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In the last two decades, much have been written on Balochistan and the Baloch ethnonational movement but none examined the rise and fall of the Baloch national movement and the internal divisions amongst the contending Baloch tribes and the covert roles played by different actors of the time. Thus, this paper aims to fill this gap and it critically evaluate the rise and fall of Baloch nationalism during the British era, 1839 to 1947-48. It discusses the advent of the British to Balochistan and their policies towards the Khanate of Kalat. The paper also recounts the internal division between the various and contending Baloch tribes as well as the covert role played by the members of the ruling family of Kalat, the Kalat administration, and the Baloch Sardars. The main argument of this research revolves around the conundrum of internal division amongst the contending Baloch tribes and the dual role played by the Khan (the ruler of Kalat) that weakens the Khanate of Kalat, which ultimately incorporated into the Pakistani federation in 1948. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dento-alveolar traumas are most commonly observed in children and adolescents, particularly in boys but may affect individuals of any age and accounts for 5% of all the injuries. While avulsion of permanent teeth comprises of 0.5-3% of all dental injuries. Numerous studies have shown that this injury is one of the most serious dental injuries, and the prognosis is mostly dependent on the emergency management at the place of accident and promptly after the avulsion. Replantation is in most situations the treatment of choice, but sometimes cannot always be carried out immediately. An appropriate emergency management and treatment plan is important for a good prognosis. This article describes the management of an avulsed mature tooth with prolonged extra oral dry time. The objective of delayed replantation was to conserve the soft and hard tissue esthetics and function of the tooth till the maturity of patient for definite management but luckily the tooth regained vascularity which was an unusual finding, not reported word wide till to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic herbicides contaminate environment, pollute underground water and cause health hazards and develop weed resistance. Conventional weed control techniques are backbreaking, tiresome and time consuming. Problems caused by commercial herbicides demand for exploring alternative weed control methods. A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2014-15 to evaluate the allelopathic potential of sunflower (Gulshan-98) water extracts (SWE) on weeds density and yield of wheat cultivar 'Atta-Habib-2010'. Randomized complete block design having four replications was used. The experiment was consisted of four concentrations (1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 kg L-1) of sunflower extract and three application times (emergence (E), tillering (T) and half at E + half at T). Herbicides (H) application, hand weeding (HW) and control plots were also included for comparison. Herbicide application showed 45 % suppression of weeds density and increased plant height (12%), leaf area tiller-1 (23%), spike length (16%) and grain yield (17%) over SWE. Likewise, HW plots showed 36% suppression of weeds, and increased plants height (11%), leaf area tiller-1 (20%), spikes length (13.6%), and grain yield (15.6%) over SWE. While SWE resulted in 46% reduction in weeds density and increased plants height, leaf area, spike length and grain yield of wheat (14, 26, 17 and 76%) respectively over control. Application of 1:3 SWE resulted in lower weeds density, taller plants, more leaf area tiller-1, longer spikes, and high grain yield of wheat. Among application times SWE applied at tillering resulted in lower weeds density, maximum leaf area tiller-1, more spike length and high grain yield. It is concluded from the data that SWE with 1:3 concentration applied at tillering reduced weeds density by 52% and increased wheat yield by 100% over control and is recommended for suppressing weeds and enhancing wheat productivity in agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitral, the pinnacle of Hindu Kush, draining 31 notable glaciers, is least studied for Ichthyofaunal diversity. This work explored the fish fauna and the risk factors for the Ichthyo-faunal diversity loss at the foothills of Hindu Kush. A total of 21 fish species were collected from different parts and tributaries of River Chitral, from Shandur up to Arandu, extending to Afghanistan border. Our collection reported 4 fish species for the first time from Pakistan, namely Acanthocobitis uropthalmus, Lepidopygnosis typus, Horalabiosa palaniensis, Horalabiosa joshuai. One species namely Nangra robusta is reported for the first time from River Chitral. Alluvial nature of rocks, construction of hydro projects and duck ponds, introduction of exotic species, erosion and sedimentation of rivers and streams, illegal fishing, and effluent discharges are the major concerns. Major threats to biodiversity loss need to be addressed for proper conservation of biodiversity as a whole and Ichthyo-diversity in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence of Primary drug resistance to Antituberculous drugs in NWFP METHOD: A cross-sectional prevalence study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of drug resistance among new TB patients, using a non-probability convenience sampling methodology. Sample size was calculated according to the population and WHO's estimated incidence of smear positive tuberculosis in the province/country. Sputum samples were obtained from 122 newly diagnosed patients of pulmonary tuberculosis from centres in Peshawar and Abbotabad in NWFP., Results: Sensitivities were performed by proportion method which showed the following resistance values in 118 eligible patients: 15 (12.7%) samples showed primary resistance to one or more drugs. 8 (6.4%) isolates were resistant to a single drug, 2 (1.6%) were resistant to 2 drugs, 4 (3.2%) to 3 drugs, 1 (0.8%) to 4 drugs while none to all 5 first line agents. Resistance to Streptomycin (10 microg/ml) was seen in 7 (5.9%), Isoniazid (1 microg/ml) in 10 (8.4%), Rifampicin (5 microg/ml) in 3 (2.5%), Ethambutol (10 microg/ml) in 2 (1.6%) and Pyrazinamide in 6 (5.0%) samples. Primary Multidrug resistance was 2.5%., Conclusion: This study suggests that prevalence of MDR amongst untreated patients in NWFP is 2.5%, which is a cause of concern and should be addressed through effective TB control programmes with DOTS strategy.