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The major function of platelets is to contribute to hemostasis. If an impairment in their production and/or function occurs, abnormal bleeding can develop. An 18-year-old male presented to our hospital after four episodes of hematemesis. His medical history was relevant for Glanzmann thrombasthenia diagnosed during early childhood. On initial examination, he appeared pale and with normal blood pressure. His complete blood count included a hemoglobin concentration of 11.0 g/dL, additional laboratory tests were within the normal ranges. The initial approach consisted of a high dose of proton pump inhibitors. Hours later, esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed diffuse oozing bleeding from gastric mucosa with no other visible lesions such as peptic ulcers or varices.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an intriguing autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies against platelets and megakaryocytes. Clinical outcomes, response to treatment, and chronicity predictors were investigated. Patients with newly diagnosed primary ITP treated at a hematology referral center from 2008 to 2018 with complete medical and recent medication history were stratified by age as children 16 years. Responses to treatment including steroids, splenectomy, rituximab, and eltrombopag were classified as response (R) and complete (CR). Factors for developing chronic ITP were determined by multiple regression with uni- and multivariate analysis. p < 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 175 patients were included, 52 children and 123 adults; women predominated with 57.7%. Response to first-line treatment in the whole cohort was 86.18%, CR 43.42% and R 42.76%. The initial response to steroids alone was 83.9% (n = 52/62), rituximab plus high-dose dexamethasone (HDD) 87.2% (n = 34/39), eltrombopag plus HDD 90.9% (n = 10/11), and children receiving IVIG alone 100% (n = 8/8); 9 children were under clinical observation and achieved spontaneous response; loss of response was documented in 15.21% children and 28.3% adults with a median time of 15.95 and 4.07 months respectively; 37.39% of adults and 30.76% of children progressed to a chronic course. Platelets ≥ 20 × 109/L and age ≥ 6 years were risk factors for chronic ITP in the univariate analysis in the adult and children groups, respectively. Clinical course and treatment outcomes for ITP are considerably heterogeneous. Higher platelet counts at diagnosis in adults and age ≥ 6 years in children were associated with an increased risk of chronicity.

A 61-year-old man with a history of progressive dysphagia in the last three years and current COVID-19 diagnosis, presented to our emergency department with sudden dyspnea and loss of consciousness. Initial examination revealed a respiratory rate of 30 bpm with an oxygen saturation of 94% with room air. A venous blood gas exam showed acute hypercapnic respiratory failure; therefore, he was intubated and admitted to the medical intensive care unit.

Acute cholangitis is a life-threatening infection, and several features are associated with a worse prognosis if prompt treatment is not started. Eighty-six subjects with acute cholangitis were included in a retrospective analysis. Patients had a median age of 53 years (range: 34.5 to 70 years) and 55 (64.0 %) were female. Of the entire cohort, 16 patients had a history of diabetes mellitus. Regarding acute cholangitis severity, 17 (19.8 %) cases were classified as severe, 41 (47.7 %) as moderate, and 28 (32.6 %) as mild.

Introduction Mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells with the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factors is a mainstay in every protocol for allogenic stem cell transplants. Despite being considered safe, there are multiple adverse effects for this procedure some of which can be severe and bring serious complications to otherwise healthy donors. Case report An otherwise healthy 17-year-old patient who underwent progenitor cell mobilization with filgrastim and developed rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. Management and outcome: The urine analysis and kidney ultrasound failed to reveal abnormalities in the kidneys or collector system. We began reanimation with crystalloid solutions for 5 days with normalization of liver and muscle enzymes as well as a complete resolution of the acute kidney injury. Discussion We present the case of a potentially serious adverse drug reaction during mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells with filgrastim. Physicians need to be aware of every possible complication associated with the use of these agents in order to establish a good prognosis via an accurate diagnosis and a timely treatment.

