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A layered Na2SnO3 with honeycomb structure was synthesized by solid state route using sodium carbonate and tin oxide. The prepared sample was characterized by different physicochemical characterization techniques like X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), photoluminescence spectra (PL), N2 adsorption technique (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The photodegradation of rose bengal dye under UV light was studied. Due to honeycomb structure and high surface area of Na2SnO3, the complete degradation of rose Bengal was observed in 90 min under UV light irradiation. Results of photocatalytic dye degradation reaction demonstrated that Na2SnO3 can be employed as photocatalyst under UV light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates facile synthesis of Tb-doped ZnO nanoparticles and investigates their structural, optical, electrochemical, photocatalytic, and antibacterial performance. XRD patterns of undoped and doped ZnO nanoparticles confirm a hexagonal wurtzite structure. TEM and SAED reveals that the particle size is 14–38 nm. SEM images show that ZnO and Tb-doped ZnO nanoparticles have smooth surfaces, and elemental composition was confirmed by EDX analysis. UV–Visible spectrophotometry studies, reveals that the band gap narrows with increasing Tb concentration. Photoluminescence spectra at room temperature showed a band at 538 nm, indicating zinc vacancies and green emission. Tb-doped ZnO with x = 0.075 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for degrading Rose Bengal dye compared to other photocatalysts. The electrochemical behaviour of Catechol (CC), Hydroquinone (HQ), and Bisphenol-A (BPA) at Tb–ZnO/MCPE was studied. The modified electrode process for CC and BPA was adsorption-controlled, and simultaneous recognition of CC, HQ, and BPA was achieved, showing an increase in current. Electro polymerization of poly (Congo red) on Tb–ZnO/MCPE confirmed clean deposition on the surface, enhancing electrocatalytic activity. The antibacterial efficacy was tested using the traditional disc diffusion method, showing effective inactivation of bacterial strains, including pathogens such as S. aureus (G+) and E. coli (G-). [Display omitted] • This work demonstrates the facile synthesis of ZnO and Tb doped nanoparticles via chemical co-precipitation process. • The XRD pattern appearance hexagonal wurtzite structure. TEM and SAED reveal particle sizes of 14–38 nm. SEM and EDX confirm morphology and elemental composition. • Higher Tb doping exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in degrading Rose Bengal dye. And the antibacterial activity, tested via disc diffusion, effectively inactivates S. aureus (G+) and E. coli (G−) bacterium. • The sweep rate confirms that the modified electrode process of CC and BPA at the PCRTZO/MCPE was adsorption controlled. Tb–ZnO/MCPE electrode simultaneously detects CC, HQ and BPA with distinct current increases. • Electro polymerization of poly (Congo red) on Tb–ZnO/MCPE confirms Congo red deposition on the electrode surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with global implications for animal and human public health. This study investigated the prevalence of caprine brucellosis in 39 meat goat herds in northeastern Thailand using serological and molecular methods. Seroprevalence, determined by the modified Rose Bengal test (mRBT), was negative, indicating no detectable antibodies against Brucella. However, real‐time PCR identified Brucella spp. DNA in 11 samples from 8 herds. Intraherd prevalence varied from 0.0% to 9.09%, averaging 6.73% (95% CI, 4.74–8.72). Univariate analysis revealed significant risk factors associated with brucellosis at the herd level. Larger herd size correlated with increased brucellosis odds ratio (OR: 6.30; 95% CI: 1.07–36.93; p = 0.041). Herds with multiple reproductive failures, including abortion, repeat breeding, and sterile, together with weak offspring, showed higher prevalence (OR: 9.37; 95% CI: 1.17–74.84; p = 0.034). Multivariable analysis identified herd sizes over thirteen as a significant risk factor (OR: 10.20; 95% CI: 1.06–97.40; p = 0.044). Notably, herds where owners were aware of direct transmission risks exhibited lower infection rates (OR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.006–0.54; p = 0.012). This study underscores the complementary role of molecular techniques alongside serological tests in detecting Brucella infection accurately. The findings highlight the importance of effective herd management, reproductive health monitoring, and owner education in mitigating brucellosis transmission. Implementing robust control measures, including stringent biosecurity protocols and enhanced stakeholder awareness, is crucial for controlling brucellosis in meat goat populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can result in symptoms including infertility, abortion, testicular inflammation, and arthritis in affected sheep and cattle. The disease can spread through a range of mechanisms, making outbreaks difficult to control such that affected farms often suffer severe economic losses. In addition, humans can be affected by brucellosis, and the number of cases continues to rise annually. As rates of brucellosis in Xinjiang, China have been increasing substantially in recent years, this study was developed to assess brucellosis seroprevalence among herds of cattle, sheep, and camels in Xinjiang through the use of common diagnostic procedures like the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and PCR. A cross-sectional approach was used to analyze the seroprevalence of brucellosis across 720 total farm animals (320 camels, 250 sheep, and 150 cattle). RBT incidence rate for brucellosis was detected in 60 serum samples, 14 (4.38%) from camels, 45 (18%) from sheep, and 1 (0.67%) from cattle. PCR was performed as a confirmatory approach for these RBT-positive samples, with 55 ultimately being confirmed to be positive 13 (4.06%), 41 (16.4%), and 1 (0.67%) samples from camels, sheep, and cattle, respectively. In this survey, sheep exhibited the highest brucellosis seroprevalence using these two analytical techniques, while cattle exhibited the lowest seroprevalence and camels exhibited an intermediate rate. AMOS-PCR analyses identified Brucella melitensis as the unknown bacterium in some of these samples. These results offer new insight regarding brucellosis seroprevalence among farm animals that can be used to formulate more appropriate prevention and control policies, while also improving awareness of epidemic prevention efforts, the need for routine quarantine and disinfection, the benefits of scientific breeding and management, and approaches to improving breeding efficiency for the camel, cattle, and sheep industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose bengal (RB) is a widely used photosensitizer for determining quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation. While it is known to aggregate in polar environments at concentrations above 2 μM, the relationship between RB concentration and singlet oxygen photogeneration remains unclear. This study investigates the shift from monomeric to dimeric RB with increasing concentration and its impact on singlet oxygen generation in D2O‐based solutions and DMPC liposomes. Absorbance maxima for RB were observed at 514 nm (dimer) and 549 nm (monomer), with ionic environments influencing aggregation rates. Singlet oxygen phosphorescence showed non‐linear dependency above 2 μM, indicating the effects of aggregation. Results suggest that RB concentrations should be kept at 1 μM or lower in photochemical studies to avoid aggregation‐related discrepancies in singlet oxygen yield determination. These findings highlight the importance of considering RB aggregation in photochemical research and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzoheteroles are promising structural scaffolds in the realm of medicinal chemistry, but sustainable synthesis of 2,3‐difunctionalized benzoheterole derivatives is still in high demand. Indeed, we have conceptually rationalized the intrinsic reactivity of propargylic‐enyne systems for the flexible construction of 2,3‐disubstituted benzoheteroles through radical sulfonylative‐cyclization cascade under organophotoredox catalysis. We hereby report an efficient visible‐light‐induced sulfonyl radical‐triggered cyclization of 1,6‐enynols with sulfinic acids under the dual catalytic influence of 4CzIPN and NiBr2⋅DME, which led to the formation of 2,3‐disubstituted benzoheteroles in good to high yields. Additionally, the Rose Bengal (RB)‐catalyzed radical sulfonylative‐cycloannulation of acetyl‐derived 1,6‐enynols with sulfinic acids under blue LED irradiation allowed to access 3‐(E‐styryl)‐derived benzofurans and benzothiophenes in moderate to good yields. The scope and limitations of the present strategies were successfully established using different classes of 1,6‐enynols and sulfinic acids bearing various sensitive functional groups, yielding the desired products in a highly stereoselective fashion. Plausible mechanistic pathways were also proposed based on the current experimental and control experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major challenge for modern society is securing quality water for various uses. Membrane water treatment will be crucial for drinking water, desalination, and wastewater reuse. The development of bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) nanoparticles has enabled the production of novel Bi2MoO6‐incorporated cellulose acetate (CA) membrane nanocomposite. The synthesized