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Aim: To assess the added value of Near InfraRed Fluorescence (NIRF) imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: This international multicentre randomized controlled trial included participants with an indication for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Participants were randomised into a NIRF imaging assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy (NIRF-LC) group and a conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC) group. Primary end point was time to ‘Critical View of Safety’ (CVS). The follow-up period of this study was 90 postoperative days. An expert panel analysed the video recordings after surgery to confirm designated surgical time points. Results: A total of 294 patients were included, of which 143 were randomized in the NIRF-LC and 151 in the CLC group. Baseline characteristics were equally distributed. Time to CVS was on average 19 min and 14 s for the NIRF-LC group and 23 min and 9 s for the CLC group (p 0.032). Time to identification of the CD was 6 min and 47 s and 13 min for NIRF-LC and CLC respectively (p < 0.001). Transition of the CD in the gallbladder was identified after an average of 9 min and 39 s with NIRF-LC, compared to 18 min and 7 s with CLC (p < 0.001). No difference in postoperative length of hospital stay nor occurrence of postoperative complications was found. ICG related complications were limited to one patient who developed a rash after injection of ICG. Conclusion: Use of NIRF imaging in laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides earlier identification of relevant extrahepatic biliary anatomy: earlier achievement of CVS, cystic duct visualisation and visualisation of both cystic duct and cystic artery transition into the gallbladder.

Objective Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are used as clinical activities in postgraduate psychiatry training in Australasia. This study aimed to explore psychiatry trainees’ perceptions of the impact of EPAs on their motivation and learning. Methods A constructivist grounded theory approach was used to conceptualize the impact of EPAs on trainees’ motivation and learning. A purposive sample of trainees was recruited from across New Zealand. Semi-structured individual interviews were used for data collection and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Results The impact of EPAs on learning was mediated by the trainee’s appraisals of subjective control, value, and the costs of engaging with EPAs. When appraisals were positive, EPAs encouraged a focus on particular learning needs and structured learning with the supervisor. However, when appraisals were negative, EPAs encouraged a superficial approach to learning. Trainee appraisals and their subsequent impact on motivation and learning were most affected by EPA granularity, alignment of EPAs with clinical practice, and the supervisor’s conscientiousness in their approach to EPAs. Conclusions To stimulate learning, EPAs must be valued by both trainees and supervisors as constituting a coherent work-based curriculum that encompasses the key fellowship competencies. If EPAs are to be effective as clinical tasks for learning, ongoing faculty development must be the leading priority.

BACKGROUND: Several pivotal studies and international guidelines on the perioperative management of rectal cancer have been published. However, little is known about the current state of perioperative management of rectal cancer patients in clinical practice worldwide.METHODS: An online survey including 13 questions focusing on key topics related to the perioperative management of patients with rectal cancer was conducted among colorectal surgeons registered within the database of the Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD).RESULTS: A total of 535 respondents from 89 countries participated in the survey. Most surgeons worked in the European region (40.9%). Two hundred and fifty-four respondents (47.5%) performed less than 25% of surgical procedures laparoscopically. The most commonly used definition of the upper limit of the rectum was a fixed distance from the anal verge (23.4%). Magnetic resonance imaging was used to define the upper limit of the rectum by 258 respondents (48.2%). During total mesorectal excision (TME), 301 respondents (56.3%) used a high-tie technique. The most commonly constructed anastomosis was an end-to-end anastomosis (68.2%) with the majority of surgeons performing a leak test intraoperatively (88.9%). A total of 355 respondents (66.4%) constructed a diverting ostomy, and the majority of these surgeons constructed an enterostomy (82%). A total of 208 respondents (39.3%) closed a stoma within 8 weeks. Lastly, 135 respondents (25.2%) introduced a solid diet on postoperative day 1.CONCLUSION: There is considerable heterogeneity in the perioperative management of rectal cancer patients worldwide with several discrepancies between current international practice and recommendations from international guidelines. To achieve worldwide standardization in rectal cancer care, further research is needed to elucidate the cause of this heterogeneity and find ways of improved implementation of best practice recommendations.

Purpose This study aims to report the design, development and evaluation of a digital quality assurance application aimed at improving and ensuring the quality of assessment programmes in higher education. Design/methodology/approach The application was developed using a design-based research (DBR) methodology. The application’s design was informed by a literature search and needs assessment of quality assurance stakeholders to ensure compliance with daily practices and accreditation requirements. Stakeholders from three study programmes evaluated the application. Findings As part of the development of the application, module- and programme-level dashboards were created to provide an overview of the programme’s outcomes, assessment methods, assessment metrics, self-evaluated quality indicators and assessment documents. The application was evaluated by stakeholders at the module and programme levels. Overall, the results indicated that the dashboards aided them in gaining insight into the assessment programme and its alignment with underlying assessments. Practical implications Visualisation of the assessment programme’s structure and content identifies gaps and opportunities for improvement, which can be used to initiate a dialogue and further actions to improve assessment quality. Originality/value The application developed facilitates a cyclical and transparent assessment quality assurance procedure that is continuously available to various stakeholders in quality assurance.

PURPOSE: Medical students' transition to postgraduate training, given the complexity of new roles and responsibilities, requires the engagement of all involved stakeholders. This study aims to co-create a transition curriculum and determine the value of involving the key stakeholders throughout such transition in its design process.METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods study involving faculty/leaders (undergraduate/postgraduate), final-year medical students, and chief residents. It commenced with eight co-creation sessions (CCS), qualitative results of which were used to draft a quantitative survey sent to non-participants, followed by two consensus-building CCS with the original participants. We applied thematic analysis for transcripts of all CCS, and mean scores with standard deviations for survey analysis.RESULTS: We identified five themes: adaptation, authenticity, autonomy, connectedness, and continuity, embedded in the foundation of a supportive environment, to constitute a Model of Learning during Transition (MOLT). Inclusion of various stakeholders and optimizing their representation brought rich perspectives to the design process. This was reinforced through active students' participation enabling a final consensus.CONCLUSIONS: Bringing perspectives of key stakeholders in the transition spectrum enriches transition curricula. The proposed MOLT can provide a guide for curriculum designers to optimize the final year of undergraduate medical training in preparing students for postgraduate training with essential competencies to be trained.