espanolAntecedentes: la trombocitopenia inmunitaria secundaria (PTI) es una enfermedad heterogenea e impredecible asociada con diversas afecciones subyacentes. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la evolucion clinica y los predictores de cronicidad en la PTI secundaria. Metodos: Los pacientes atendidos en un centro medico academico durante el periodo 2008-2019 fueron estratificados por edad en ninos 16 anos. Las respuestas a los esteroides, inmunoglobulina G intravenosa (IVIG), rituximab y eltrombopag se clasificaron como respuesta (R) y respuesta completa (CR). Los factores de riesgo para la PTI cronica se determinaron mediante regresion multiple con analisis univariante y multivariable. Resultados: Se incluyeron 83 pacientes, 37 ninos y 46 adultos. Las condiciones asociadas mas frecuentes fueron infecciones 53%, lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES) 24%, enfermedad tiroidea 9,6% y sindrome de Evans 3,6%. La respuesta al tratamiento de primera linea en toda la cohorte fue del 94%; CR 45,7%; y R 50,6%. La respuesta inicial a los esteroides solos fue del 91,3% (n = 21/23), rituximab mas dexametasona en dosis alta (HDD) del 93,3% (n = 14/15); ninos que reciben IgIV sola 100% (n = 12/12); y eltrombopag en adultos 100% (n = 3/3). Se documento recaida en el 19,4% de los ninos y el 34% de los adultos, con una mediana de tiempo de 15 y 2 meses, respectivamente; El 30,4% de los adultos (el 15,2% del grupo miscelaneo, el 10,9% asociado a LES y el 4,3% asociado a infeccion) y el 18,9% de los ninos siguieron un curso cronico; edad ≥10 anos y plaquetas ≥20 × 109 / L fueron factores de riesgo de PTI cronica en ninos. Conclusion: La evolucion fue heterogenea: se documento una respuesta mejor y mas sostenida en el grupo de infecciones en comparacion con el LES o el grupo miscelaneo. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2021; 73 (1): 31-8) EnglishBackground: Secondary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a heterogeneous and unpredictable disease associated with various underlying conditions. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate clinical evolution and chronicity predictors in secondary ITP. Methods: Patients treated at an academic medical center during 2008-2019 were stratified by age as children 16 years. Responses to steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG), rituximab, and eltrombopag were classified as response (R) and complete response (CR). Risk factors for chronic ITP were determined by multiple regression with uni- and multi-variate analysis. Results: Eighty-three patients were included, 37 children and 46 adults. The most frequent associated conditions were infections 53%, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 24%, thyroid disease 9.6%, and Evans syndrome 3.6%. Response to first-line treatment in the whole cohort was 94%; CR 45.7%; and R 50.6%. Initial response to steroids alone was 91.3% (n = 21/23), rituximab plus high-dose dexamethasone (HDD) 93.3% (n = 14/15); children receiving IVIG alone 100% (n=12/12); and eltrombopag in adults 100% (n = 3/3). Relapse was documented in 19.4% of children and 34% of adults, at a median time of 15 and 2 months, respectively; 30.4% of adults (15.2% from the miscellaneous group, 10.9% SLE-associated, and 4.3% infection-associated) and 18.9% of children followed a chronic course; age ≥10 years and platelets ≥20 × 109/L were risk factors for chronic ITP in children. Conclusion: Evolution was heterogeneous: a better and more sustained response was documented in the infections group compared to SLE or the miscellaneous group. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2021;73(1):31-8)

