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In supporting the phase-out of the fossil fuels, Roof Top Photovoltaic (RTPV) deployment has been adopted worldwide as an important step of a bottom-up driving pathway of citizens’ transformation to become net energy producers within the community of their localized building environment. However, the diverse bioclimatic conditions of this environment may affect the best RTPV implementation. This is facilitated by climate-related characterization and regional adaptation. Hence, the built environment globally as a function of the global horizontal irradiation (GHI), the local environmental parameters of the different climatic zones and the associated technological developments are surveyed.In this work, we have critically assessed the RTPV effect on the building's overall energy performance and found beneficial over a diverse range of moderate and warm climates. By applying adequate insulation beneath the RTPVs, the increased heating needs in winter in cold climates or higher nighttime cooling needs in summertime can be avoided. To design low-energy buildings, we propose an analytical framework based on the space energy coverage by RTPV and the global horizontal irradiation. Moreover, RTPV cooling at elevated temperatures improves the efficiency up to 20 % and increases the generated electricity up to 15 %. Increasing the RTPV efficiency with emerging technologies could extend the decarbonization of high-rise buildings with energy efficiency and RTPV measures. To accelerate the clean energy transition, rooftop PVs should be widely adopted for sustainable solar building applications. Combined with electrical storage, this will allow renewable energy resources to cover a large fraction of future building energy needs worldwide.

In the 250 Wt RTPV (radioisotope thermophoto-voltaic) system, the heat source operates at a temperature above 1 000 ℃, which requires a long term stable thermal insulation devices. In this paper, three types of non-sealed high temperature MLI (multilayer insulator) were prepared by using spike, stainless steel wire mesh and aerogel as separator respectively. Each type was installed and tested in the RTPV prototype separately. The three MLIs are in the same size of 187 mm long, 183 mm wide and 50 mm thick. In MLI with spike separator, 50 metal foil reflectors were pierced several small holes, the spikes from the holes were used as the separator to make the adjacent reflectors in point contact. In MLI with stainless steel wire mesh separator, 50 stainless steel wire meshes were spot weld on each of the metal foil reflectors as the separator to make the adjacent reflectors in line contact. In MLI with aerogel separator, 18 polished metal plates were used as the reflectors, and slender strip aerogels in size of 50 mm×10 mm×2 mm were installed on four corners between adjacent reflectors as the separator. The main configuration of RTPV prototype tested in this paper was as follow. 1) An electric heating source with the size of 99 mm×95 mm×55 mm was used to simulate the radioisotope heat source. The heat source was supported in RTPV center by seven ceramic nails and coated with tungsten alloy radiation emitter. 2) Four optical filters were placed 34 mm away from the heat source and supported by four inner brackets. 3) Photovoltaic cells were installed on the side walls inside the housing with a distance of 14 mm from the optical filter. 4) Two high temperature MLIs were installed on the upper and lower end covers inside the housing. 5) Cold plates were used on the side walls outside the housing. Vacuum thermal performances of RTPV with different MLIs were carried out on a test platform. Based on the test results, some conclusions come out as follows. 1) The aerogel separator has the best performance in controllability of the assembly separating effect, which leads to the best thermal insulation performance consistency between different batches. 2) When the assembly separating effect is well controlled, the high temperature MLI with spike separator has a better insulation performance than stainless steel wire mesh separator. 3) The optical cavity inside the RTPV prototype is consisted of high-temperature MLI and the optical filters. A better closure of the optical cavity significantly contributes to the improvement of the heat utilization, and accesses to a higher heat source temperature. The optical cavity has the best closure performance when using the high temperature MLI with aerogel separator. While the RTPV prototype with aerogel separator input power is 250 Wt, the heat source temperature reaches 1 038 ℃.

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This work describes RTPV-PhC-1, an initial prototype for a radioisotope thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) system using a two-dimensional photonic crystal emitter and low bandgap thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cell to realize spectral control. We validated a system simulation using the measurements of RTPV-PhC-1 and its comparison setup RTPV-FlatTa-1 with the same configuration except a polished tantalum emitter. The emitter of RTPV-PhC-1 powered by an electric heater providing energy equivalent to one plutonia fuel pellet reached 950 °C with 52 W of thermal input power and produced 208 mW output power from 1 cm 2 TPV cell. We compared the system performance using a photonic crystal emitter to a polished flat tantalum emitter and found that spectral control with the photonic crystal was four times more efficient. Based on the simulation, with more cell areas, better TPV cells, and improved insulation design, the system powered by a fuel pellet equivalent heat source is expected to reach an efficiency of 7.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to assess the financial feasibility of setting up Rooftop Photovoltaic (RTPV) systems in Bengaluru which is in the state of Karnataka, India. The Renewable Energy Policy of the state mandates the installation of 250 MW of RTPV systems by 2014, while research shows that the domestic RTPV potential in Bengaluru alone is around 560 MW. To achieve this potential, the Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) and the Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) formulated policy incentives in the form of net metering at rates of Rs. 9.56/kWh (without the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) capital subsidy) and Rs. 7.2/kWh (with MNRE capital subsidy). Techno-economic assessment of RTPV systems show that these rates lead to viable business cases for the consumers. However, due to Bangalore Electricity Supply Company׳s (BESCOM) poor finances, a cap of 75% on the capacity of any installed RTPV system based on rated load has been set for all interested parties. Unless this cap is removed, the net metering scheme can never gain momentum in Karnataka because the power generated from the RTPV system will not exceed the monthly consumption. An additional amount of Rs. 81.6 crores per annum is required to reach the 250 MW target. BESCOM can tap the proposed State Clean Energy Fund (SCEF) to pay RTPV project developers. Other revenue models such as feed in tariffs (FiT) and the Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) schemes have been considered for analysis of larger RTPV systems on industrial and commercial rooftops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]