Bi2MoO6/CA nanocomposites are thoroughly examined for their structural, morphological, and photocatalytic characteristics using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The photocatalytic properties are determined by evaluating the degradation of Malachite Green (MG) and Rose Bengal (RB) by the nanocomposite membranes under the illumination of a UV light simulator. Notably, the Bi2MoO6/CA nanocomposite membrane displays exceptional and sustained photocatalytic efficiency (78%) and (84%) in MG and RB dye degradation, respectively. Moreover, the effective loading of the Bi2MoO6 onto the CA membrane enhances electron and hole adsorption while facilitating carrier movement. Furthermore, the stability exhibited by the Bi2MoO6/CA nanocomposite photocatalysts remains impressive even after multiple cycles, demonstrating their durability. This research introduces a cutting‐edge semiconductor‐based hybrid nanocomposite material that proves highly efficient in the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, showcasing promising advancements in environmental remediation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop a reliable method to generate a mouse model of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) using laser‐induced thrombosis of a major artery in the mouse retina. Also, to develop a reliable method to detect retinal hypoxia as predictive biomarker for the risk of neuronal cell damage in BRAO. Methods: A reliable and reproducible model of laser‐induced BRAO was developed in mouse retina using Rose Bengal. To characterize retinal hypoxia in BRAO, pimonidazole immunostaining and HYPOX‐4 molecular imaging methods were used. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) was used to characterize neuronal cell damage in the BRAO retina. Expression of mRNA in retinal tissues from BRAO and age‐matched control retinas were analyzed using qRT‐PCR. Results: Occlusion of a branch retinal artery near the optic nerve head (ONH) caused a pattern of retinal tissue hypoxia covering about 12.5% of the entire retina. TUNEL‐positive cells were localized in all layers in BRAO retinal tissue cross sections. In addition, qRT‐PCR data analysis suggests that BRAO is associated with both inflammation and hypoxia. Conclusions: This study provides a reliable method for BRAO in mouse retina and demonstrates the utility of molecular imaging method to detect retinal hypoxia as predictive biomarker for the risk of neuronal cell damage in BRAO. In addition, our data suggest that BRAO retinas are associated with inflammation and also associated with hypoxia‐related neuronal cell damage. Perspectives: Imaging areas of retinal hypoxia may provide accurate diagnosis, evaluating retinal tissue injury from BRAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two photosensitizer agents were used: rose bengal and eosin alone and mixed with soap. Two other chemical compounds were used: active cable oil and soap. All these materials were compared with malathion as a conventional insecticide. The Egyptian mealybug Icerya aegyptiaca attacking ornamental–medicinal plants (acalypha and rose shrubs) and the black Parlatoria scale Parlatoria ziziphus attacking sour orange were evaluated against the tested materials. Results: The results obtained suggest that soap, rose bengal mixed, eosin mixed, malathion and active cable oil revealed potency in reducing the population of I. aegyptiaca by 57.24, 87.25, 75.62, 98.71 and 59.91%, respectively, on rose; and by 54.91, 82.64, 62.48, 96.67 and 48.13%, respectively, on acalypha shrubs; their potency on insects showed a significant difference on infested rose than on infested acalypha. The tested compounds revealed lower potency in reducing the population of P. ziziphus than malathion. Reduction percentages were 35.43, 40.39, 34.25, 91.81 and 28.21%, respectively. The accumulation potency of the tested compounds on two insects collectively, without regard to insect species, stages or infested plant species, was assessed at 51.49, 66.18, 55.86, 94.37 and 44.69, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that malathion was the most effective agent against both tested insects, followed by rose bengal mixed with soap, eosin mixed with soap, soap alone and active cable oil. Conclusions: The obtained results showed that rose bengal (as a photosensitizers) mixed with soap can be used as a promising agent against all tested insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work details the development of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy membranes with excellent rejection of small-molecule dyes. It is a proof-of-concept for a more sustainable membrane design incorporating carbon fibers, and their recycling and reuse. 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (MBCHA) polymerized with either bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) or tetraphenolethane tetraglycidylether (EPON Resin 1031) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used to make monolithic membranes reinforced by nonwoven carbon fibers. Membrane pore sizes were tuned by adjusting the molecular weight of the PEG used in the initial polymerization. Membranes made of BADGE-MBCHA showed rejection of Rose Bengal approaching 100%, while tuning the pore sizes substantially increased the rejection of Methylene Blue from ~65% to nearly 100%. The membrane with the best permselectivity was made of EPON-MBCHA polymerized in PEG 300. It has an average DI flux of 4.48 LMH/bar and an average rejection of 99.6% and 99.8% for Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue dyes, respectively. Degradation in 1.1 M sodium hypochlorite enabled the retrieval of the carbon fiber from the epoxy matrix, suggesting that the monolithic membranes could be recycled to retrieve high-value products rather than downcycled for incineration or used as a lower selectivity membrane. The mechanism for epoxy degradation is hypothesized to be part chemical and part physical due to intense swelling stress leading to erosion that leaves behind undamaged carbon fibers. The retrieved fibers were successfully used to make another membrane exhibiting similar performance to those made with pristine fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective study was conducted in Abergele and Ziquala districts in Ethiopia to investigate the occurrence, impact, and potential risk factors for abortion in small ruminants linked to a regional abortion storm. Affected (case) and nonaffected (control) villages were compared to assess infectious and noninfectious risk factors causing abortions. A case village was defined as a village with abortion seen in all households enrolled in the study, while a control village is characterized by presence of abortion in two and fewer households. A questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, and serological examinations were used to assess the differences in the abortion rate between the case and control villages. The Rose Bengal Plate Test for Brucellosis, Toxoplasma gondii Antibody Test Kit for Toxoplasma gondii, and ELISA for Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii were used to detect antibodies. Per village 15 household flocks were selected. In the case villages, all flocks were affected by abortion (a mean abortion of 13 animals in Abergele and 9 in Ziquala). In contrast, only three households reported abortions in the control villages. A total of 176 blood samples were collected from the case and control villages for further laboratory diagnosis of possible causes of abortion. Of the examined flocks, 17%, 10.2%, and 2.8% were positive for Coxiella burnetii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Chlamydophila abortus, respectively. However, antibodies against Brucella melitensis were not detected. While the seroprevalence was greater for some infectious agents of abortion, there was no significant difference between the case and control villages. It is clear that the abortion problem in the study villages is complex and likely due to a mix of poor husbandry practices and the presence of infectious diseases. To better understand the underlying causes of abortion, there is a need to conduct a longitudinal study involving testing for more pathogens at the household level combined with reliable data on husbandry practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of visible light, a renewable and green energy source, and rose bengal, a non‐toxic organic dye as a photoredox catalyst, is an easy and efficient method for synthesizing 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones/thiones in EtOH at ambient temperature in very short reaction time. The present work offers simple operation, easy workup, rapid conversion, and excellent product yields, while accommodating a wide range of substrates. Rose bengal‐based photocatalytic approach permits foremost sustainability, which delivers economic and environmental rewards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis, marked by plaque accumulation within arteries, results from lipid dysregulation, inflammation, and vascular remodeling. Plaque composition, including lipid-rich cores and fibrous caps, determines stability and vulnerability. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising treatment, leveraging photosensitizers to induce localized cytotoxicity upon light activation. PDT targets plaque components selectively, reducing burden and inflammation. Challenges remain in optimizing PDT parameters and translating preclinical success to clinical efficacy. Nonetheless, PDT offers a minimally invasive strategy for atherosclerosis management, promising personalized interventions for cardiovascular health. The objective of the current study was to present the findings from quantitative non-contrast MRI of atherosclerosis post-PDT by assessing relaxation times. The study aimed to utilize and optimize a 1.5T MRI system. Clinical scanners were used for MRI examinations. The research involved analyzing T1 and T2 relaxation times. Following treatment of the samples with Rose Bengal and exposure to pure oxygen, PDT irradiation was administered. The results indicated that the therapy impacted the crus, evidenced by a significant decrease in relaxation times in the MRI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskites can absorb solar energy and are extensively used in various catalytic and photocatalytic reactions. However, noble metal particles may enhance the catalytic, photocatalytic, and antibacterial activities. This study demonstrates the cost-effective green synthesis of the photocatalyst perovskite LaMnO3 and its modification with noble metal Ag nanoparticles. The green synthesis of nanocomposite was achieved through a hydrothermal method employing aqueous extract derived from Citrus limon (L.) Burm peels. The properties of fabricated perovskites LaMnO3 and LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposites were evaluated and characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area techniques. The particle size distribution % of LaMnO3 and LaMnO3-Ag was observed to be 20 to 60 nm after using TEM images. The maximum percentage size distribution was 37 nm for LaMnO3 and 43 nm for LaMnO3-Ag. In addition, LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite was utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of Rose Bengal (RB) dye and its antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The surface area and band gap for perovskite LaMnO3 nanoparticles were calculated as 12.642 m2/g and 3.44 eV, respectively. The presence of noble metal and hydrothermal-bio reduction significantly impacted the crystallinity. The BET surface area was found to be 16.209 m2/g, and band gap energy was calculated at 2.94 eV. The LaMnO3 nanocomposite with noble metal shows enhanced photocatalytic effectiveness against RB dye (20 PPM) degradation (92%, R2 = 0.995) with pseudo-first-order chemical kinetics (rate constant, k = 0.05057 min−1) within 50 min due to the ultimate combination of the hydrothermal and bio-reduction technique. The photocatalytic activity of the LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite was optimized at different reaction times, photocatalyst doses (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/L), and various RB dye concentrations (20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm). The antibacterial activities of green synthesized LaMnO3 and LaMnO3-Ag nanoparticles were explored based on colony-forming unit (cfu) reduction and TEM images of bacterial and nanoparticle interactions for S. aureus and E. coli. An amount of 50 µg/mL LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite was sufficient to work as the highest antibacterial activity for both bacteria. The perovskite LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite synthesis process is economically and environmentally friendly. Additionally, it has a wide range of effective and exclusive applications for remediating pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative treatment for localized lesions and infections, utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers (PS) upon light activation. Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a key ROS responsible for photodynamic damage. However, the effectiveness of PS in biological systems may not correlate with the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation in homogeneous solutions. This study investigated singlet oxygen generation and its decay in various cellular microenvironments using liposome and ARPE-19 cell models. Rose Bengal (RB), methylene blue (MB), and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were employed as selected PS. Lifetimes of singlet oxygen generated by the selected photosensitizers in different cellular compartments varied, indicating different quenching rates with singlet oxygen. RB, located near cell membranes, exhibited the highest phototoxicity and lipid/protein peroxidation, followed by PpIX, while MB showed minimal cytotoxicity in similar conditions. Singlet oxygen decay lifetimes provide insights into PS localization and potential phototoxicity, highlighting the importance of the lipid microenvironment in PDT efficacy, providing useful screening method prior to in vivo applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent and colorimetric dual-mode strategy based on carbon dots (CDs) was rationally designed for sensitive determination of Cu2+. Green fluorescent CDs with high absolute quantum yield of 72.9% were synthesized by facile one-step hydrothermal treatment of triethylenetetramine and Rose Bengal. Cu2+ could trigger the oxidative and chromogenic reaction of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to generate chromogenic PPDox, accompanied by the fluorescence quenching of the CDs. The quenching mechanism was identified as the inner filter effect between PPDox and CDs. Therefore, a colorimetric/fluorescent dual-mode detection method for Cu2+ recognition was constructed. The limits of detection for Cu2+ were 4.14 μM and 1.28 μM for colorimetric and fluorescent mode, respectively. In addition, this method had achieved satisfactory results in the detection of Cu2+ in real serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine brucellosis is an infectious pathology that compromises animal well-being and causes significant economic losses for livestock farmers. This disease leads to abortions and is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. In this research, the prevalence of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) was estimated in General Proaño Parish using the Rose Bengal test and confirmation through competitive ELISA. Methodologically, The research was carried out between February and August 2023 on 100 animals from 25 locations in the Proaño parish, in the Morona canton, Ecuador. Blood serum was obtained from five breeds of cattle: Charolais, Holstein, Brown Swiss, Mestiza and Jersey. The collected samples were transported to the laboratory for their respective analysis. Five milliliters of venous blood were collected from the coccygeal vein, from which 1 mL of blood serum was obtained. The serum was used for disease diagnosis through the Rose Bengal test, and those that tested seropositive were reconfirmed using the competitive ELISA immunoassay method. The clinical analyses determined that there is a 0% prevalence of the pathology; based on these results, we can state that the null prevalence of Brucella may be due to environmental and geographical factors that influence its presence and transmission. Furthermore, the precision and sensitivity of the diagnostic methods used are crucial; however, the ELISA and Rose Bengal methods may have been insensitive and did not detect mild infections. Finally, Brucella infection may not be present during sampling due to temporal fluctuations in its prevalence. In conclusion, there is no scientific evidence of bovine brucellosis as the primary cause of abortions and gestational losses in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate corneal biomechanical changes after corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatments with rose bengal–green light (RB-CXL) and riboflavin-UVA (RF-CXL). A total of 60 freshly enucleated lamb eyes were obtained for this experimental study. Fifteen eyes were treated with RB-CXL using 0.1% RB solution (Group 1), 15 eyes were treated with RB-CXL using 0.2% RB solution (Group 2), 15 eyes were treated with RF-CXL using 0.1% RF solution (Group 3), and 15 eyes were used as controls (Group 4). The same treatment protocol (10-minute irradiation using a total of 5.4 J/cm2 energy) was applied to all treatment groups. To evaluate corneal biomechanical changes, the stress-strain test was used for both the treated and control corneas. The elastic modulus was calculated using the tension strain curves obtained during the test. The average elastic modulus values were calculated to be 18.9, 23.5, 22.3, and 14.1 MPa in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups (p < 0.001 for Group 1 vs. 2; p < 0.001 for Group 1 vs. 3; p < 0.001 for Group 1 vs. 4; p = 0.002 for Group 2 vs. 3; p < 0.001 for Group 2 vs. 4; and p < 0.001 for Group 3 vs. 4) In this study, the efficacy of RB-CXL treatment applied using different concentrations of RB solutions at a total energy of 5.4 J/cm2 was investigated, and 0.2% RB solution was found to have at least as much and even more effective than the RF-CXL (0.1% RF) on the corneal elasticity module. These results are encouraging for the treatment of ectatic corneas particularly below 400 μm. It is considered that the findings obtained from this study will guide future experimental and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Despite new treatments, the HCC rate remains important, making it necessary to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a Rose-Bengal (RB) photosensitizer (RB-PDT) could be a promising approach for liver tumor treatment. However, the lack of standardization in preclinical research and the diversity of illumination parameters used make comparison difficult across studies. This work presents and characterizes a novel illumination device based on one green light-emitting diode (CELL-LED-550/3) dedicated to an in vitro RB-PDT. The device was demonstrated to deliver