide cell spectrometers. The previously assigned spectra of OH and NO2 radicals have been successfully located with the system. The utility of the system as a search spectrometer for free radicals has been substantiated by locating previously unreported spectra for the NO2 molecule and NF2 (difluoroamino) free radical.

Microwave rotational absorption lines of the NF2 free radical have been observed with a highly sensitive K-band cavity spectrometer. The observed hyperfine splitting of these lines is consistent with a J type coupling scheme for the four different angular momenta involved in the NF2 radical.

The document is a special technical report presenting a compilation of all pertinent data and design criteria concerning the dynamic compatibility of fluorine with metals. The information was obtained in the course of the contract which involved both literature search and review and original experimental investigations.