CONTEXT: When designing simulation for novices, educators aim to design tasks and environments that are complex enough to promote learning, but not too complex to compromise task performance and cause cognitive overload.OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of modulating task and environment complexity on novices' performance and cognitive load during simulation.METHODS: Second-year pharmacy students (N=162) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions (2x2 factorial design) in simulation: simple task in simple environment, complex task in simple environment, simple task in complex environment, and complex task in complex environment. Using video recordings, two raters assessed students' performance during the simulation. We measured intrinsic (ICL) and extraneous cognitive load (ECL) with questionnaires after the task, and tested knowledge after task and debriefing.RESULTS: Mean performance scores in simple environment were 28.2/32 (SD=3.8) for simple task and 25.8 (SD=4.2) for complex task. In complex environment, mean performance scores were 24.6 (SD=5.2) for simple task and 25.6/32 (SD=5.3) for complex task. We found significant interaction effects between task and environment complexity for performance. In simple environment, mean ICL scores were 4.2 (SD=2.2) for simple task and 5.7 (SD=1.5) for complex task. In complex environment, mean ICL scores were 4.9/10 (SD=1.8) for simple task and 5.1/10 (SD=1.9) for complex task. There was a main effect of task complexity on ICL. For ECL, we found neither an interaction effect nor main effects of task and environment complexity. There was a main effect of task complexity on knowledge test after task and main effects of both task and environment complexity on knowledge after debriefing.CONCLUSION: Performance was good and cognitive load remained reasonable in all conditions, which suggests that, despite increased complexity, students seemed to strategically manage their own cognitive load and learn from the simulations. Our findings also indicate that environmental complexity contributes to ICL.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic had major impact on the training of Infectious Diseases (ID) residents across the globe. They were part of the frontline staff, while at the same time training to be ID physicians. This study focused on identifying their capability, i.e. the ability to adapt existing competencies to new situations, which is now recognised as an essential element of professional practice.AimThis study explored what ID residents learnt and how they learnt as they adapted to working in this unpredictable and challenging COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis qualitative explorative study was based in the Infectious Diseases Senior Residency Programme across three training institutions in Singapore. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were analysed using a template analysis technique.ResultsNine ID residents participated in this study. They learnt to engage with uncertainty in a meaningful way by relying on prior training and rapidly learning how to most effectively learn (metacognition). Learning was enhanced by collaboration between multidisciplinary health professionals, strong leadership and intrinsic motivation from personal interest in ID. They learnt through observing how senior faculty approached and managed the COVID-19 situation.ConclusionWhen learning for future capability in a rapidly evolving situation, role-modelling and mentoring are essential as available information resources may still not provide the learning from skilled doctors with actual experiences managing complex, uncertain situations.

Introduction: Program directors dismiss a small percentage of residents from residency training programs, presumably due to underperformance or lack of progress. Whether underperformance in competency domains differs by residents’ specialty is unknown. Methods: In 2021, we analysed the case law of Dutch residents who were dismissed from training by the program director, and who challenged this dismissal before the national conciliation board between 2011 and 2020. Across medical specialties we compared which of the CanMEDS competency domains these residents failed to meet. Results: We found 116 cases of residents dismissed from their training programmes who challenged the decision of the program director before the board. In general, most residents were unable to meet the requirements of several CanMEDS competency domains (usually: medical expert, communicator, and professional). In surgery, all dismissed residents failed to meet the competency domain of the medical expert, while most of the dismissed psychiatry residents met this domain. In specialties with a primarily diagnostic task, more dismissed residents failed to meet the competency domain of the scholar, while dismissed general medicine residents (for example family medicine and nursing homecare) were less likely to do so. Residents in general medicine, more often than other specialties, however, failed to meet the competency domain of the professional. Conclusion: Residents dismissed from training, who challenged their dismissal, failed to meet the requirements of multiple CanMEDS competency domains. Competency domain failures differ by specialty.

Perceptions of teachers and students about curriculum viability inhibitors are equally important yet may differ. Divergence can lead to destructive friction and adversely affect curriculum viability. Our team aimed to find the perceptions of teachers and students on inhibitors affecting the viability of an implemented medical curriculum, report their convergence or divergence, and explore approaches to reduce divergence. Through a mixed-method approach, using valid and reliable questionnaires, we found the curriculum under review had no clear inhibitors. Whereas teachers exhibited complete agreement that no educational programme inhibitors existed, students did not fully agree. Upon qualitative inquiry, using focus group discussion with students and teachers, we found that 'improving the communication gap', 'enhancing the role of faculty and students in curriculum', and 'improving the assessment process' can reduce the friction between teachers and students. This study provides an approach that identifies the curriculum viability inhibitors and solutions to address them.

Secondary school students often learn new cognitive skills by practicing with tasks that vary in difficulty, amount of support and/or content. Occasionally, they have to select these tasks themselves. Studies on task-selection guidance investigated either procedural guidance (specific rules for selecting tasks) or strategic guidance (general rules and explanations for task selection), but never directly compared them. Experiment 1 aimed to replicate these studies by comparing procedural guidance and strategic guidance to a no-guidance condition, in an electronic learning environment in which participants practiced eight self-selected tasks. Results showed no differences in selected tasks during practice and domain-specific skill acquisition between the experimental groups. A possible explanation for this is an ineffective combination of feedback and feed forward (i.e. the task-selection advice). The second experiment compared inferential guidance (which combines procedural feedback with strategic feed forward), to a no-guidance condition. Results showed that participants selected more difficult, less-supported tasks after receiving inferential guidance than after no guidance. Differences in domain-specific skill acquisition were not significant, but higher conformity to inferential guidance did significantly predict higher domain-specific skill acquisition. Hence, we conclude that inferential guidance can positively affect task selections and domain-specific skill acquisition, but only when conformity is high.

PURPOSE: Prescribing is a common task, often performed by junior clinicians, with potential for significant harm. Despite this, it is common for medical students to qualify having only prescribed in simulated scenarios or assessments. We implemented an alternative: students were given pens with purple ink, which permitted them to write prescriptions for real patients. We set out to understand how this intervention, pre-prescribing, created a zone of proximal development (ZPD) for learners.METHODS: An anonymous, mixed methods, evaluation questionnaire was distributed to all final-year medical students at one university in the United Kingdom. Analysis was guided by Experience Based Learning theory.RESULTS: Two hundred and eighteen students made 386 free-text comments. Most participants reported that pre- helped them become capable doctors (Strongly Agree n = 96, 45%; Agree: n = 110, 50%). Pre-prescribing created a ZPD in which participants could use the tools of practice in authentic contexts under conditions that made it safe to fail.CONCLUSIONS: This research shows how a theoretically informed intervention can create conditions to enhance learning. It encourages educators to identify aspects of routine practice that could be delegated, or co-performed, by learners. With appropriate support, educators can create 'safe-fails' which allow learners to participate safely in authentic, risky, and indeterminate situations they will be expected to navigate as newly qualified clinicians.

Purpose: Optimizing return to work after knee arthroplasty is becoming more important because of the growing incidence of KA among workers and poor return to work outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of Back At work After Surgery (BAAS): an integrated clinical pathway for return to work after knee arthroplasty. Method: Working patients who received unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between January 2021 and November 2021, younger than 65 years and motivated to return to work were eligible to participate. Feasibility was investigated on five domains: reach, dose delivered, dose received, fidelity and patients’ attitudes. These outcomes were obtained by a patient-reported questionnaire and an interview with the occupational case manager and medical case manager.Results: Of the eligible 29 patients, eleven were willing to participate (response rate 38%; due to travel distance to and from the hospital). The dose delivered was between 91 and 100%, except information given about return to work from the orthopedic surgeon which was 18%. The dose received was 100%. For fidelity, case managers reported nine shortcomings for which five solutions were mentioned. In terms of patients’ attitude, all patients were satisfied and one patient mentioned an improvement. Conclusions: In terms of reach, participation was low: only 29%. The BAAS clinical pathway seems feasible based on dose delivered, dose received, fidelity and patient attitudes. The next step is to assess the effectiveness of the BAAS clinical pathway for return to work.