Round pneumonia is an unusual radiological manifestation of a bacterial lung infection. We present the case of an elderly male patient who arrived at the emergency room with a productive cough and exertional dyspnea. His chest x-ray and CT showed a round opacity and air bronchograms in the right upper lobe. Taken together, the patient’s symptoms and images strongly suggest a pulmonary infection. Empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and clarithromycin was started. The sputum culture was positive for Enterobacter hormaechei and the bacterium was sensitive to levofloxacin; therefore, the antibiotic therapy was changed. Despite the treatment, the patient progressed to respiratory failure and septic shock, dying six days after admission. Although round pneumonia is uncommon, it is a potentially curable disease and clinicians should always consider it in their differential diagnosis.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) describes a rare infectious disease with a destructive granulomatous process. The literature contains few cases of bilateral XGP and no cases due to Staphylococcus schleiferi; we diagnosed it with the advance at imaging and bacterial identification systems technology. This is a case of a 22-year-old female at our emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, dyspnea of 3 weeks. Medical history included Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) treated with Peritoneal dialysis and history of recurrent urinary tract infection. On examination, we found signs of septic shock and suprapubic tenderness. No flank or renal mass found on examination. Tomography (CT) scan showed bilateral kidney enlargement with pyelocaliceal dilatation due to stones obstructing ureteral union; presence of gas on left kidney´s renal pelvis and an abscess in the posterior pararenal space. We diagnosed Bilateral XGP and emphysematous pyelitis, initiated board-spectrum antibiotic and perform urgent right nephrostomy and left nephrectomy. The urinary, blood and renal tissue culture identified pathogenic agents (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus schleiferi) and antibiotic treatment was de-escalated. After two weeks of treatment, she recovered of an acute on chronic renal failure (ACRF) remaining with 24ml/min/1.73m2 of GFR (stage IV of CKD) and was discharged from hospital.

Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic disease of arid regions in the Western hemisphere. Its clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic nodules on chest x-rays to disseminated disease. We present the case of a 48-year-old man with a hard and heterogeneous tumor in the posterior aspect of the right testis. Color flow doppler testicular ultrasonography was performed and two nodular masses in the tail of the right epididymis were identified. An epididymectomy was performed and histopathological examination revealed coccidioidomycosis. After diagnosis, the patient was successfully treated with fluconazol.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalances can directly affect the heart by inducing toxicity, impairing myocardial blood flow, autonomic dysfunction, and altering activation and conduction of electrical impulses throughout the heart, increasing the risk of arrhythmias and ischemia. The electrocardiogram is useful in monitoring patients during and after an episode of DKA, as it allows the detection of arrhythmias and guides metabolic correction. Unfortunately, reports on electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with DKA are lacking. We found two electrocardiographic patterns that are frequently reported in the literature: a pseudo-myocardial infarction and a Brugada Phenocopy. Both are associated with DKA metabolic anomalies and they resolve after treatment. Because of their clinical relevance and the challenge they represent for clinicians, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of these patients and the mechanisms involved in these electrocardiographic findings.

OBJECTIVES To compare the performance of the corrected count increment (CCI) and three other formulas to assess 24-hour posttransfusion platelet survival in hematology patients. METHODS Twenty-four-hour posttransfusion platelet counts were analyzed after apheresis platelet transfusion. Platelet increment (PI), percent platelet recovery (PPR), and percentage platelet increment (PPI) were compared with CCI by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Clinical factors that influence platelet survival were assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS In total, 142 apheresis platelet transfusions in 85 hematology patients were studied. Mean (SD) CCI at 24 hours was 11,869 (10,125). Compared with CCI, the sensitivity of other formulas ranged from 89.4% to 95.7% and specificity from 94.7% to 100%. Cutoff values were 15.7 × 103/µL for PI, 11.4% for PPR, and 17% for PPI. For ABO-compatible vs incompatible transfusions, CCI was 14,070/µL vs 9,176/µL (P = .007). Negative factors for all formulas were sepsis, hypotension, and amphotericin B. CONCLUSIONS PI, PPR, and PPI are comparable to CCI for assessing 24-hour platelet survival.

