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Background: Nonambulatory cattle present therapeutic challenges in addition to animal welfare concerns. Flotation therapy is a treatment option, but more information regarding prognostic indicators for survival is needed to guide use of this modality. Hypothesis/Objectives: Evaluate historical and clinical variables assessed during hospitalization as prognostic indicators for survival in recumbent cattle undergoing flotation treatment in a referral hospital. Animals: A total of 190 nonambulatory dairy cattle. Methods: Retrospective case series. Medical records were analyzed from cattle undergoing flotation between 2000 and 2020. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of clinical variables with survival to discharge. Results: Eighty‐nine of 190 (47%) recumbent cattle survived to discharge. For each additional day of hospitalization, cattle were 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02, 1.21) times more likely to survive. Cattle unable to walk out of the tank after their first float session were 0.11 (95% CI, 0.04, 0.28) times less likely to survive compared to cattle that could and inappetent cattle were 0.22 (95% CI, 0.07, 0.63) times less likely to survive compared to cattle with normal appetites. Cattle diagnosed with coxofemoral luxation or toxemia were 0.11 (95% CI, 0.02, 0.65) and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.02, 0.90) times less likely to survive, respectively, compared to cattle with causes of recumbency that were undetermined. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Walking out of the tank after the first float session, appetite, diagnosis, and days of hospitalization are associated with outcome in nonambulatory dairy cattle treated by flotation. These findings can be used to determine likely outcome and guide treatment, referral, or euthanasia decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro ( S . Cerro) is an emerging Salmonella serotype isolated from cattle, but the association of S . Cerro with disease is not well understood. While comparative genomic analyses of bovine S . Cerro isolates have indicated mutations in elements associated with virulence, the correlation of S . Cerro fecal shedding with clinical disease in cattle varies between epidemiologic studies. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the infection-relevant phenotypes of S . Cerro fecal isolates obtained from neonatal calves born on a dairy farm in Wisconsin, USA. The S . Cerro isolates varied in biofilm production and sensitivity to the bile salt deoxycholate. All S . Cerro isolates were sensitive to sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and acidic shock. However, S . Cerro isolates were resistant to nitric oxide stress. Two S . Cerro isolates were unable to compete with S . Typhimurium during infection of calf ligated intestinal loops, indicating decreased fitness in vivo . Together, our data suggest that S . Cerro is sensitive to some innate antimicrobial defenses present in the gut, many of which are also used to control Salmonella in the environment. The observed phenotypic variation in S . Cerro isolates from a single farm suggest phenotypic plasticity that could impact infectious potential, transmission, and persistence on a farm.IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that threatens both human and animal health. Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro is being isolated from cattle at increasing frequency over the past two decades; however, its association with clinical disease is unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize infection-relevant phenotypes of S . Cerro isolates obtained from dairy calves from a single farm. Our work shows that there can be variation among temporally related S . Cerro isolates and that these isolates are sensitive to killing by toxic compounds of the innate immune system and those used for environmental control of Salmonella . This work contributes to our understanding of the pathogenic potential of the emerging pathogen S . Cerro.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) infection was diagnosed in a 3-year-old yak. The yak had signs of intermittent tremors, dysphagia, oral ulcerative lesions, hemorrhagic enteritis, tachypnea, and thrombocytopenia. Postmortem diagnostics confirmed EHDV (serotype 2) using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gross and histopathological results were consistent with EHDV reported in other species.