Introduction In European border regions, healthcare providers join forces to make full use of the potential of healthcare. Trainees need to be aware of the challenges and opportunities of cross-border healthcare. To increase such awareness, a workshop was designed, implemented and evaluated. The workshop was entitled ‘Creating cross-border collaborators’ and combined elements of contextual, collaborative and reflective learning. The aim of the study was to understand how this workshop enhanced trainees’ awareness of challenges and opportunities of cross-border healthcare. Methods Using a mixed-methods approach, focus-group interviews (QUAL) were held with trainees ( N = 16) and trainees ( N = 13) completed a survey (QUAN) about their workshop experiences. The workshop was held three times for three different groups of trainees. Results Quantitative analysis (of surveys) demonstrated increased self-reported awareness of cross-border healthcare. All learning principles contributed to this awareness, however reflective learning slightly less. Qualitative analysis (of focus-group interviews) unearthed the following four themes: (1) Attention to cross-border healthcare fostered awareness of its complexity; (2) real-life examples stimulated recognition of challenges and opportunities; (3) discussions in interdisciplinary and international groups helped to see different perspectives; and (4) reflection made trainees think about their own role and perspective. Quantitative and qualitative data are strongly cohered. Conclusion According to participating trainees, a workshop with elements of contextual, collaborative and reflective learning did improve trainee awareness of cross-border healthcare. This study highlights that theoretical insights into learning can and should inform the design and evaluation of workshops.

BACKGROUND: Published empirical data have increasingly suggested that using near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy markedly increases biliary anatomy visualization. The technology is rapidly evolving, and different equipment and doses may be used. We aimed to identify areas of consensus and nonconsensus in the use of incisionless near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.METHODS: A 2-round Delphi survey was conducted among 28 international experts in minimally invasive surgery and near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography in 2020, during which respondents voted on 62 statements on patient preparation and contraindications (n = 12); on indocyanine green administration (n = 14); on potential advantages and uses of near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography (n = 18); comparing near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography with intraoperative x-ray cholangiography (n = 7); and on potential disadvantages of and required training for near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography (n = 11).RESULTS: Expert consensus strongly supports near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography superiority over white light for the visualization of biliary structures and reduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy risks. It also offers other advantages like enhancing anatomic visualization in obese patients and those with moderate to severe inflammation. Regarding indocyanine green administration, consensus was reached that dosing should be on a milligrams/kilogram basis, rather than as an absolute dose, and that doses >0.05 mg/kg are necessary. Although there is no consensus on the optimum preoperative timing of indocyanine green injections, the majority of participants consider it important to administer indocyanine green at least 45 minutes before the procedure to decrease the light intensity of the liver.CONCLUSION: Near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography experts strongly agree on its effectiveness and safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and that it should be used routinely, but further research is necessary to establish optimum timing and doses for indocyanine green.

PURPOSE: The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess trabecular bone scores (TBS) in institutionalized adults with refractory epilepsy and intellectual disability and to study the association of TBS and incident fractures during seven years of follow-up.METHODS: In 2009 and 2016, all institutionalized adult patients of a long-stay care facility in the Netherlands (n=261) were invited to undergo a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) including vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) and assessment of TBS. Vertebrae T4-L4 were analyzed using quantitative morphometry. New and worsening vertebral fractures (VFs) were considered as incident VFs. Data regarding clinical fractures were extracted from the medical files. Patients were treated with anti-osteoporosis medication according to the Dutch guideline.RESULTS: Baseline and follow-up DXA, VFA and TBS could be obtained in 136 patients (83 male) aged between 18 and 79 years old (44.7±15.5). At baseline, 36 patients (26.5%) were diagnosed with osteoporosis, 68 (50.0%) with osteopenia and 32 patients (23.5%) had a normal bone mineral density (BMD). As for TBS, 26 patients (19.1%) had a partially degraded microarchitecture and 26 patients (19.1%) a degraded microarchitecture. During seven years of follow-up, 80 patients (59%) sustained at least one fracture, of which 28 patients (35%) had one or more major osteoporotic fractures. Thirty-four patients (25.0%) had at least one new or worsening morphometric VF. Compared to baseline, TBS significantly decreased over seven years of follow-up in non-treated patients (-0.039±0.064, pCONCLUSION: In this study, we found a high incidence of fractures and TBS decreased significantly over seven years of follow-up in non-treated institutionalized adult patients with refractory epilepsy and intellectual disability, but TBS was not associated with incident fractures.

Introduction: Early recognition of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adequate interventions are required to prevent negative effects on the child's mental and physical health later in life caused by toxic stress. This study aimed to assess how familiar the concepts of ACEs and toxic stress are among Dutch pediatric health care providers (PHCPs) and whether screening for ACEs is standard practice in the Netherlands.Methods: From October 2018 until March 2019, a nation-wide questionnaire survey was held.Results: Of 548 participating PHCPs, 29% were familiar with toxic stress, 67% were familiar with ACEs, and 63% knew of the relationship between multiple ACEs and somatic diseases. Routine inquiries about ACEs were done always by 17% of the participants and sometimes by 65%. The ACEs which PHCPs asked about the most included divorce (n=288; 76.8%), bullying (n=265; 70.7%), physical domestic violence (n=184; 49.1%), parental psychiatric diseases (n=205; 54.7%) and sexual abuse (n=164; 43.7%). The ACEs asked about the least included deportation of a family member (n=22; 5.9%), gender discrimination (n=9; 2.4%) and racism (n=17; 4.5%).Conclusion: Even in 2019, there is limited awareness among Dutch PHCPs of ACEs and toxic stress. While most acknowledged to be aware of the role that toxic stress plays in the physical and mental health consequences of ACEs later in life, only 17% of the respondents performed standard ACE screening. Our findings underscore the need for standard ACE screening guidelines to support early recognition and adequate treatment of children suffering with toxic stress.

This study aims to compare the accelerometer-measured daily patterns of PA and sedentary behaviour among participants with and without prevalent/incident depressive symptoms. We used data from 5,582 individuals in The Maastricht Study (59.9 ± 8.6 years, 50.3% women). Daily patterns of sedentary time, light-intensity physical activity (LiPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sit-to-stand transitions were objectively measured at baseline with the activPAL3 activity monitor. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, both at baseline and annually (median follow-up: 5.1 years). General linear models were used to compare patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviour between those with and without prevalent/incident depressive symptoms. Participants with prevalent depressive symptoms had significantly more sedentary time (18.6 min/day) and lower LiPA (26.8 min/day) and MVPA (4.8 min/day) than participants without depressive symptoms. Considering the daily patterns, participants with prevalent depressive symptoms had significantly more sedentary time early in the afternoon (12:00-18:00), early evening (18:00-21:00), and during the night (00:00-03:00), less time in LiPA in all periods between 09:00-21.00 and less MVPA in the morning (09:00:12:00), early afternoon (12:00-15:00), and evening (18:00-21:00), then those without. Similar differences in activity and sedentary behaviour patterns between those and without incident depressive symptoms were observed albeit the differences were smaller Overall, we did not find specific time slots particularly associated with both prevalent and incident depressive symptoms. These findings may indicate that less sedentary time and more intense PA can be important targets for the prevention of depression irrespective of the timing of the day.

In this editorial, three Advances in Health Sciences Education editors argue for the importance and impact of adaptive expertise on the future of health professions education and work. They present a sample of the broad range of theory-informed research currently contributing to understanding and applying adaptive expertise in health professions education. They reflect on the unique opportunities that interdisciplinarity offers this endeavour. Finally they offer potential ways forward for continued efforts to advance collective understanding of education, expert development and health professions practice.