Background and objective Cytospin conventional cytomorphology (CCC) is the standard method for detecting lymphoblasts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and for guiding treatment decisions. We evaluated flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) performance for improving detection of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in ALL. Methods This prospective study included analysis of consecutive CSF samples of patients of all ages with ALL at 3 clinical stages: new diagnosis, relapse suspicion, and after relapse treatment. Manual, cytospin, automated, and FCI methods were compared and their performance statistically assessed. Using FCI as the reference method, optimal CSF cutoff cell count that better correlated with presence of lymphoblasts was established by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Seventy-seven CSF samples were investigated, 35 (45.4%) from newly diagnosed cases, 30 (39%) suspicion of relapse, and 12 (15.6%) after treatment for relapse. Median manual WBC count in patients with CNS involvement detected by FCI was 3.75 cells/μL (0.0-1280), and this was also the count that best correlated with CNS infiltration (sensitivity, 50.0%; specificity, 82.2%). Compared with FCI, CCC sensitivity and specificity were 28.6% and 100%. Automated CSF WBC count in patients with CNS involvement detected by FCI was 5 (0.0-1578). For automated count, optimal WBC cutoff was 4.5 cells/μL (sensitivity, 62.5%; specificity, 70.5%). Conclusion Flow cytometry immunophenotyping complements conventional cytospin analysis for detection of lymphoblasts in the CSF of ALL patients at any clinical stage.

There is scarce information regarding the concentration of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and their clinical association with CNS status. A prospective analysis of 40 patients18years with newly diagnosed ALL was performed. Human cytokine magnetic bead panel assay values of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, TNF-α in CSF at diagnosis, end of induction to remission, and 6months after diagnosis were determined. IL-6 and MCP-1 values showed a significant increment at the end of induction. From the whole group 4 (10.0%), patients relapsed to the CNS at a median of 11.48months. A significantly higher value of TNF-α at third determination in these CNS-relapsed patients was documented, 7.48 vs. 2.86pg/mL in 36 children without relapse (p=0.024). TNF-α concentration increased at a median 5.48months before CNS relapse. By receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, the best cut-off point of TNF-α concentration that better predicted CNS relapse was ≥1.79pg/mL. In conclusion an increase in TNF-α concentration on CSF preceded CNS relapse in children with ALL. An increase in MCP-1 and IL-6 was not associated to CNS relapse and appears to result from an inflammatory response after IT injection of chemotherapy.

A 48-year-old male with a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus presented to the emergency department with malaise and nausea. On work-up, he was found with hyperglycemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis, with a blood pH<6.94. A diagnosis of severe diabetic ketoacidosis was established; serum electrolyte analysis showed mild hyperkalemia. On work-up, a 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained, and it showed an ST-segment elevation on anterior leads that completely resolved with diabetic ketoacidosis treatment. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction can be a precipitant factor for diabetic ketoacidosis, and evaluation of diabetic patients with suspected myocardial infarction can be challenging since they can present with atypical or little symptoms. Hyperkalemia, which usually accompanies diabetic ketoacidosis, can cause electrocardiographic alterations that are well described, but ST-segment elevation is uncommon. A pseudomyocardial infarction pattern has been described in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis; of note, most of these patients presented severe hyperkalemia. We believe this is of great importance for clinicians because they must be able to recognize those patients that present with electrocardiographic abnormalities secondary to the metabolic alterations and those that can be experiencing actual ongoing ischemia, in order to establish an appropriate and prompt treatment.

Background Advances in automated cell separators have improved the efficiency of plateletpheresis and the possibility of obtaining double products (DP). We assessed cell processor accuracy of predicted platelet (PLT) yields with the goal of a better prediction of DP collections. Study design and methods This retrospective proof-of-concept study included 302 plateletpheresis procedures performed on a Trima Accel v6.0 at the apheresis unit of a hematology department. Donor variables, software predicted yield and actual PLT yield were statistically evaluated. Software prediction was optimized by linear regression analysis and its optimal cut-off to obtain a DP assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) modeling. Results Three hundred and two plateletpheresis procedures were performed; in 271 (89.7%) occasions, donors were men and in 31 (10.3%) women. Pre-donation PLT count had the best direct correlation with actual PLT yield (r = 0.486. P

Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne illness in North America. A 23-year-old female presented to our emergency department with a chief complaint of sudden dyspnea and chest pain. An electrocardiogram revealed a third degree heart block. She was a resident of the Northeast region of Mexico and referred a recent travel to an endemic area for Borrelia burgdorferi in the center of Mexico in the past weeks. Lyme carditis was diagnosed after enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for IgM antibodies against B. burgdorferi was reported positive and corroborated by a confirmatory immunoblot analysis. Persistent AV block was the only manifestation in our patient, a presentation scarcely reported in literature.

Relapse is the major cause of treatment failure in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of childhood; it is more frequent among high-risk patients from low-middle income than from high-income countries. The frequency, sites and outcome of relapsed ALL in children of northeast Mexico over a decade was documented.A retrospective analysis of 246 children belonging to a low-income group16 years with de novo ALL during 2004-2015 was performed. Five-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Data on time, site, response to therapy and final outcome of relapse were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) of relapse and death were estimated by the Cox regression model. Very early relapse was defined as that occurring in18 months, early relapse between 18 and 36 months, and late relapse36 months from diagnosis, respectively.Eighty-seven (35.4%) children relapsed. Five-year OS was 82.6% in children without relapse vs. 42% for relapsed patients. Bone marrow (BM) was the most frequent site of relapse (51.72%). Isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapses occurred in 29.9%. Five-year OS was 11.2% for BM and 15.5% for early relapse. HR of relapse for organomegaly was 3.683, 2.247 for an initial white blood cell count50 000 × 10A high rate of very early, CNS, and BM relapse with a considerably low 5-year OS requiring reassessment of therapy was documented. Organomegaly at diagnosis was a highly significant clinical predictor for relapse.

Survival for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) decreases with age. Patients across all age groups from a homogeneous ethnic and socioeconomic background were studied to document age effect.Patients diagnosed from 2005 to 2015 at a university hospital in Northeast Mexico were divided into 4 age groups: infants (1), children (≥ 1 to 16), adolescents (≥ 16 to ≤ 20), and adults (20 years). Correlation between age at diagnosis and relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was investigated.A total of 377 patients were included. Five-year RFS and OS for children were 55.6% and 66.9%; for adolescents, 36.0% and 48.3%; for adults, 19.5% and 24.1%, respectively. Differences in RFS and OS between age groups were significant (P .001, P .001). In the Cox regression model, all age groups reached statistical significance in univariate analysis of mortality.Age plays a decisive role in clinical evolution of ALL and strongly influences outcome. Age older than 20 represents a progressive high-risk factor for death.

We present the case of a 25-year-old man with progressive limb weakness. His electrocardiogram showed prominent U waves which made us consider hypokalemia. The final diagnosis was toluene intoxication with severe hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. Intravenous potassium administration and hydration effectively corrected the electrolyte and acid-base alterations; weakness resolved and the patient was discharged. The approach to a patient with acute weakness can be challenging. This case reminds us that the electrocardiogram can be a valuable tool in the evaluation and differential diagnosis of patients presenting to the emergency department with these conditions.

We present the case of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient who arrived at our emergency department with fever, headache and exertional dyspnea. Throughout their stay, a chest x-ray was taken and a rounded opacity in his left lung was observed. CT images showed same abnormality and also ground glass opacities were seen. Symptoms and images strongly suggested a pulmonary infection due to pneumocystis jirovecii, however a presence of a round lesion should always lead to neoplasia being suspected. We empirically started treatment based on trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Once available, flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and stained preparations from his respiratory specimens confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary pneumocystis infection. Finally, after 4 days of antibiotic therapy, an important clinical improvement was documented; a new chest x-ray was performed and the previous rounded opacity was absent. This finding strongly suggested a case of round pneumonia.