a low average irradiance of 0.62 mW/cm2 over the 96 wells of a multi-well plate. Thermal characterization showed that illumination does not cause cell heating and can be performed inside an incubator, allowing a more rigorous assessment of cell viability after PDT. An in vitro cytotoxic study of the RB-PDT on an HCC cell line (HepG2) demonstrated that RB-PDT induces a significant decrease in cell viability: almost all the cells died after a light dose irradiation of 0.3 J/cm2 using 75 µM of RB (<10% of viability). In conclusion, the RB-PDT could be a therapeutic option to treat unresectable liver lesions and subclinical disease remaining in the post-resection tumor surgical margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation delves into the structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of α-Fe2O3, MgO, and an α-Fe2O3/MgO nanocomposite, synthesized via an innovative hydrothermal methodology, offering novel insights into their potential application in the purification of dye-contaminated water. Through meticulous analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns authenticate the successful formation of the nanocomposite, while high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals nanocrystalline particles with dimensions ranging from 19 nm to 30 nm. A noteworthy observation is the demonstration of a tunable optical bandgap, spanning from 2.20 eV to 3.08 eV, via UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, indicative of the integration of wide-bandgap semiconductors, a key feature essential for efficient photocatalytic activity. Evaluation of the magnetic properties using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) shows a discernible reduction in magnetization in the nanocomposite, attributed to the incorporation of nonmagnetic MgO into the magnetic α-Fe2O3 matrix, thereby revealing unprecedented magnetic modulation. Particularly striking is the exceptional photocatalytic performance of the α-Fe2O3/MgO nanocomposite, achieving 84% degradation of rose Bengal (RB) dye under UV light exposure within a remarkably brief 75-min period. This pronounced enhancement in photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the reduced recombination probability of photo-induced carriers, suggesting effective charge transfer within the nanocomposite, thus elucidating its suitability for efficient wastewater treatment, particularly in the domain of dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in Greece, causing a significant burden on both human and animal vitality as well as economic loss. The present study was conducted from 2015 to 2022 on 711,415 serum samples by determining the seroepidemiology of Brucellosis among livestock in 24 geographical areas in Greece using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and the complement fixation test (CFT) and further performing genetic analysis of Brucella spp. by species-specific real-time PCR and MLVA Brucella analysis. A total of 3086 serum samples from goats, sheep, and cattle showed positive results using the RBT and CFT, and only strongly positive samples (n = 800) were preserved in the Βlood Bank of the Veterinary Laboratory of Brucellosis. From these, 212 sera samples were randomly selected for molecular and genetic analysis. The results indicated that the incidence rate of Brucellosis is higher in cattle herds in comparison with other animal species. Overall, 48 samples tested positive by real-time PCR, of which forty-seven of them were B. abortus and one was B. melitensis. Genetic analysis of two B. abortus samples revealed a common pattern, indicating two Bruce04, two Bruce18, four Bruce07, two Bruce09, three Bruce16, and four Bruce30 for both samples, which, interestingly, were not identical with the known genotypes in the public MLVA Brucella database. Our findings substantiate that animal Brucellosis remains a health issue in Greece, with a stable but apparent incidence rate, and further investigation is needed to fully characterize the newly identified Brucella strains in Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the green synthesis of nanomaterials has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable technology for effectively decolourization of dyes. Polysaccharides, recognized for their affordability and efficacy, have become ideal materials for nanoparticle synthesis. The study used a green method to make platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) from the sesbania polysaccharide, for photocatalytic activities. Different instrumental methods were used to describe the synthesized SPtNPs, including FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS analysis. XPS analysis played a crucial role in examining the purity and chemical stability of the synthesized SPtNPs. TEM micrographs revealed the homogeneous and spherical shape of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the SPtNPs was assessed in the organic dyes, with a particular focus on Rose Bengal in wastewater treatment. The SPtNPs exhibited a high photodegradation capacity for the anionic dye, degrading 98.5% of Rose Bengal within 60 min under Visible light. Additionally, a notable achievement in catalyst recyclability was observed. The catalyst having a higher degradation efficiency of 94.8% in after 3 cycles and revealing a calculated rate constant (k) of 0.3408 min−1. This study emphasizes the competitive advantage of environmentally friendly technology over traditional physical and chemical approaches in SPtNP synthesis, emphasizing its efficacy. This technology's green and efficient nature holds significant potential for diverse industrial applications. Furthermore, it shows that it is possible to make nanomaterials in a way that is both sustainable and good for the environment. Specifically, the biosynthesis of SPtNPs is a groundbreaking way to create useful and good products for the environment. Schematic presentation of green synthesized SPtNPs and photocatalytic dye degradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine brucellosis is an infectious pathology that compromises animal well-being and causes significant economic losses for livestock farmers. This disease leads to abortions and is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. In this research, the prevalence of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) was estimated in General Proaño Parish using the Rose Bengal test and confirmation through competitive ELISA. Methodologically, The research was carried out between February and August 2023 on 100 animals from 25 locations in the Proaño parish, in the Morona canton, Ecuador. Blood serum was obtained from five breeds of cattle: Charolais, Holstein, Brown Swiss, Mestiza and Jersey. The collected samples were transported to the laboratory for their respective analysis. Five milliliters of venous blood were collected from the coccygeal vein, from which 1 mL of blood serum was obtained. The serum was used for disease diagnosis through the Rose Bengal test, and those that tested seropositive were reconfirmed using the competitive ELISA immunoassay method. The clinical analyses determined that there is a 0% prevalence of the pathology; based on these results, we can state that the null prevalence of Brucella may be due to environmental and geographical factors that influence its presence and transmission. Furthermore, the precision and sensitivity of the diagnostic methods used are crucial; however, the ELISA and Rose Bengal methods may have been insensitive and did not detect mild infections. Finally, Brucella infection may not be present during sampling due to temporal fluctuations in its prevalence. In conclusion, there is no scientific evidence of bovine brucellosis as the primary cause of abortions and gestational losses in the study area.

Abstract Background Two photosensitizer agents were used: rose bengal and eosin alone and mixed with soap. Two other chemical compounds were used: active cable oil and soap. All these materials were compared with malathion as a conventional insecticide. The Egyptian mealybug Icerya aegyptiaca attacking ornamental–medicinal plants (acalypha and rose shrubs) and the black Parlatoria scale Parlatoria ziziphus attacking sour orange were evaluated against the tested materials. Results The results obtained suggest that soap, rose bengal mixed, eosin mixed, malathion and active cable oil revealed potency in reducing the population of I. aegyptiaca by 57.24, 87.25, 75.62, 98.71 and 59.91%, respectively, on rose; and by 54.91, 82.64, 62.48, 96.67 and 48.13%, respectively, on acalypha shrubs; their potency on insects showed a significant difference on infested rose than on infested acalypha. The tested compounds revealed lower potency in reducing the population of P. ziziphus than malathion. Reduction percentages were 35.43, 40.39, 34.25, 91.81 and 28.21%, respectively. The accumulation potency of the tested compounds on two insects collectively, without regard to insect species, stages or infested plant species, was assessed at 51.49, 66.18, 55.86, 94.37 and 44.69, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that malathion was the most effective agent against both tested insects, followed by rose bengal mixed with soap, eosin mixed with soap, soap alone and active cable oil. Conclusions The obtained results showed that rose bengal (as a photosensitizers) mixed with soap can be used as a promising agent against all tested insects.