Introduction Healthcare systems require healthcare professionals and students educated in an interprofessional (IP) context. Well-designed assessments are needed to evaluate whether students have developed IP competencies, but we currently lack evidence-informed guidelines to create them. This study aims to provide guidelines for the assessment of IP competencies in healthcare education. Methods A qualitative consensus study was conducted to establish guidelines for the design of IP assessments using the nominal group technique. First, five expert groups (IP experts, patients, educational scientists, teachers, and students) were asked to discuss design guidelines for IP assessment and reach intra-group consensus. Second, one heterogeneous inter-group meeting was organized to reach a consensus among the expert groups on IP assessment guidelines. Results This study yielded a comprehensive set of 26 guidelines to help design performance assessments for IP education: ten guidelines for both the IP assessment tasks and the IP assessors and six guidelines for the IP assessment procedures. Discussion The results showed that IP assessment is complex and, compared to mono-professional assessment, high-quality IP assessments require additional elements such as multiple IP products and processes to be assessed, an IP pool of assessors, and assessment procedures in which standards are included for the IP collaboration process as well as individual contributions. The guidelines are based on expert knowledge and experience, but an important next step is to test these design guidelines in educational practice.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical supervisors allow trainees to fail during clinical situations when trainee learning outweighs concerns for patient safety. Trainees perceive failure as both educationally valuable and emotionally draining; however, the nuance of supervised failures has not been researched from the trainee perspective. This study explored trainees' awareness and their experience of failure and allowed failure to understand those events in-depth.METHODS: We interviewed 15 postgraduate trainees from nine teaching sites in Europe and Canada. Participants were a purposive sample, representing 1-10 years of clinical training in various specialties. Consistent with constructivist grounded theory, data collection and analysis were iterative, supporting theoretical sampling to explore themes.RESULTS: Trainees reported that failure was a common, valuable, and emotional experience. They perceived that supervisors allowed failure, but they reported never having it explicitly confirmed or discussed. Therefore, trainees tried to make sense of these events on their own. If they interpreted a failure as allowed by the supervisor, trainees sought to ascertain supervisory intentions. They described situations where they judged supervisor's intentions to be constructive or destructive.DISCUSSION: Our results confirm that trainees perceive their failures as valuable learning opportunities. In the absence of explicit conversations with supervisors, trainees tried to make sense of failures themselves. When trainees judge that they have been allowed to fail, their interpretation of the event is coloured by their attribution of supervisor intentions. Perceived intentions might impact the educational benefit of the experience. In order to support trainees' sense-making, we suggest that supervisory conversations during and after failure events should use more explicit language to discuss failures and explain supervisory intentions.

Purpose Traditional quality metrics do not adequately represent the clinical work done by residents and, thus, cannot be used to link residency training to health care quality. This study aimed to determine whether electronic health record (EHR) data can be used to meaningfully assess residents' clinical performance in pediatric emergency medicine using resident-sensitive quality measures (RSQMs). Method EHR data for asthma and bronchiolitis RSQMs from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, a quaternary children's hospital, between July 1, 2017, and June 30, 2019, were analyzed by ranking residents based on composite scores calculated using raw, unadjusted, and case-mix adjusted latent score models, with lower percentiles indicating a lower quality of care and performance. Reliability and associations between the scores produced by the 3 scoring models were compared. Resident and patient characteristics associated with performance in the highest and lowest tertiles and changes in residents' rank after case-mix adjustments were also identified. Results 274 residents and 1,891 individual encounters of bronchiolitis patients aged 0-1 as well as 270 residents and 1,752 individual encounters of asthmatic patients aged 2-21 were included in the analysis. The minimum reliability requirement to create a composite score was met for asthma data (α = 0.77), but not bronchiolitis (α = 0.17). The asthma composite scores showed high correlations (r = 0.90-0.99) between raw, latent, and adjusted composite scores. After case-mix adjustments, residents' absolute percentile rank shifted on average 10 percentiles. Residents who dropped by 10 or more percentiles were likely to be more junior, saw fewer patients, cared for less acute and younger patients, or had patients with a longer emergency department stay. Conclusions For some clinical areas, it is possible to use EHR data, adjusted for patient complexity, to meaningfully assess residents' clinical performance and identify opportunities for quality improvement.

Phenomenon: Ultrasound skills are becoming increasingly important in clinical practice but are resource-intensive to teach. Near-peer tutors often alleviate faculty teaching burden, but little is known about what teaching methods near-peer and faculty tutors use. Using the lens of cognitive apprenticeship, this study describes how much time faculty and near-peer tutors spend on different teaching methods during abdominal ultrasound skills training. Approach: Sixteen near-peer and 16 faculty tutors were videotaped during one 55-min practical ultrasound lesson with randomly assigned students. Videos were directly coded using Cognitive Apprenticeship teaching methods and activities. Segment durations were summed up and compared quantitatively. Findings: All 32 tutors spent most of the time on observing and helping students (Coaching, Median 29:14 minutes), followed by asking open and stimulating questions (Articulation, 12:04 minutes and demonstrating and giving explanations (Modeling, 04:50 minutes). Overall, distributions of teaching methods used were similar between faculty and near-peer tutors. However, faculty tutors spent more time on helping students manually, whereas near-peer tutors spent more time on exploring students' learning gaps and establishing a safe learning climate. Cognitive Apprenticeship was well suited as observational framework to describe ultrasound skills. Insights: Ultrasound train-the-tutor programs should particularly focus on coaching and articulation. Near-peers' similar use of teaching methods adds to the evidence that supports the use of near-peer teaching in ultrasound skills education.

BACKGROUND: Recent research suggested that COVID-19-related multiple mental health problems were associated with an increased risk for suicidal ideations (SIs), but population-based data demonstrating these associations are scarce. This study aimed to estimate the cumulative effects of psychological risk factors on SIs during the outbreak and remission periods of COVID-19 using a cumulative risk model, as well as sex differences.METHODS: A total of 68,685 college students in China participated in the survey during two phases of the pandemic (T1 and T2). Mental health risks (acute stress, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms) and sociodemographic characteristics were measured at T1, and SIs were assessed at T1 and T2. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the combined effect of multiple mental health problems on SIs at T1 and T2.RESULTS: The prevalence of SIs increased from the early periods of the COVID-19 pandemic (7.6%) to the later periods (10.0%). Depression was a powerful risk factor for SIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with >3 mental risks would be most likely to experience rapidly increasing SIs during the early periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex exerted different effects on the cumulative risk model of SIs.CONCLUSIONS: Interventions, such as mental health education and improving utilization of student support services, should be implemented. There is a crucial need for early intervention and prevention efforts aimed at males with greater than three mental health problems.

INTRODUCTION: Team-based Interprofessional Practice Placements (TIPPs) are innovative training practices. Evidence to substantiate the design of TIPPs is limited. This study explores the design and evaluation of TIPPs to support undergraduate students in gaining a better understanding of the complexity of patient problems in primary care settings and of collaboration within interprofessional teams.METHOD: We implemented TIPPs at a University of Applied Sciences, Belgium based on three principles: (1) authentic tasks with real clients, (2) students collaborated in small interprofessional teams, and (3) students were supported by teachers. TIPPs were evaluated using focus groups (N = 5) that explored teachers' (N = 13) and students' (N = 22) experiences. Data were analysed thematically.RESULTS: Three themes were constructed. First, TIPPs enhance students' understanding of the complexity of clients' problems and what matters to the client. Second, TIPPs support students to value the expertise of interprofessional team members. Finally, to enhance students' learning, TIPPs must strike an appropriate balance between teacher support and student autonomy.CONCLUSION: The three design principles used to underpin the TIPPs were viable. Although students reported to receive sufficient support, they also felt this support should have been gradually withdrawn to offer more opportunities for autonomous learning. Teachers reported difficulties in balancing their support.

