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Canada’s ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [CRPD]in 2010 was met with hope and excitement that it would lead to much-needed improvements in equality, inclusion and accessibility for persons with disabilities in Canada. This paper explores the impact the CRPD has had on Canadian jurisprudence in the decade since Canada ratified the treaty. Our analysis of the jurisprudence indicates that Canadian courts and tribunals have employed a variety of approaches to the CRPD, for which we provide illustrative examples. Overall, the CRPD has impacted the reasoning or outcome in a small number of cases, but has not exerted great influence in Canadian jurisprudence to date. Despite this limited impact, a number of emerging factors suggest that the CRPD may well become more influential in Canadian jurisprudence in the future.

Objective: To characterize the frequency of diversity elements (DEs) in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) fellowship websites and analyze these elements according to program characteristics. Design: Forty-nine REI fellowship websites were assessed for 20 DEs that represent programmatic commitments to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Program websites were categorized by the number of discrete DEs featured: low (0–6); moderate (7–13); or high (14–20). Data were analyzed via R statistical software. Setting: Not applicable. Patient(s): Not applicable. Exposure: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome was the level of DEs featured within REI fellowship websites. The secondary outcome was the association between DEs and program geographic region and accreditation status. Result(s): Program websites had a mean of 3 DEs. No program had a high number of DEs. Eighty-four percent of programs were low in DEs, with 16% exhibiting moderate DEs. Within the moderate group, most programs featured photographs of faculty (63%) and fellows (88%), commitment to DEI message (88%), diversity-specific language (88%), DEI webpage (88%), and DEI-related resources/opportunities (100%). In the low group, most programs presented photographs of faculty and fellows (71%). Programs did not feature active recruitment strategies (unconscious bias, holistic application review, DEI statistics, and implicit bias training). Diversity element category was not associated with program location. Programs with “initial accreditation” had the highest mean DEs. Conclusion(s): None of the REI fellowship websites demonstrated high levels of DEs. We speculate that by intentionally incorporating DEs into fellowship websites, programs can more effectively recruit underrepresented fellows and enhance the diversity of REI practitioners.

The Supreme Court's decision in Halo Electronics, Inc. v. Pulse Electronics, Inc. overruled the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's longstanding Seagate test and empowered district courts to exercise their discretion in deciding whether to enhance damages for willful patent infringement. In the three years since the Halo decision, district courts have developed their own approaches to addressing willfulness allegations at the various stages of litigation, including pleading, summary judgment, trial, and post-trial. This Article observes trends in how district courts have addressed willfulness claims at each stage of litigation, highlights factors courts have considered when declining to enhance damages for an infringer's egregious misconduct, and identifies practice tips in view of the emerging trends in the case law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single embryo transfer (SET) is a technique used in assisted reproductive treatment (ART) that is used to promote singleton pregnancies. To date, there are five reported cases of dizygotic twin pregnancies with mothers who underwent SET. Here, we present a sixth case of a dichorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancy with sex discordance. The patient is a 34-year-old woman with unexplained secondary infertility who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) and frozen-thawed embryo transfer from a SET. The ultrasonographic images from the first and second trimester scans identified dichorionic, diamniotic twin gestations. The delivery was full term and postnatal genetic testing confirmed 46, XX, and 46, XY offspring. Pathology reports of the placental and membrane findings reported diamniotic, dichorionic twins. There was no zygosity testing conducted, thus it is unknown if the twins are monozygotic or dizygotic. Two possible etiologies for sex-discordant twins, in this case, are concurrent natural conception via breakthrough ovulation at the time of SET, or discordant postzygotic nondisjunction of a single embryo. Multiple gestations may still occur in the setting of SET and zygosity testing in these instances would better elucidate our understanding of this occurrence. Moreover, improved data on the zygosity of multiple gestations following SET may enhance patient counseling.