Healing of deep cutaneous wounds often results in detrimental sequelae, including painful and debilitating scars. Current therapies for full‐thickness injuries that target specific phases of wound healing have moderate success; however, full resolution remains incomplete and negative consequences persist if skin homeostasis is not achieved. Photoactivated molecules can modulate cellular responses by generating reactive oxygen species and may provide a novel therapeutic option to improve wound healing. In the current study, we investigated the effects of Rose bengal (RB) dye in a preclinical model of full‐thickness cutaneous injury. Monochromatic green light activates RB to generate ROS in the presence of oxygen, subsequently crosslinking collagen fibrils. In in vitro studies, we show that photoactivated RB is well tolerated by epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and can mitigate fibrotic signalling by downregulating collagen production. In a murine model of full‐thickness injury, topically‐applied and photoactivated RB closed wounds faster than control and vehicle treatments and showed significantly improved wound healing outcomes, including enhanced early granulation, better collagen organisation and increased vascularity in the presence of protracted tissue ROS. These data support an overall improved cutaneous wound healing profile after RB phototherapy and warrant further investigations into this versatile molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aims to assess the efficacy of rose bengal (RB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the management of chronic periodontitis patients in terms of clinical parameters like gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and microbiological parameters like total microbial count, total red complex organism count, Porphyromonas gingivalis count, Treponema denticola count, and Tannerella forsythia count. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 30 patients were recruited who met the inclusion criteria. The participants were randomly allocated into group A with scaling and root planning (SRP) alone and group B with SRP + a-PDT. The clinical and microbiological parameters were measured at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed using independent t test and paired t test, respectively. Value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: At 3-month follow-up, group B treated with SRP + a-PDT showed statistically significant reduction in GI (0.58 - 0.20) and PPD (1.81 - 0.32 mm), gain in CAL (0.73 - 0.04 mm), and reduction in total microbial count [2.80 - 0.08 · 104 colony forming unit (CFU)], total red complex count (0.29 0.14 · 10² CFU), P. gingivalis count (0.43 0.13 · 10² CFU), T. denticola count (0.61 0.04 · 10² CFU), and T. forsythia count (0.59 - 0.04 · 102 CFU) as compared with group A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: RB-mediated a-PDT as an adjunct to SRP was significantly more effective in improving GI, PPD, and CAL and in reducing microbial count as compared with SRP alone in the management of chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of rose bengal photodynamic therapy on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human corneal fibroblasts. Furthermore, to analyze potential involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in this process. Methods: Human corneal fibroblast cultures underwent 0–2.0 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide treatment, and 24 h later rose bengal photodynamic therapy (0.001% RB, 565 nm wavelength illumination, 0.17 J/cm2 fluence). Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interferon regulatory factor-3, interferon α2, and interferon β1 gene expressions were determined by quantitative PCR. Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and C-C motif chemokine ligand-4 concentrations in the cell culture supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein level in human corneal fibroblasts by western blot. In addition, the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were investigated by quantitative PCR and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by western blot. Results: Rose bengal photodynamic therapy in 2.0 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts triggered interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 mRNA (p <.0001) and interleukin-6 protein increase (p <.0001), and downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (p <.001). C-C motif chemokine ligand-4, interferon regulatory factor-3, interferon α2, and interferon β1 expressions remained unchanged (p ≥.2). Rose bengal photodynamic therapy increased IκB kinase subunit beta, nuclear factor kappa B p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinases-2, c-Jun amino terminal kinase, and p38 transcription (p ≤.01), and triggered nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (p ≤.04) in lipopolysaccharide treated human corneal fibroblasts. Conclusion: Rose bengal photodynamic therapy of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts can modify the inflammatory response by inducing interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression, and decreasing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 production. C-C motif chemokine ligand-4, interferon regulatory factor-3, and interferon α and β expressions are not affected by rose bengal photodynamic therapy in these cells. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen (1O2), which have putative roles in signalling, but their involvement in photosynthetic acclimation is unclear. Due to extreme reactivity and a short lifetime, 1O2 signalling occurs via its reaction products, such as oxidised poly-unsaturated fatty acids in thylakoid membranes. The resulting lipid peroxides decay to various aldehydes and reactive electrophile species (RES). Here, we investigated the role of ROS in the signal transduction of high light (HL), focusing on GreenCut2 genes unique to photosynthetic organisms. Using RNA seq. data, the transcriptional responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to 2 h HL were compared with responses under low light to exogenous RES (acrolein; 4-hydroxynonenal), β-cyclocitral, a β-carotene oxidation product, as well as Rose Bengal, a 1O2-producing photosensitiser, and H2O2. HL induced significant (p < 0.05) up- and down-regulation of 108 and 23 GreenCut2 genes, respectively. Of all HL up-regulated genes, over half were also up-regulated by RES, including RBCS1 (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit), NPQ-related PSBS1 and LHCSR1. Furthermore, 96% of the genes down-regulated by HL were also down-regulated by 1O2 or RES, including CAO1 (chlorophyllide-a oxygnease), MDH2 (NADP-malate dehydrogenase) and PGM4 (phosphoglycerate mutase) for glycolysis. In comparison, only 0–4% of HL-affected GreenCut2 genes were similarly affected by H2O2 or β-cyclocitral. Overall, 1O2 plays a significant role in signalling during the initial acclimation of C. reinhardtii to HL by up-regulating photo-protection and carbon assimilation and down-regulating specific primary metabolic pathways. Our data support that this pathway involves RES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis in animals is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Known methods for diagnosing brucellosis face some challenges, due to the difficulties in isolating and standardizing the natural brucellosis antigen. In this work, we investigated the possibility of using the fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) with synthetic glycoconjugate biosensing tracers to detect antibodies against Brucella as a new methodology for diagnosing brucellosis. Based on the received results, the synthetic fluorescein-labeled trisaccharide tracer is most effective for Brucellosis detection. This tracer is structurally related to the immune determinant fragment of the Brucella LPS buildup of N-formyl-d-perosamine units, connected via α-(1→3)-linkage at the non-reducing end and α-(1→2)-linkage at the reducing end. The sensitivity and specificity in the case of the use of trisaccharide tracer 3b were 71% and 100% (Yuden's method) and 87% and 88% (Euclidean method), respectively, which is comparable with the diagnostic efficiency of traditionally used serological methods, such as the agglutination test (AT), complement fixation test (CFT), and Rose Bengal test (RBT). Given the known advantages of FPA (e.g., speed, compactness of the equipment, and standard reagents) and the increased specificity of the developed test system, it would be appropriate to consider its widespread use for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals, including rapid testing in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombosis, characterized by blood clot formation within vessels, poses a significant medical challenge. Despite extensive research, the development of effective thrombosis therapies is hindered by substantial costs, lengthy development times, and high failure rates in medication commercialization. Conventional pre-clinical models often oversimplify cardiovascular disease, leading to a disparity between experimental results and human physiological responses. In response, we have engineered a photothrombosis-on-a-chip system. This microfluidic model integrates human endothelium, human whole blood, and blood flow dynamics and employs the photothrombotic method. It enables precise, site-specific thrombus induction through controlled laser irradiation, effectively mimicking both normal and thrombotic physiological conditions on a single chip. Additionally, the system allows for the fine-tuning of thrombus occlusion levels via laser parameter adjustments, offering a flexible thrombus model with varying degrees of obstruction. Additionally, the formation and progression of thrombosis noted on the chip closely resemble