Backgrounds: COVID-19 related reduction of surgical procedures jeopardizes learning on the job of surgical residents. Many educators resorted to digital resources in the search for alternatives. However, these resources are often limited to the extent they offer resident-surgeon interaction like a joint surgical performance does. Here we present a roadmap of livestreaming surgical procedures, and evaluate how surgical livestreams on human cadavers address the unmet educational needs of surgical residents in our Dutch nationwide initiative. Methods: Technical and organizational feasibility, and definition of outcome deliverables for the livestream series and per livestream were essential in livestream development. Faculty selected interventions, lecture contents, and participant preparations. Appropriate location, technical setup, and support were imperative for a stable, high-quality stream with integrated interaction, while maintaining digital privacy. A survey was sent to livestream participants to evaluate each livestream, and allow for constant improvement during the broadcasting of the series. Only surveys which were completed by surgical residents were included in the analysis of this study. Results: Each livestream attracted 139–347 unique viewers and a total of 307 surveys were completed by participants (response rate of 23–38% per livestream). Sixty percent of surveys (n = 185) were completed by surgical residents. Livestreams were highly valued (appreciation 7.7 ± 1.1 and recommendation 8.6 ± 1.1), especially the live procedures combined with interaction and theoretical backgrounds. Criticized were technical difficulties and timing of the livestreams between 5 and 7 pm, which interfered with clinical duties. Conclusion: Livestreaming surgical procedures on human cadavers is a valid and valued solution to augment resident education. Digital privacy and a stable, high-quality interactive stream are essential, as are appropriate moderation and relevant lectures. While livestreaming cannot replace hands-on training in the operating room, it enables surgeon-resident interaction which is key in education—and missed in pre-recorded surgical procedures which are currently available online.

Introduction Increasingly medical students pursue medical education abroad. Graduates from International Medical Programs (IMPs) practice globally, yet how to prepare students for an unknown international environment is complex. Following IMP graduates throughout their early careers, this study offers insights into gaps in current undergraduate education. Methods In this international, longitudinal, mixed-methods study, 188 graduates from seven IMPs completed baseline surveys on career choice and job preparedness. Forty-two participants completed follow-up until three years after graduation. Nine graduates participated in semi-structured interviews on individual experiences and the evolution of their perspectives. The multiphase, sequential design allowed data collected at baseline to inform further data collection instruments. Results Two typical student profiles emerged. The first depicts a student who, despite the challenges of studying abroad, pursues a medical degree 'anyhow', with a common aim of practicing in their home country. The other deliberately selects an IMP while envisaging an international career. Two years after graduation, the majority (> 70%) of our participants were practicing in a country other than their country of training. They reported challenges around licensing, the job application process and health system familiarization. Participants' experiences point towards potential curriculum adaptations to facilitate cross-border transitions, including career guidance, networking and entrance exam preparation. Discussion IMP graduates lack support in practical aspects of career orientation and international exposure. Most IMPs essentially prepare their graduates for a career elsewhere. Gaps and challenges that IMP graduates experience in this cross-border career transition entail a responsibility for preparation and guidance that is currently lacking in IMP curricula.

In higher education, many students make poor learning strategy decisions. This, in part, results from the counterintuitive nature of effective learning strategies: they enhance long-term learning but also cost high initial effort and appear to not improve learning (immediately). This mixed-method study investigated how students make learning strategy decisions in category learning, and whether students can be supported to make effective strategy decisions through a metacognitive prompt, designed to support accurate monitoring of effort and learning. Participants (N = 150) studied painting styles through blocked and interleaved practice, rated their perceived effort and perceived learning across time, and chose between either blocked or interleaved practice. Half of the participants (N = 74) were provided with a metacognitive prompt that showed them how their subjective experiences per strategy changed across time and required them to relate these experiences to the efficacy of learning strategies. Results indicated that subjective experiences with interleaved practice improved across time: students’ perceived learning increased as their perceived effort decreased. Mediation analysis revealed that the increased feeling of learning increased the likelihood to select interleaved practice. The percentage of students who chose interleaved practice increased from 13 to 40%. Students’ learning strategy decisions, however, did not benefit from the metacognitive prompt. Qualitative results revealed that students initially had inaccurate beliefs about the efficacy of learning strategies, but on-task experiences overrode the influence of prior beliefs in learning strategy decisions. This study suggests that repeated monitoring of effort and learning have the potential to improve the use of interleaved practice.

OBJECTIVE: To validate and refine typologies of consultation performance from previous research to identify learning needs associated with each typology.METHODS: We performed a qualitative study in a General Practice Specialty Training programme, using a two-stage design. First, we selected four exemplars from 80 videotaped consultations of 7 first-year and 6 third-year trainees that reflected the four typologies. We subsequently held individual interviews with clinical supervisors (N = 20) who observed these consultations to identify recurrent trainee behaviours.RESULTS: The 'doctor-patient interaction' dimension from previous research was specified to encompass relationship-building, exploring, structuring, and shared decision-making competencies. Medical expertise was a moderating factor. The attitude and consultation behaviours included in the typologies were validated and we formulated directions for learning based on learning needs identified per typology.CONCLUSION: Supervisors have a shared frame of reference for the behaviours reflecting proficient consultation performance. Serving as a developmental road map, all learning needs emphasised contextual adaptation, calling for an improved balance between patient-centred relationship building and application of medical expertise.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: By providing rich and tailored feedback on consultation performance, the refined typologies - albeit subject to additional refinement in future research - may promote the monitoring of individual competence development over time.

Background:Diagnosis of sinus venosus defects, not infrequently associated with complex anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, may be delayed requiring multimodality imaging.Methods:Retrospective review of all patients from February 2008 to January 2019.Results:Thirty-seven children were diagnosed at a median age of 4.2 years (range 0.5−15.5 years). In 32 of 37 (86%) patients, diagnosis was achieved on transthoracic echocardiography, but five patients (14%) had complex variants (four had high insertion of anomalous vein into the superior caval vein and three had multiple anomalous veins draining to different sites, two of whom had drainage of one vein into the high superior caval vein). In these five patients, the final diagnosis was achieved by multimodality imaging and intra-operative findings. The median age at surgery was 5.2 years (range 1.6−15.8 years). Thirty-one patients underwent double patch repair, four patients a Warden repair, and two patients a single-patch repair. Of the four Warden repairs, two patients had a high insertion of right-sided anomalous pulmonary vein into the superior caval vein, one patient had bilateral superior caval veins, and one patient had right lower pulmonary vein insertion into the right atrium/superior caval vein junction. There was no post-operative mortality, reoperation, residual shunt or pulmonary venous obstruction. One patient developed superior caval vein obstruction and one patient developed atrial flutter.Conclusion:Complementary cardiac imaging modalities improve diagnosis of complex sinus venosus defects associated with a wide variation in the pattern of anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Nonetheless, surgical treatment is associated with excellent outcomes.

Purpose Evidence regarding local recurrence rates in the initial cases after implementation of robot-assisted total mesorectal excision is limited. This study aims to describe local recurrence rates in four large Dutch centres during their initial cases. Methods Four large Dutch centres started with the implementation of robot-assisted total mesorectal excision in respectively 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2016. Patients who underwent robot-assisted total mesorectal excision with curative intent in an elective setting for rectal carcinoma defined according to the sigmoid take-off were included. Overall survival, disease-free survival, systemic recurrence, and local recurrence were assessed at 3 years postoperatively. Subsequently, outcomes between the initial 10 cases, cases 11–40, and the subsequent cases per surgeon were compared using Cox regression analysis. Results In total, 531 patients were included. Median follow-up time was 32 months (IQR: 19–50]. During the initial 10 cases, overall survival was 89.5%, disease-free survival was 73.1%, and local recurrence was 4.9%. During cases 11–40, this was 87.7%, 74.1%, and 6.6% respectively. Multivariable Cox regression did not reveal differences in local recurrence between the different case groups. Conclusion Local recurrence rate during the initial phases of implantation of robot-assisted total mesorectal procedures is low. Implementation of the robot-assisted technique can safely be performed, without additional cases of local recurrence during the initial cases, if performed by surgeons experienced in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery.