Background and Aims In high-income countries, treatment protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children lead to a 5-year overall survival (OS) approaching 90%. There is scarce information on protocols and results of therapy from low-middle income countries (LMIC). We documented the results of treating children with ALL with two protocols in consecutive 5-year periods at a reference center in northeast Mexico. Patients and Methods Children ≤16 years of age diagnosed with ALL treated with two protocols were studied. Each protocol was used for 5 years; 246 children, 112 in protocol 1 and 134 in protocol 2, were included. Protocols were BFM-inspired and adapted from several regimens; protocol 2 was intended to decrease toxicity and need for hospitalization. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results In protocol 1, 103 patients (91.96%) achieved complete remission compared to 106 (79.10%) in protocol 2 (p = 0.001). The 5-year OS was 67.1% for protocol 1 vs. 55.5% for protocol 2, whereas EFS was 58.2% vs. 36.9%, respectively. Relapse occurred in 45 patients (40.17%) in protocol 1 vs. 42 (31.34%) in protocol 2 (p = 0.181). OS 1 year after relapse was 52.4% vs. 57.1%, respectively. No difference in relapse rate was documented. Conclusions No improvement in survival rates of children with ALL from a low-income group living in a LMIC was achieved over a decade. Implementation of contemporary protocols with a high success rate is mandatory.

Advances in automated cell separators have improved the efficiency of plateletpheresis and the possibility of obtaining double products (DP). We assessed cell processor accuracy of predicted platelet (PLT) yields with the goal of a better prediction of DP collections.This retrospective proof-of-concept study included 302 plateletpheresis procedures performed on a Trima Accel v6.0 at the apheresis unit of a hematology department. Donor variables, software predicted yield and actual PLT yield were statistically evaluated. Software prediction was optimized by linear regression analysis and its optimal cut-off to obtain a DP assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) modeling.Three hundred and two plateletpheresis procedures were performed; in 271 (89.7%) occasions, donors were men and in 31 (10.3%) women. Pre-donation PLT count had the best direct correlation with actual PLT yield (r = 0.486. P .001). Means of software machine-derived values differed significantly from actual PLT yield, 4.72 × 10Trima Accel v6.0 software consistently underestimated PLT yields. Simple correction derived from linear regression analysis accurately corrected this underestimation and ROC analysis identified a precise cut-off to reliably predict a DP.

Background The therapeutic progress for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been slow, with a 5-year survival of 30% to 45% in developed countries. Scarce information is available regarding the treatment and survival rates from nonindustrialized populations. In the present study, the characteristics of adults with ALL at a single institution were documented. Patients and Methods The clinical files of patients aged ≥ 18 years who had been diagnosed with ALL from 2005 to 2015 at a reference center in Mexico were scrutinized. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. The hazard ratios for death and relapse were estimated using Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 94 adults were included. Their median age was 33 years; 69 (73.4%) had high-risk and 25 (26.6%) had standard-risk ALL. Of the 94 patients, 67 (71.3%) achieved complete remission (CR), 20 (21.3%) experienced disease resistance, and 7 (7.4%) died early during induction to remission, mainly of sepsis. The 5-year EFS and OS was 23.4% and 31.1% for the whole group and 24.9% and 38.9% for patients who achieved CR, respectively. Of the 94 patients, 50 (43.9%) died of sepsis or disease progression. Relapse developed in 43 patients (45.7%). The median survival after relapse was 6.93 months. Bone marrow was the most frequent site of relapse (21 patients [48.8%]) and conferred a significantly lower 5-year OS of 16.4%. Conclusion Adults with ALL in Mexico had high-risk characteristics and an increased relapse rate; however, the OS after CR was similar to the greatest achieved in developed countries, suggesting that a threshold for curing adult ALL with current therapeutic strategies has been reached.

Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the main and most expensive and prolonged causes of hospitalization for childhood cancer. We describe the hospitalization rate and its costs for an open population with ALL in a low-middle income country. Procedure We retrospectively analyzed 449 hospital admissions for 101 pediatric patients with ALL over 8 years. Clinical files and electronic databases were scrutinized to document causes, duration, readmission rate, costs, and outcome of each admission. Hospitalizations were divided into two categories: general pediatric ward and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Hospitalization rates and its costs per patient were estimated considering person-time at risk. Results Patients had an admission rate of 2.09 hospitalizations per patient-year and median length of stay per admission was 5 days. Most admissions occurred during the first 2 years from diagnosis. Mean cost per day was 239 US dollars (USD) and mean cost per stay was 2,246 USD versus 1,016 and 19,004 USD (P = 0.001) in the PICU, respectively. Total hospitalization cost per patient per year (PPPY) was 5,991 USD for high-risk patients and 3,038 USD for standard-risk patients. Patients between ages 1 and 9 years had a PPPY cost of $4,057; while for children younger than 1 year or older than 9 years, it was 7,463 USD. The popular medical insurance program covered 70% of hospitalizations and 63% of its total cost; patients contributed 2%, with the hospital absorbing 35%. Conclusions Hospitalizations for children with ALL were less expensive than in high-income countries but had a significant cost to low-income families and to the healthcare system.

Objective There is a paucity of the studies of adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This is more noticeable in low- and middle-income countries. The international 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for this age group is around 80%, with pediatric-inspired protocols offering better results. Methods A retrospective analysis of adolescents aged 16-20 diagnosed with ALL during the period 2004-2015 treated with a high-risk pediatric protocol at an academic center from a middle-income country was performed. Five-year OS and EFS were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Hazard ratios of relapse and death were estimated by the Cox regression model. Results Five-year EFS and OS for 57 adolescents were 23.3% and 48.9%, respectively. From the 41 patients who achieved complete remission, 24 (58.5%) relapsed. Bone marrow and central nervous system were the most frequent sites of relapse. Hazard ratio of treatment failure and death for patients with organomegaly at diagnosis was 2.026 and 2.970, respectively. Treatment-related toxicity developed in 31 (54.4%) patients and febrile neutropenia was the most frequent in 14 (24.6%) cases. Twelve patients (21.1%) had poor adherence to treatment. Conclusions High relapse rate and low 5-year EFS compared with international standards, was documented. Use of intensified pediatric regimens, adherence to proven effective medications, improved supportive care, and prevention of abandonment are necessary to improve survival rates in these patients.

Background Reports dealing with clinical outcomes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in low- to middle-income countries are scarce and response to therapy is poorly documented. This report describes the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma from a single institution in Latin America. Method A retrospective study was conducted over ten years of patients with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma treated at a referral center. Progression-free and overall survival rates were estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The univariate Cox regression model was used to estimate associations between important variables and clinical outcomes. Main results One hundred and twenty-eight patients were analyzed. The mean age was 28.5 years. The five-year progression-free and overall survival were 37.3% and 78.9%, respectively. Of the whole group, 55 (43%) were primary refractory cases. Only 39/83 (47%) patients with advanced disease vs. 34/45 (75.6%) in early stages (p-value = 0.002) achieved complete remission. Those with advanced disease had a five-year overall survival of 68.7% vs. 91.8% for early disease (p-value = 0.132). Thirty-one patients relapsed (24.2%) and 20 (64.5%) received a transplant. The hazard ratio for progression with bone marrow infiltration was 2.628 (p-value = 0.037). For death, an International Prognostic Score ≥4 had a hazard ratio of 3.355 (p-value = 0.050) in univariate analysis. Two-thirds of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma patients diagnosed at advanced stages had a low progression-free survival but an overall survival similar to high-income countries. Conclusion Patients diagnosed with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in Northeastern Mexico had a significantly low progression-free survival rate and presented with advanced disease, underscoring the need for earlier diagnosis and improved contemporary therapeutic strategies in these mainly young productive-age Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.