the thrombotic conditions observed in mice in previous studies. In the experiments, we perfused recalcified whole blood with Rose Bengal into an endothelialized microchannel and initiated photothrombosis using green laser irradiation. Various imaging methods verified the model's ability to precisely control thrombus formation and occlusion levels. The effectiveness of clinical drugs, including heparin and rt-PA, was assessed, confirming the chip's potential in drug screening applications. In summary, the photothrombosis-on-a-chip system significantly advances human thrombosis modeling. Its precise control over thrombus formation, flexibility in the thrombus severity levels, and capability to simulate dual physiological states on a single platform make it an invaluable tool for targeted drug testing, furthering the development of organ-on-a-chip drug screening techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease. It is estimated that the number of cases reported today is much less than the actual number. We still have difficulty in diagnosing the disease and its organ involvement. In this sense, new approaches that can be useful in clinical practice are required, and we aimed to evaluate this situation in our study. Methods: 171 of 213 patients followed in our center between January 2021 and April 2024 were included in the study. A total of 150 patients were included in the study as a control group. Rose Bengal test (RBT), Coombs gel test (CGT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and automated blood culture were used for diagnosing brucellosis. Complete blood count, sedimentation, C-reactive protein, and biochemical parameters were obtained. Inflammation markers such as neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, platelet–lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, and systemic inflammation response index were calculated. Results: The most successful results in the diagnosis were ELISA (89.4%), RBT (88.3%), CGT (83%), and blood culture (34.8%). For diagnosing sacroiliitis and spondylodiscitis, instead of resorting to expensive methods like magnetic resonance, a combination of ELISA positivity with elevated acute phase reactants and inflammatory markers could be significantly instructive. Conclusions: Optimizing diagnostic algorithms and exploring novel diagnostic approaches, such as inflammatory markers, hold promise for improving diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to identify the optical, magnetic, and structural properties of α-Fe 2 O 3 /MgO & MgO/α-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposites and use them to purify water contaminated by harmful dyes. The economical hydrothermal approach was utilized to create nanocomposites, resulting in weight ratios of α-Fe 2 O 3 : MgO (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2). The synthesized materials containing α-Fe 2 O 3 and MgO phases were identified by XRD pattern. XPS spectra were used to identify lattice defects and oxygen vacancies. The magnetic investigations show that pure α-Fe 2 O 3 has a greater magnetic character than other synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 0.14 × 10−2 emu/gm. In just 90 min, α-Fe 2 O 3 /MgO nanocomposites degrade Rose Bengal dye by 90.01 %, demonstrating their superior photocatalytic activity. The combined action of α-Fe 2 O 3 and MgO, which prevents the formation of highly active radical species (OH• and O 2 • radicals) and photo-generated charge carrier recombination, is responsible for the increased photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the magnetic nature of these nanocomposites enables them for the reusability process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Elimination of Emerging Pollutants (pesticides) present in effluents from industrial wastewater treatment plants. Emerging pollutants in wastewater pose significant risks to human health and wildlife, particularly due to their persistence in treated effluents from WWTPs. Very recent research has focused on developing new techniques based on advanced oxidation processes using inorganic and organic photocatalysts for treating polluted effluents under visible light. This study investigates a pesticide-removal system utilizing heterogeneous photoactive polymeric materials P2, P3, and P4. These materials, engineered as hydrophilic polymeric microparticles and functionalized with Rose Bengal, have demonstrated efficient singlet oxygen generation and first-order kinetics in the degradation of AHMPD, a pyrimidine fungicide. Given that most studies in the literature have concentrated on urban WWTPs, with less emphasis on industrial wastewater treatment, this research focused on real water samples from the effluent of an industrial WWTP in the agri-food sector, which processes large volumes of citrus and where high concentrations of AHMPD and other pesticides were detected at certain times of the year. The degradation potential of photoactive materials P3 and P4 was evaluated, achieving removal rates of AHMPD up to 85% under conditions of pH = 11 with 48 h of exposure to visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation introduces the multifaceted applications of V2O5/COK-12 nanostructures, presenting a novel approach for addressing the growing demand for advanced nanomaterials in environmental monitoring and remediation. The study explores the dual-functional capabilities of these nanostructures in humidity sensing and photocatalysis, leveraging the unique properties of COK-12, a zeolitic framework renowned for its exceptional surface area (825 m2/g) and porosity, as an optimal host for vanadium doping. Synthesized via hydrothermal method, the materials underwent thorough characterization to confirm the formation of COK-12. Humidity sensing evaluations, conducted over the entire relative humidity environment ranging from 11–98%, demonstrates the remarkable performance of V2O5/COK-12 sensor, manifesting a significant resistance drop spanning 4.8 folds of magnitude change, coupled with rapid response (16 s) and recovery (13 s) times. Furthermore, exploiting the redox activity of vanadium within the nanostructures for photocatalytic reactions reveals enhanced efficiency in degrading organic pollutants under UV light irradiation. The nanostructures exhibit superior catalytic performance, achieving up to 85% degradation of RB (Rose Bengal) dye, compared to pristine silica, which displays a modest 47% adsorption efficiency. This study underscores the versatility of V2O5/COK-12 nanostructures, highlighting their potential to address contemporary challenges in humidity sensing and sustainable photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) can be strongly potentiated by the addition of the non-toxic inorganic salt, potassium iodide (KI). This approach was shown to apply to many different photosensitizers, including the xanthene dye Rose Bengal (RB) excited by green light (540 nm). Rose Bengal diacetate (RBDA) is a lipophilic RB derivative that is easily taken up by cells and hydrolyzed to produce an active photosensitizer. Because KI is not taken up by microbial cells, it was of interest to see if aPDI mediated by RBDA could also be potentiated by KI. The addition of 100 mM KI strongly potentiated the killing of Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylocccus aureus, Gram-negative Eschericia coli, and fungal yeast Candida albicans when treated with RBDA (up to 15 µM) for 2 hours followed by green light (540 nm, 10 J/cm2). Both RBDA aPDI regimens (400 µM RBDA with or without 400 mM KI followed by 20 J/cm2 green light) accelerated the healing of MRSA-infected excisional wounds in diabetic mice, without damaging the host tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanogenesis‐stimulated B16‐F10 cells enter in a quiescent state, present inhibited mitochondrial respiration and increased reactive oxygen species levels. These alterations suggest that these cells may be under redox signaling, allowing tumor survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate redox‐modified proteins in B16‐F10 cells after melanogenesis stimulation and rose bengal‐photodynamic therapy (RB‐PDT). A redox proteomics label‐free approach based on the biotin switch assay technique with biotin‐HPDP and N‐ethylmaleimide was used to assess the thiol‐oxidized protein profile. Aconitase was oxidized at Cys‐448 and Cys‐451, citrate synthase was oxidized at Cys‐202 and aspartate aminotransferase (Got2) was oxidized at Cys‐272 and Cys‐274, exclusively after melanogenesis stimulation. After RB‐PDT, only guanine nucleotide‐binding protein subunit beta‐2‐like 1 (Gnb2l1) was oxidized (Cys‐168). In contrast, melanogenesis stimulation followed by RB‐PDT led to the oxidation of different cysteines in Gnb2l1 (Cys‐153 and Cys‐249). Besides that, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) presented oxidation at Cys‐245, peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase A (Ppia) was oxidized at Cys‐161 and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid oxidase (Tyrp1) was oxidized at Cys‐65, Cys‐30, and Cys‐336 after melanogenesis stimulation followed by RB‐PDT. The redox alterations observed in murine melanoma cells and identification of possible target proteins are of great importance to further understand tumor resistance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice wine, well known for its unique flavor, rich nutritional value, and health benefits, has potential for extensive market development. Rhizopus and Aspergillus are among several microorganisms used in rice wine brewing and are crucial for determining rice wine quality. The strains were