Age differences in cognitive performance have been shown to be overestimated if age-related hearing loss is not taken into account. Here, we investigated the role of age-related hearing loss on age differences in functional brain organization by assessing its impact on previously reported age differences in neural differentiation. To this end, we analyzed the data of 36 younger adults, 21 older adults with clinically normal hearing, and 21 older adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss who had taken part in a functional localizer task comprising visual (i.e., faces, scenes) and auditory stimuli (i.e., voices, music) while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Evidence for reduced neural distinctiveness in the auditory cortex was observed only in older adults with hearing loss relative to younger adults, whereas evidence for reduced neural distinctiveness in the visual cortex was observed both in older adults with normal hearing and in older adults with hearing loss relative to younger adults. These results indicate that age-related dedifferentiation in the auditory cortex is exacerbated by age-related hearing loss.

Prediction of preterm birth is a difficult task for clinicians. By examining an electrohysterogram, electrical activity of the uterus that can lead to preterm birth can be detected. Since signals associated with uterine activity are difficult to interpret for clinicians without a background in signal processing, machine learning may be a viable solution. We are the first to employ Deep Learning models, a long-short term memory and temporal convolutional network model, on electrohysterography data using the Term-Preterm Electrohysterogram database. We show that end-to-end learning achieves an AUC score of 0.58, which is comparable to machine learning models that use handcrafted features. Moreover, we evaluate the effect of adding clinical data to the model and conclude that adding the available clinical data to electrohysterography data does not result in a gain in performance. Also, we propose an interpretability framework for time series classification that is well-suited to use in case of limited data, as opposed to existing methods that require large amounts of data. Clinicians with extensive work experience as gynaecologist used our framework to provide insights on how to link our results to clinical practice and stress that in order to decrease the number of false positives, a dataset with patients at high risk of preterm birth should be collected. All code is made publicly available.

Contains fulltext : 291907.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) INTRODUCTION: Understanding residents' workplace learning could be optimized by not only considering attending physicians' role but also the role of nurses. While previous studies described nurses' role during discrete activities (e.g. feedback), a more profound understanding of how nurses contribute to residents' learning remains warranted. Therefore, we used the educational concept of guidance and explored the extent to which residents' and nurses' perceptions align regarding nurses' guiding role and which reasons they provide for their perceptions. METHODS: This mixed-method study was conducted at four Dutch university medical centres in 2021. We simultaneously collected quantitative and qualitative data from 103 residents and 401 nurses through a theory-informed questionnaire with a Likert-scale and open-ended questions. We analyzed quantitative data to explore respondents' perceptions of nurses' guiding role by using anova. The thematically analyzed qualitative open comments explored respondents' reasons for their perceptions. RESULTS: Nurses indicated to provide significantly more support (p = .01) and guidance on learning from patient care (p

Objectives. To explore the key factors that influence professional identity construction in fourth-year pharmacy students enrolled in a Doctor of Pharmacy program. Methods. A single-site instrumental case study of current fourth-year pharmacy students from the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, was used. Thirteen students participated in semistructured interviews. Poststructural social identity theories were used to analyze the data and identify themes that influence identity construction in pharmacy students. Results. Data analysis identified five overarching themes that influence pharmacy student professional identity construction: Path to pharmacy, curriculum, environment, preceptors, and patient interactions. The Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy curriculum prioritized the health care provider identity, which influenced the students desire to “become” clinicians. Based on their internalized health care provider identity, they rejected preceptors and practice environments that negatively impacted their ability to embody this identity. Conclusion. The findings of this study suggest that pharmacy students align themselves strongly with health care provider identities at the cost of other potentially relevant identities. Pharmacy education programs may benefit from curricular reforms that incorporate and legitimize multiple pharmacist identities to ensure a strong pharmacy workforce for the future.

The accuracy of students’ relative comprehension judgments when reading texts is typically rather low. This has been ascribed to students grounding their comprehension judgments on cues that are not diagnostic of their actual comprehension level. Asking students to complete causal diagrams—a diagramming scaffold—before judging comprehension has proved effective in providing them with more diagnostic cues and thereby fostered metacomprehension accuracy and self-regulated learning. However, there is still room for improvement. We investigated experimentally whether adding the instruction to students to self-assess their causal diagrams: (1) would lead to more accurate judgments than comprehension judgments, (2) would boost their utilization of diagnostic diagram cues by increasing the saliency of those cues, and (3) would enhance metacomprehension accuracy. Participants (N = 427 secondary students in The Netherlands) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, namely (1) only diagram completion, (2) diagram completion plus diagram self-assessment, or a (3) filler task after reading (control). Self-assessments were more accurate than comprehension judgments, while both correlated strongly. However, no significant differences were found between diagramming conditions concerning diagram cue utilization and metacomprehension accuracy. Apparently, students self-assess their diagrams even without instruction to do so. Nonetheless, the effect of the diagramming scaffold for improving relative metacomprehension accuracy was replicated and extended to absolute metacomprehension accuracy.

Introduction Programmatic assessment is an approach to assessment aimed at optimizing the learning and decision function of assessment. It involves a set of key principles and ground rules that are important for its design and implementation. However, despite its intuitive appeal, its implementation remains a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the factors that affect the implementation process of programmatic assessment and how specific implementation challenges are managed across different programs. Methods An explanatory multiple case (collective) approach was used for this study. We identified 6 medical programs that had implemented programmatic assessment with variation regarding health profession disciplines, level of education and geographic location. We conducted interviews with a key faculty member from each of the programs and analyzed the data using inductive thematic analysis. Results We identified two major factors in managing the challenges and complexity of the implementation process: knowledge brokers and a strategic opportunistic approach. Knowledge brokers were the people who drove and designed the implementation process acting by translating evidence into practice allowing for real-time management of the complex processes of implementation. These knowledge brokers used a 'strategic opportunistic' or agile approach to recognize new opportunities, secure leadership support, adapt to the context and take advantage of the unexpected. Engaging in an overall curriculum reform process was a critical factor for a successful implementation of programmatic assessment. Discussion The study contributes to the understanding of the intricacies of implementation processes of programmatic assessment across different institutions. Managing opportunities, adaptive planning, awareness of context, were all critical aspects of thinking strategically and opportunistically in the implementation of programmatic assessment. Future research is needed to provide a more in-depth understanding of values and beliefs that underpin the assessment culture of an organization, and how such values may affect implementation.

Background The challenge of graduate medical education is to prepare physicians for unsupervised practice while ensuring patient safety. Current approaches may inadequately prepare physicians due to limited opportunities for autonomy. Recent work on how trainees gain autonomy shows that they actively influence their supervisors' entrustment decisions. If program directors more clearly understand how trainees experience increasing independence, they may better sensitize trainees to the deliberations they will face during patient care. Objective The authors sought to explore how trainees experience lessening supervision as their clinical training advances. Methods Using constructivist grounded theory, the authors recruited trainees from various specialties and training levels via email and conducted 17 semi-structured interviews from 2019 to 2020 to solicit clinical experiences during which their perceived autonomy changed. Through constant comparison and iterative analysis, key themes and conceptual relationships were identified. Results Seventeen trainees from 4 specialties described novel clinical situations that required “overextending,” or going beyond their perceived edge of evolving expertise. This move represented a spectrum based on perceived locus of control, from deliberate overextending driven by trainees, to forced overextending driven by external factors. Trainee judgments about whether or not to overextend were distilled into key questions: (1) Can I do it? (2) Must I do it? (3) Do I want to do it? and (4) Is it safe to do it? More advanced trainees posed a fifth question: (5) Am I missing something? Conclusions Decisions to move into the realm of uncertainty about capabilities carried weight for trainees. In making deliberative judgments about overextending, they attempted to balance training needs, capability, urgency, and patient safety.

