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Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, including the Suzuki, Stille, and Negishi couplings, have emerged as essential methodologies in contemporary organic synthesis. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of the molecular processes involved in these significant events that lead to the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. This paper provides a complete analysis of the fundamental mechanistic investigations conducted on the primary crosscoupling processes facilitated by palladium catalysts. The present study focuses on the examination of kinetic aspects of several stages within the catalytic cycle, namely oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination, in the context of diverse palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. This paper examines the influence of ligands, substrates, reaction conditions, and additives on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction. This study emphasizes the significance of computational investigations in enhancing our understanding of Pd catalyst speciation and the architectures of intermediates. This study aims to identify both overarching patterns and variations in the systems under investigation. Additionally, the present obstacles in comprehensively understanding the specific intricacies of these mechanisms are delineated. A comprehensive comprehension of catalytic pathways will serve as the fundamental basis for the development of enhanced Pd catalysts and the expansion of these reactions to novel substrates. The inclusion of mechanistic information will provide valuable insights to develop more efficient catalytic systems based on palladium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several novel macrocyclic chiral derivatives were prepared and developed by a simple, practical and efficient synthetic protocol for easy access to sugars-linked crown moiety from cheap and easy existing D-glucose in good yields. The structures of macrocyclic chiral derivatives are confirmed by FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. The recently produced macrocyclic derivatives underwent assessment for their in vitro anticancer properties against human cells. The investigation involving breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines and non-cancer cells, specifically the MCF-12A cell line, demonstrated that macrocycles (8, 9, 10, and 11) exhibit potential as anticancer binders. They achieved this by impeding cell migration and proliferation and modulating the expression of crucial anticancer genes, including those associated with breast cancer (MCF-7), p53, mda7, and trail. The anti-proliferative effect of macrocycles on tumour cells was evident, with no observed cytotoxic impact on normal cells. Computational elucidation of the anticancer effect revealed that the binders exhibited a more promising binding affinity, indicating a level below. (BA; -6 kcal/mol) against mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (3ELJ) comparable to Xeloda. Hence, these outcomes could encourage the researchers to open a new destination toward the synthesis of effective antitumor drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel sulfamethoxazole containing a 1,2,3-triazoline moiety (designated as 1t, 2t, and 3t) was synthesized in the present investigation using a design-driven synthetic approach. The identification of the chemical structures of the synthesized products was accomplished through analytical techniques such as NMR, IR, and spectral analyses. The obtained results were in complete agreement with the assigned structures. The bacterial strains employed in this study included Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and all final products were assessed for their antibacterial properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were verified, revealing noticeable antibacterial activity for the prepared compound. These compounds could potentially serve as a promising starting point in the quest for new antibacterial medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated benzimidazole derivatives have been proven in numerous studies to have a variety of biological activities, including antibacterial characteristics. Using methlene linkers, we created and synthesized N-substituted alkylbenzimidazole derivatives in this study that were attached to tetrazole (an1-an5). The prepared molecules were confirmed using FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. The outcomes demonstrated that the synthesized benzimidazole compounds boosted the activity effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. These derivatives included a 5-membered ring with nitrogen and an alkyl chain. (an2) compound shown good action against Staphylococcus Aureus strains whereas (an4 and na5) exhibited good activity against Escherichia Coli strains among the produced compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-substituted alkylbenzimidazole derivatives connected to 1,2,3-triazole through methlene linkers (tb1, tb2, tb3, tb4 and tb5) were prepared and designed with the goal of estimating their anti-organism activity such as anti-bacterial activity. FTIR and NMR spectroscopies were used to analyzed the prepared compounds. The biological potential of these substances was examined for antibacterial activity against tow type of microorganisms, the first [gram-negative (Escherichia Coli)] and the second [gram-positive (Staphylococcus Aureus)]. Compared with Gramnegative bacteria, all compounds showed a strong effect against Gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of novel tetrazole derivatives attached to the ß-lactam ring was made utilizing heptanitrile in a reaction with generated azide-ß-lactam derivatives, and these compounds were then studied using IR and NMR spectroscopy. Biological testing showed that most of the final compounds showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity, particularly derivative (b3), which shown antifungal and antibacterial efficacy that was on par with or even superior to that of the reference drugs Fluconazole and Amoxicillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel barbiturate tetrazole compounds contain nucleoside analog were prepared by reaction between barbiturate nitriles with azido gemcitabine in presence NH4Cl as catalyst. Mass spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR have established the chemical structures of the target compounds. All end derivatives were evaluated to in vitro antifungal testing against two types of fungi and antibacterial screening against four pathogenic strains. The findings indicate that the compounds being tested displayed promising activity and warranted further consideration as potential anti-microbials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-rich polymers were synthesized by reaction between diazides and dinitriles derivatives in the presence of ammonium chloride as catalyst. All prepared substances were identified by utilize NMR and IR spectroscopy. Thermal stability was determined by using (DSC) and (TGA) which indicated that they have high (Tg 253-262 °C) and good thermal stability under N2 atmosphere. All compounds are thermally highly stable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of novel tetrazole ring contain sulfa drug derivatives by reaction between azide and nitrile derivatives by using ammonium chloride as catalyst. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopic methods. The tetrazole derivatives were assayed for the antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus Pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, new heterocyclic compounds 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives starting from dapsone were synthesized. At first dapsone was converted to 4,4'-sulfonylbis(azidobenzene). 1,2,3-triazolines were prepared from reaction 4,4'-sulfonylbis(azidobenzene) with some unsaturated compounds such as acryl amide, cenamic acid and malic anhydride by click reaction. The products were identified by 1HNMR, FTIR spectroscopy and element analysis. All target compounds were tested for antibacterial activity by using Gram-positive bacteria St. aureus and Gram negative bacteria E. coli. The antibacterial drug Azithromycin were used as control drug. All tested compounds were be found more active compound among the synthesized was d1 against E. coli but against St. aureus were compounds d1and d3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new 1,2,3-triazole compounds have been synthesized and tested for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. At first dapsone was converted to 4,4'-sulfonylbis(azidobenzene) through reaction dapsone with sodium nitrate and concentrated hydrochloric acid to form diazonum salt and then with sodium azide. 1,2,3-triazoles were prepared by reaction 4,4'-sulfonylbis(azidobenzene) with some triple bond derivatives such as propargylbromide, propargylchloride, propargylalcohol, 1-nitro-3-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzene and 1-(prop-2- ynyloxy) naphthalene by using click reaction conditions. All 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were showed α- glucosidase inhibition in which compounds 4, 5 and 7 demonstrated the highest activity with IC50 values ranging from 91.28 to 125.14µM, when compared to the standard drug acarbose IC50= 878.38 µM . Structures of prepared derivatives were identified by using 13CNMR,¹HNMR and FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schiff base compound (L) was prepared by reaction 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyed and sulfadiazine in presence acid as catalyst. The preparation of Iron (III) complex from ferric chlorideand Schiff base ligand. Complex and ligand were confirmed by many methods included infrared spectral analysis, elemental analysis, 13CNMR, 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy, magnetic moment, molar conductance along with electronic. Octahedral configuration ironion has been proposed on the basis of magnetic andspectralstudies. Antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds was screened against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]