isolated via Rose Bengal and starch as a combined separation medium, followed by oenological property and sensory evaluation screening. The strain exhibiting the best performance can be screened using the traditional rice wine Qu. The strains YM-8, YM-10, and YM-16, which exhibited strong saccharification and fermentation performance along with good flavor and taste, were obtained from traditional rice wine Qu. Based on ITS genetic sequence analysis, the YM-8, YM-10, and YM-16 strains were identified as Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Aspergillus oryzae. The optimum growth temperature of each of the three strains was 30°C, 32°C, and 30°C, and the optimum initial pH was 6.0, 6.5, and 6.5, respectively. The activities of α-amylase, glucoamylase, and protease of YM-16 were highest at 220.23±1.88, 1,269.04±30.32, and 175.16±1.81 U/g, respectively. The amino acid content of rice wine fermented in a 20-L bioreactor with the three mold strains was higher than that of the control group, except for arginine, which was significantly lower than that of the control group. The total amino acid content and the total content of each type of amino acid were ranked as YM-16 > YM-8 > YM-10 > control group, and the amino acid content varied greatly among the strains. The control group had a higher content, whereas YM-8 and YM-16 had lower contents of volatile aroma components than the control group and had the basic flavor substances needed for rice wine, which is conducive to the formation of rice wine aroma. This selected strain, YM-16, has strong saccharification and fermentation ability, is a rich enzyme system, and improves the flavor of rice wine, thereby demonstrating its suitability as a production strain for brewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of waste and the use of renewable materials are of great environmental and economic interest. With that in mind, the synthesis of mesoporous silica can be performed using rice husk ash, which is an industrial waste generated in large quantities. This mesoporous material can be functionalized with photoactive molecules, enabling application in photocatalysis. In this work, we used mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with rose bengal dye (RB) for photooxidation reactions of organic molecules, such as the antibiotic cefuroxime 1‐acetoxyethyl ester (cefuroxime axetil). The characterization results showed the formation of one‐dimensional channels with uniform size and two‐dimensional hexagonal arrangement, with surface area and pore diameter of 230 m2 g−1 and 5 nm, respectively. The infrared and UV‐Vis spectroscopy indicated the functionalization of silica with photoactive molecules. Finally, SBA‐15/RB was applied for the photooxidation of ascorbic acid and antibiotic cefuroxime axetil under irradiation with green light, proving to be efficient for the degradation of cefuroxime axetil. Investigation of the reactive oxygen species involved in photodegradation showed that the photooxidation mechanism mainly involves singlet oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a communicable zoonotic disease that is endemic in Eastern Africa and other countries, humans contracted this infection from diseased animals. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis in dromedary camels and the knowledge, attitude, and practice of camel owners regarding brucellosis at the human-animal interface that could endanger humans in the study area. A cross-sectional study determined the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in 404 camels. A questionnaire survey involving 120 participants was also conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of camel owners regarding the disease. The seroprevalence of camel brucellosis was estimated as 6% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1-1.8) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Pastoralists are in close contact with their animals, and the consumption of raw milk and handling of abortive material is common, which exposes them to a higher risk of infection. The questionnaire survey indicated that about 40% of respondents had previous knowledge about the disease. Almost, 17% and 40% knew that the disease can be transmitted from camel to humans and between camels, respectively. About 67.5% of the respondents disposed of aborted fetuses and placenta in the open field and 86.7% of the respondents consumed raw milk. This indicates that an awareness campaign is important to equip pastoral communities in the study areas with knowledge about the disease and change their malpractice to protect themselves from brucellosis. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the study. The present study revealed a low seroprevalence (0.5%). Although the seropositive animals in this study appeared to be healthy, the results indicated that the disease may manifest as a carrier and adversely affect productivity and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are gaining traction in inorganic catalysis and photocatalysis, driving the development of eco-friendly methods. This study introduces an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for synthesizing Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using extracts derived from the leaves of Calligonum comosum L. The primary objective of this investigation is to assess the photocatalytic efficacy of the synthesized catalyst in addressing organic pollutants. The Al2O3 NPs exhibit a spherical morphology with crystalline arrangements, as evidenced by an average crystallite size of 25.1 nm in the XRD analysis. The band gap energy of the Al2O3 NPs is determined to be 2.86 eV. In terms of mechanical properties, the Al2O3 NPs show significant potential in enhancing both flexural and compressive properties, thereby making them a viable choice for improving the mechanical performance of composites. Notably, the Young's modulus of the hybrid composite (comprising plant material and Al2O3 NPs) exhibits a remarkable increase of 34.4% in flexion and 78.3% in compression compared to the plant material alone. The catalytic performance of the Al2O3 NPs is evaluated using methylene blue (MB) as a cationic dye and Rose Bengal (RB) as an anionic dye. Impressively, the Al2O3 NPs demonstrate degradation efficiencies of 98.2% for MB and 90.5% for RB. The degradation processes occur under solar light irradiation, with a contact time of 120 m, a maintained pH of 7, and a temperature of 25 °C. This study found that Al2O3 nanoparticles are a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly option for water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a one-step synthetic method utilizing oak pericarp treated with FeCl3 and ZnCl2 as a precursor for the production of magnetic activated carbon (MAC). Characterization techniques including FTIR, SEM-EDX, TGA, XRD, VSM, BET, and pHpzc confirm the integration of biochar characteristics and magnetic properties of iron oxides in the MAC composite. Batch adsorption tests investigate the adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Rose Bengal (RB) dyes by MAC under varied conditions, including adsorbent dose, contact time, solution pH, ionic strength, temperature, and initial dye concentration. Optimal adsorption conditions for RhB and RB are identified at pH 2 and 7, with adsorbent doses of 0.75 g/L and 1 g/L, and equilibrium times of 180 min and 120 min, respectively. Adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) are employed, with the Freundlich model providing the best fit. MAC demonstrates a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 198.529 mg.g−1 for RhB and 42.551 mg.g−1 for RB at 20 °C. Kinetic data align with the pseudo-second-order model, and thermodynamic parameters confirm the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. In conclusion, this study successfully synthesizes magnetic biochar with enhanced efficacy in dye adsorption. The one-step method proves efficient for treating industrial dye effluents, as evidenced by batch desorption studies over four cycles, establishing the reusability of the MAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient catalysts play a pivotal role in advancing eco-friendly water treatment strategies, particularly in the removal of diverse organic contaminants found in water-petroleum sources. This study addresses the multifaceted challenges posed by contaminants, encompassing a spectrum of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn alongside pollutants like oily water (OIW), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dyes, and pharmaceuticals, posing threats to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Herein, we present the synthesis of biogenically derived Mn@NiO nanocomposite (NC) photocatalysts, a sustainable methodology employing an aqueous Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract, yielding particles with a size of 36.7 nm. The catalyst demonstrates exceptional efficacy in removing heavy metals, achieving rates exceeding 99–100% within 30 min, alongside notable removal efficiencies for OIW (98%), TSS (87%), and COD (98%). Furthermore, our photodegradation experiments showed remarkable efficiencies, with 94% degradation for Rose Bengal (RB) and 96% for methylene blue (MB) within 120 min. The degradation kinetics adhere to pseudo-first-order behavior, with rate constants of 0.0227 min−1 for RB and 0.0370 min−1 for MB. Additionally, the NC exhibits significant antibiotic degradation rates of 97% for cephalexin (CEX) and 96% for amoxicillin (AMOX). The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic interplay between the Mn and NiO nanostructures, augmenting