Despite previous research has illustrated there is high-coexistence between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in the aftermath of traumatic events, few studies have conceptualized the coexistence mechanism of the two psychological phenomena. Using the network analysis, this study aimed to identify the key bridge symptoms and compare sex differences between PTSD symptoms and PTG elements in survivors 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. A total of 744 survivors 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China completed self-reported questionnaires on demographics, PTSD symptoms (4-item of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist), and PTG (10-item of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory). Network analysis was used to identify the network structure of PTSD symptoms and elements of PTG, along with bridge symptoms. Additionally, sex differences in the network structure were compared by the Network Comparison Test. Results revealed that the network of PTSD symptoms and elements of PTG was robust to stability and accuracy tests. The key bridge symptoms in the network were "Stronger religious faith", "Changed priorities", and "Easily startled". There were significant differences in network global strength across sex, and network structure across the severity of property loss other than house damage. Future interventions targeting the three key bridge symptoms are expected to relieve the severity of PTSD and promote growth following exposure to traumatic events.

Purpose Socialization into clinical clerkships is difficult in part due to ambiguity around students' new roles and expected behaviors. Being proactive reduces ambiguity and is essential to socialization. Proactive behavior can be taught and goes beyond having a proactive personality. Among students entering new undergraduate clinical clerkships, this study aimed to investigate (1) reported proactive behaviors and their association with social integration and (2) enabling and inhibiting factors for proactive behavior. Method This study was conducted at the 5-year MBBS program at Western Sydney University during academic year 2019-2020. Using a convergent mixed methods approach, survey and interview data from third-, fourth-, and fifth-year students were collected. Surveys explored 5 proactive behaviors: feedback seeking, information seeking, task negotiation, positive framing, and relationship building. Interviews elicited descriptions of how students described their proactivity and what influenced students to be proactive when entering a new clerkship. Data were integrated using the following the thread and mixed methods matrix techniques. Results Students exhibited all 5 proactive behaviors. Survey data showed positive framing and task negotiation had the highest and lowest scores, respectively. Only positive framing correlated significantly with social integration scores (r = 0.27; P

BACKGROUND: Recent changes in psychiatric care and teaching that limit patient contact for medical students can be overcome in part by simulation-based education. Understanding the learning processes of medical students involved in psychiatric simulation-based programmes could usefully inform efforts to improve this teaching. This study explored the learning processes of medical students the first time they role-play in psychiatry.METHODS: We used constructivist grounded theory to analyse semi-structured interviews of 13 purposively sampled medical students and the six psychiatrists who trained them. To improve the triangulation process, the results of this analysis were compared with those of the analyses of the role-play video and the debriefing audio-tapes.RESULTS: Five organising themes emerged: improving the students' immediate perception of patients with mental disorders; cultivating clinical reasoning; managing affect; enhancing skills and attitudes and fostering involvement in learning psychiatry.CONCLUSION: Results suggest that psychiatric role-playing can improve students' progressive understanding of psychiatry through the development of intuition and by allaying affects. Emotional elaboration and student involvement appear to be key features.

Criticisms about psychometric paradigms currently used in healthcare professions education include claims of reductionism, objectification, and poor compliance with assumptions. Nevertheless, perhaps the most crucial criticism comes from learners' difficulty in interpreting and making meaningful use of summative scores and the potentially detrimental impact these scores have on learners. The term "post-psychometric era" has become popular, despite persisting calls for the sensible use of modern psychometrics. In recent years, cognitive diagnostic modelling has emerged as a new psychometric paradigm capable of providing meaningful diagnostic feedback. Cognitive diagnostic modelling allows the classification of examinees in multiple cognitive attributes. This measurement is obtained by modelling these attributes as categorical, discrete latent variables. Furthermore, items can reflect more than one latent variable simultaneously. The interactions between latent variables can be modelled with flexibility, allowing a unique perspective on complex cognitive processes. These characteristic features of cognitive diagnostic modelling enable diagnostic classification over a large number of constructs of interest, preventing the necessity of providing numerical scores as feedback to test takers. This paper provides an overview of cognitive diagnostic modelling, including an introduction to its foundations and illustrating potential applications, to help teachers be involved in developing and evaluating assessment tools used in healthcare professions education. Cognitive diagnosis may represent a revolutionary new psychometric paradigm, overcoming the known limitations found in frequently used psychometric approaches, offering the possibility of robust qualitative feedback and better alignment with competency-based curricula and modern programmatic assessment frameworks.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a shared decision-making (SDM) intervention in orthopaedic hip and knee osteoarthritis care.METHODS: Using a pre- post intervention design study, we tested an intervention, that included a decision aid for patients (ptDA) and a SDM training course for residents in training and orthopaedic surgeons. The theory of planned behaviour was used for intervention development. Primary outcomes included patient reported decisional conflict, SDM, and satisfaction. Secondary outcomes were physicians' attitude and knowledge, and uptake of the ptDA.RESULTS: 317 patients were included. The intervention improved physicians' knowledge about SDM but had no effect on the primary outcomes. 19 eligible patients used the ptDA (17%). SDM was higher for middle educated patients compared to lower educated (mean difference 9.91, p=0.004), patients who saw surgeons instead of residents (mean difference 5.46, p=0.044) and when surgery was chosen and desired by patients compared to situations where surgery was desired but not chosen (mean difference 15.39, p=0.036).CONCLUSION: Our multifaceted intervention did not improve SDM and ptDA uptake was low.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In orthopaedic hip and knee osteoarthritic care other ways should be explored to successful implement SDM. Since residents received lower SDM scores, special focus should go to this group.

PURPOSE: With the introduction of competency-based medical education (CBME), senior residents have taken on a new, formalized role of completing assessments of their junior colleagues. However, no prior studies have explored the role of near-peer assessment within the context of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and CBME. This study explored internal medicine residents' perceptions of near-peer feedback and assessment in the context of EPAs.METHOD: Semistructured interviews were conducted from September 2019 to March 2020 with 16 internal medicine residents (8 first-year residents and 8 second- and third-year residents) at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Interviews were conducted and coded iteratively within a constructivist grounded theory approach until sufficiency was reached.RESULTS: Senior residents noted a tension in their dual roles of coach and assessor when completing EPAs. Senior residents managed the relationship with junior residents to not upset the learner and potentially harm the team dynamic, leading to the documentation of often inflated EPAs. Junior residents found senior residents to be credible providers of feedback; however, they were reticent to find senior residents credible as assessors.CONCLUSIONS: Although EPAs have formalized moments of feedback, senior residents struggled to include constructive feedback comments, all while knowing the assessment decisions may inform the overall summative decision of their peer. As a result, EPA ratings were often inflated. The utility of having senior residents serve as assessors needs to be reexamined because there is concern that this new role has taken away the benefits of having a senior resident act solely as a coach.

PurposeIn a fast evolving labour market, higher education graduates need to develop employability competences. Key in becoming employable is the ability to reflect on learning experiences, both within a curriculum as well as extra-curricular and work placements. This paper wants to conceptualise how an online learning platform might entail a reflective practice that systematically supports students in reflecting on their learning experiences.Design/methodology/approachWhen studying online learning platforms for developing students' employability competences, it became clear that the effectiveness of the platform depends on how the platform guides students' reflective practice. In turn, the authors studied which features (tools, services and resources) of the online learning platform are guiding the reflective practice.FindingsThis resulted in the introduction of an online learning platform, containing a comprehensive set of online learning tools and services, which supports students' reflective practice and, in turn, their employability competences. The online platform facilitates both feedback from curricular and work-related learning experiences and can be used as a start by students for showcasing their employability competences. The reflective practice consists of a recurrent, systematic process of reflection, containing various phases: become aware, analyse current state, draft and plan a solution, take action and, finally, reflect in and on action.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research revolves around studying the features of online learning platforms and their role in fostering students' reflection and employability competences.Practical implicationsThe conceptual model provides concrete indicators on how to implement online learning platforms for supporting students' reflection and employability competences.Originality/valueThis is the first article that analyses an online learning platform that guides students' reflective practice and fosters their employability competences. The authors provide concrete suggestions on how to model the online platform, building further on reflective practice theory.

Self-directed learning is generally considered a key competence in higher education. To enable self-directed learning, assessment practices increasingly embrace assessment for learning rather than the assessment of learning, shifting the focus from grades and scores to provision of rich, narrative, and personalized feedback. Students are expected to collect, interpret, and give meaning to this feedback, in order to self-assess their progress and to formulate new, appropriate learning goals and strategies. However, interpretation of aggregated, longitudinal narrative feedback has been proven to be very challenging, cognitively demanding, and time consuming. In this article, we, therefore, explored the applicability of existing, proven text mining techniques to support feedback interpretation. More specifically, we investigated whether it is possible to automatically generate meaningful information about prevailing topics and the emotional load of feedback provided in medical students' competence-based portfolios (N = 1500), taking into account the competence framework and the students' various performance levels. Our findings indicate that the text-mining techniques topic modeling and sentiment analysis make it feasible to automatically unveil the two principal aspects of narrative feedback, namely the most relevant topics in the feedback and their sentiment. This article, therefore, takes a valuable first step toward the automatic, online support of students, who are tasked with meaningful interpretation of complex narrative data in their portfolio as they develop into self-directed life-long learners.

OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used in postmortem fetal imaging. Several factors influence the quality of MRI in this setting, such as small size, autolytic and maceration changes, and temperature. Knowing the fetal temperature at the time of scanning can improve the MRI interpretation. Temperature can be calculated using diffusion-weighted imaging with measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, this is complicated by small ventricle size and hemorrhage and, therefore, may be unreliable in postmortem imaging. The current study evaluated the feasibility and reliability of using the ADC for temperature measurements of the vitreous body compared to that of CSF.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two lambs were scanned postmortem at five different time points over 28 hours. Furthermore, 10 stillborn fetuses were scanned once, at 4 to 62 hours after birth. The temperature was measured with a digital thermometer and calculated using the ADCs of the vitreous body (lambs and fetuses) and CSF (fetuses).RESULTS: There was an excellent correlation between measured and calculated temperatures in vitreous bodies of lambs (r = 0.997, P CONCLUSION: The calculation of the temperature based on the ADC of the vitreous body is feasible and reliable for postmortem fetal imaging.

Introduction While authorship plays a powerful role in the academy, research indicates many authors engage in questionable practices like honorary authorship. This suggests that authorship may be a contested space where individuals must exercise agency-a dynamic and emergent process, embedded in context-to negotiate potentially conflicting norms among published criteria, disciplines and informal practices. This study explores how authors narrate their own and others' agency in making authorship decisions. Method We conducted a mixed-methods analysis of 24 first authors' accounts of authorship decisions on a recent multi-author paper. Authors included 14 females and 10 males in health professions education (HPE) from U.S. and Canadian institutions (10 assistant, 6 associate and 8 full professors). Analysis took place in three phases: (1) linguistic analysis of grammatical structures shown to be associated with agency (coding for main clause subjects and verb types); (2) narrative analysis to create a 'moral' and 'title' for each account; and (3) dialectic integration of (1) and (2). Results Descriptive statistics suggested that female participants used we subjects and material verbs (of doing) more than men and that full professors used relational verbs (of being and having) more than assistant and associate. Three broad types of agency were narrated: distributed (n = 15 participants), focusing on how resources and work were spread across team members; individual (n = 6), focusing on the first author's action; and collaborative (n = 3), focusing on group actions. These three types of agency contained four subtypes, e.g. supported, contested, task-based and negotiated. Discussion This study highlights the complex and emergent nature of agency narrated by authors when making authorship decisions. Published criteria offer us starting point-the stated rules of the authorship game; this paper offers us a next step-the enacted and narrated approach to the game.

Objectives: To examine the association between educational level and attitudes towards alcohol conversations in healthcare using population-based surveys of adults in England, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden; and to compare attitudes towards alcohol conversations in healthcare between these four countries.Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted amongst adults in the general population in England (n = 3,499), the Netherlands (n = 2,173), Norway (n = 1,208), and Sweden (n = 3,000). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between attitudes towards alcohol conversations in healthcare and educational level, key demographic variables, alcohol consumption, and country of residence.Results: In all four countries, low educational level (p < 0.001) and male gender (p < 0.001) were associated with holding negative attitudes towards discussing alcohol in healthcare. Risky drinkers had more negative attitudes than low risky drinkers towards discussing alcohol in healthcare (p < 0.001) in all countries except England (p = 0.48), and also reported low levels of perceived honesty and confidence in healthcare (p < 0.001).Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of considering patients’ socio-economic status when developing and implementing alcohol prevention interventions in healthcare.

Background Ensuring patient rights is an extension of applying human rights principles to health care. A critical examination of how the notion of patient rights is perceived and enacted by various actors through critical discourse analysis (CDA) can help understand the impediments to its realization in practice. Methods We studied the discourses and discursive practices on patient rights in subnational policies and in ten health facilities in southern Karnataka, India. We conducted interviews (78), focus group discussions (3) with care-seeking individuals, care-providers, health care administrators and public health officials. We also conducted participant observation in selected health facilities and examined subnational policy documents of Karnataka pertaining to patient rights. We analyzed the qualitative data for major and minor themes. Results Patient rights discourses were not based upon human rights notions. In the context of neoliberalism, they were predominantly embedded within the logic of quality of care, economic, and consumerist perspectives. Relatively powerful actors such as care-providers and health facility administrators used a panoply of discursive strategies such as emphasizing alternate discourses and controlling discursive resources to suppress the promotion of patient rights among care-seeking individuals in health facilities. As a result, the capacity of care-seeking individuals to know and claim patient rights was restricted. With neoliberal health policies promoting austerity measures on public health care system and weak implementation of health care regulations, patient rights discourses remained subdued in health facilities in Karnataka, India. Conclusions The empirical findings on the local expression of patient rights in the discourses allowed for theoretical insights on the translation of conceptual understandings of patient rights to practice in the everyday lives of health system actors and care-seeking individuals. The CDA approach was helpful to identify the problematic aspects of discourses and discursive practices on patient rights where health facility administrators and care-providers wielded power to oppress care-seeking individuals. From the practical point of view, the study demonstrated the limitations of care-seeking individuals in the discursive realms to assert their agency as practitioners of (patient) rights in health facilities.