responsiveness to sunlight while mitigating electron-hole pair recombination. Notably, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding stability and reusability across multiple cycles, maintaining its stable nanostructure without compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study demonstrates the preparation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) incorporated zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanocomposite by using reflux method. The ZrO2/rGO was confirmed by using UV‐Vis, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX techniques. In photocatalysis examination, the selected Rose Bengal (RB) was degraded effectively using ZrO2/rGO composite (76 %) at 180 minutes which follows first order kinetics. The antioxidant property against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was found to be 97 % activity with IC50 value of 314.53 mg/mL. Electrode reversibility (EO‐ER), diffusion coefficient (D) and capacitance of rGO, ZrO2 and ZrO2/rGO were measured by cyclic voltammetry method (CV). The electrochemical sensor detection of rGO, ZrO2 and ZrO2/rGO composite were assessed in 1 M NaCl electrolyte using tartaric acid and grape juice green sensors. The prepared electrode material plays a significant role for improving dye removal, electrochemical, antioxidant and sensor detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) has enormous potential for transforming the way organic solvents are purified and recovered in the chemical industry. Apart from conventional thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration membrane fabrication methods, a greener, simpler, and more efficient approach has been utilized to fabricate OSN membranes. Oxidative polymerization of an aqueous solution of a pyrrole monomer on a hydrolyzed/crosslinked polyacrylonitrile (H-PAN/C-PAN) support yielded a dense polypyrrole (PPy) skin layer consisting of a conjugated carbonaceous polyaryl network. The presence of multiple amino groups (>NH) in the PPy chain develops extensive hydrogen bonding with the –COOH and –NH groups present in the H-PAN/C-PAN support. The shift in the ATR-FTIR peaks of PPy upon deposition on the H-PAN/C-PAN support confirmed the interaction between PPy and the H-PAN/C-PAN support. When the OSN performance of the fabricated membranes was studied, the PPy@C-PAN/PETP membrane showed a better performance in terms of rejection of model solutes including charged and neutral molecules compared to the PPy@H-PAN/PETP membrane. Both membranes rejected >99% of Rose Bengal, Congo red, and Eriochrome black T used as model solutes in the current study. For the neutral molecules, PPy@H-PAN@PETP was able to reject 44% of triphenylbenzene (TPB) and >99% of hexaphenylbenzene (HPB), whereas PPy@C-PAN@PETP rejected 72% of TPB and >99% of HPB. In the case of methylene blue, a rejection of 48% was found for PPy@H-PAN/PETP while a rejection of 82% was recorded for PPy@C-PAN/PETP. Moreover, the permeance of n-hexane was found to be 9.3 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 for PPy@H-PAN/PETP and 3.3 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 for the PPy@C-PAN/PETP membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose Bengal (RB) is a halogen-containing water-soluble dye that is frequently used for therapeutic purposes. The dye, on the other hand, is poisonous and may cause inflammation, stinging and other adverse reactions in eyes and skin of living beings as it comes in water resources with medical waste. As a reason, it is thought to be desirable to propose a systematic approach for removing or minimising the effect of RB dye via adsorption. Here in this work, a novel CeO2/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 (CFC) nanocomposite has been synthesised by the co-precipitation-assisted hydrothermal method. The morphological and structural properties were studied by powder HRTEM, XRD, EDAX, FTIR and XPS, and also, the surface area of the CFC was measured by BET. UV-DRS was employed for the band gap calculation. This nanocomposite showed excellent adsorption properties for Rose Bengal (RB). The synthesised nanostructure exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 83.05 mgg−1 for RB dye. Furthermore, the nanocomposite has shown adsorption efficiency close to 99% after being regenerated and reused up to five times. It followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and an isotherm best fit with the Langmuir model. Based on the adsorption studies and FTIR studies, it is confirmed that the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions are the predominating factors for the adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gd/Fe-SnO2 nanopowders as novel photocatalysts for the active removal of Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide were synthesized with a low-cost coprecipitation route. The X-ray diffraction analysis of SnO2, Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 and Sn0.94Gd0.02Fe0.04O2 nanopowders proved the formation of a tetragonal phase of tin oxide with average crystallite sizes in the range of 13–18 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of all samples displayed the characteristic absorption bands of SnO2. The nanopowder of the pure SnO2 sample, as seen in its transmission electron microscope (TEM) image, contains spherical-like particles of variable sizes. The TEM images of the Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 and Sn0.94Gd0.02Fe0.04O2 powders revealed the synthesis of fine spherical nanoparticles. Based on the TEM images, the average particle size of the pure, (Gd, 2 wt% Fe) and (Gd, 4 wt% Fe) codoped SnO2 nanopowders was estimated to be 14, 10 and 12 nm, respectively. After the addition of (Gd, 2 wt% Fe) and (Gd, 4 wt% Fe) to the SnO2 structure, the band gap energy of SnO2 was reduced from 3.4 eV to 2.88 and 2.82 eV, respectively. Significantly, the Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 nanocatalyst exhibited a high removal efficiency of 98 and 96% for Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide after activation by sunlight for 35 and 48 min, respectively. Furthermore, this catalyst has shown perfect mineralization as well as high stability properties for the treatment of Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide. These results suggest the suitability of the Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 nanocatalyst for the treatment of agriculture and industrial effluent under sunlight light energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an Ag@Cu/TiO2 ternary nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple chemical methodology and subsequently studied for the photocatalytic degradation of rose bengal (RB) dye under visible light as well as its hydrogen production. The shape, size and topographical analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that all the constituents are well intercalated and are in the nano range. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the Ag@Cu/TiO2 showed the presence of Ti, O, Cu and Ag and the absence of any other impurities, while the mapping analysis showed their uniform distribution. The X-ray photon spectroscopy also showed successful interaction between the components. Furthermore, the changes in the chemical state of Ti2p were examined. The band gap of Ag@Cu/TiO2 using the Tauc plot relations was found to be the lowest at 2.86 eV in comparison to pure TiO2 (3.28 eV), binary Ag/TiO2 (3.13 eV) and Cu/TiO2 (3.00 eV). The Ag@Cu/TiO2 displayed the lowest photoluminescence intensity, suggesting the highest degradation efficiency and lowest recombination rate. The application of Ag@Cu/TiO2 toward the photocatalytic degradation of RB dye exhibited a degradation rate of ~81.07%, which exceeds the efficiency of pure TiO2 by 3.31 times. Apart from this, the hydrogen production of Ag@Cu/TiO2 was found to be 17.1 μmol h−1 g−1, suggesting that copper and silver synergistically contributed, thereby resulting in the increased hydrogen production of pure TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heterostructure photocatalyst composed of CuWO4-modified SnO2 (CuWO4/SnO2) was synthesized using a simple wet -chemical methods and evaluated for its ability to degrade Rose Bengal (RB) dye under visible light irradiation. Comprehensive characterization of the samples was conducted using Ultraviolet -visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis -DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy - dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high -resolution TEM (HR -TEM), Brunauer-Emmett -Teller surface analysis (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that CuWO4/SnO2 exhibited significantly superior photocatalytic activity compared to CuWO4 or SnO2 alone. This enhanced efficiency is attributed to the effective charge transfer between SnO2 and CuWO4 nanoparticles, which considerably reduces electron -hole recombination energy levels. Optimal conditions for maximum RB degradation under visible light were found to be a pH of 8, a dye concentration of 20 µM, and a photocatalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L, achieving a high degradation efficiency of 98.5% within 180 minutes. The outstanding photocatalytic performance of CuWO4/SnO2 is primarily due to the profecient separation of light induced electron -hole pairs. The reactive species involved in the photocatalytic degradation of RB include holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (O2• - ). This study highlights the potential of CuWO4/SnO2 as an effective photocatalyst for environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]