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Objective: To study the cluster of differentiation 8 population in the laryngeal mucosa of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. To our knowledge this is the first paper to address this issue. Methods: The study group included 40 patients with known laryngeal cancer who were scheduled for laryngectomy. The control groups included 10 smokers and 10 non-smokers who were scheduled for microlaryngeal surgery. Specimens from the three groups were processed for histopathological and histochemical evaluation. Results: In patients without cancer of the larynx, the number of cluster of differentiation 8 lymphocytes was greater in smokers than non-smokers. The number of cluster of differentiation 8 lymphocytes was greatest in smokers with laryngeal cancer, and the difference between this group and the two control groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed that smoking increased the number of cluster of differentiation 8 T-lymphocytes in the laryngeal mucosa. The increase was greatest in patients who had developed laryngeal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT After the January 2011 Egyptian revolution led to the fall of the pro-western dictator Hosni Mubarak and popular elections that brought Islamist parties to the political forefront, the international community speculated about the country's future. Discussion about Egypt's future involved diverse issues, among them globalization, the English language, and how Islam and modernity interact. In this paper, the authors examine the story of English and its widespread use in Egypt to illustrate how modernization and Islamization have contributed to the spread of the once colonial, now global language-English-in the Arab Republic of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scierotinia head rot is a major disease of sunflower in the world, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping could facilitate understanding of the genetic basis of head rot resistance and breeding in sunflower. One hundred twenty-three F2:3 and F2:4 families from a cross between HA 441 and RHA 439 were studied. The mapping population was evaluated for disease resistance in three field experiments in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. Disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) were assessed. A genetic map with 180 target region amplification polymorphism, 32 simple sequence repeats, 11 insertion-deletion, and 2 morphological markers was constructed. Nine DI and seven DS QTL were identified with each QTL explaining 8.4 to 34.5% of phenotypic variance, suggesting the polygenic basis of the resistance to head rot. Five of these QTL were identified in more than one experiment, and each QTL explained more than 12.9% of phenotypic variance. These QTL could be useful in sunflower breeding. Although a positive correlation existed between the two disease indices, most of the respective QTL were located in different chromosomal regions, suggesting a different genetic basis for the two indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with prenatally diagnosed, isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data for 20 children born between January 1991 and November 2003 in the Haute-Normandie region of France with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated ACC. We collected data on pre-and postnatal neuroimaging findings, clinical features at birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Results: Follow-up ranged from 3 to 16 years. ACC was complete in 11 patients (55%), partial in 2 (10%), hypoplastic in 3 (15%) and associated with an interhemispheric cyst in 4 (20%). Neurodevelopmental outcome was normal in 11 (55%) patients, including 8 with complete ACC; moderate disability was present in 5 (25%) patients and severe disability in 4 (20%) patients. In 3 of the 4 patients with severe disability, postnatal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed additional major cerebral abnormalities. Conclusion: Neurodevelopmental outcome was good in most of our patients with isolated ACC, with 80% of patients having normal outcomes or moderate disabilities. A prenatal diagnosis of isolated ACC may not warrant termination of pregnancy. A carefully interpreted prenatal cerebral MRI is crucial to detect associated cerebral abnormalities; a longer follow-up is necessary to look for moderate disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In France, screening for cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) during pregnancy is not recommended in routine. The transmission of CMV through breastmilk from mothers to preterm infants is frequent (15–20%). The frequency of neuro-sensorial handicap related to congenital CMV infection in very preterm infants is not well documented. We report the case of a female infant born at 30 weeks of gestation. At 15 days, she developed cholestatic jaundice. Urine cultures were positive for CMV. Diagnostic procedure showed no other cause for jaundice. At 40 days, the infant presented with hepato-splenomegaly, purpura and abnormal skin color related to a symptomatic, secondary CMV infection, probably transmitted through breastmilk. Ganciclovir was begun for 21 days. At 12 months, she presents with normal development. This observation raises questions about breastfeeding in very preterm infants. Unexplained prematurity could reflect recent infection or reactivation in the mother. Thus, because of the well-known risks of prematurity on one hand, and CMV infection on the other, we suggest that detection of CMV seropositive mothers should be considered before allowing breastfeeding. If the mother has serologic evidence of recent infection or reactivation, freezing breastmilk at –20 °C for 3 days may be an option in order to reduce virolactia, especially during early lactation. This may reduce the risk of postnatal vertical virus transmission with minimal logistical difficulties and without interrupting breastfeeding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aims of our study were: (i) to estimate the yearly incidence rates based on one vs two visits in a working population and (ii) to identify incident hypertension modifiable risk factors. A total of 21?566 normotensive subjects were included in a 1-year cohort study. Blood pressure (BP) levels at inclusion and at the second year screening were measured on the basis of two visits, that is, if BP was over 140/90?mmHg in untreated subjects, they were invited to a control visit 1 month later. Height and weight were measured and behavioural risk factors were collected. Among the 17?465 subjects who completed the entire protocol (9691 men and 7774 women), 17?026 remained normotensive at a 1-year interval and 439 (325 men and 114 women) became hypertensive. Crude yearly incidence rates based on one visit were 6.21% in men and 3.06% in women, compared with 3.04% in men and 1.34% in women when incidence rates were based on two visits, a more than twofold difference. Age and body mass index at baseline were the two major independent determinants of incident hypertension in both genders. Smoking and alcohol consumption were significant risk factors in men but not in women, and a low educational level only in women. BP measurement on separate occasions is necessary to avoid overestimation of incidence. Weight in both genders and alcohol consumption in men were the main modifiable predictors of hypertension.Journal of Human Hypertension (2004) 18, 487-494. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001682 Published online 12 February 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlation of the efficacy of some bipyrazoles, N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-cyclohexylamine (Bip 1), N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1ylmethyl)-ethanolamine (Bip 2), N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl) allylamine (Bip 3) and N,N-bis(3-carboethoxy-5-methylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (Bip 4), against the corrosion of mild steel in HCl is discussed using density functional approach B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations. The bipyrazole inhibitors exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency. The quantum chemical parameters calculated are, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the gap energy (DE), the dipole moment (μ), the softness (σ) and the total energy (TE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the inhibitory action of certain derivatives of Schiff's base, namely 4-(pyridin-2-ylimino) pentan-2-one (CE5),4-(pyrimidin-2-ylimino) pentan-2-one (CE4) and 4-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl) imino) pentan-2-one (CE20) against mild steel (MS) corrosion in 1 M HCl by the gravimetric, stationary and transient method. For additional information on the inhibitory properties of the studied compounds, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and functional density theory (DFT) calculations were also performed. The effectiveness of the Schiff's base derivatives studied follows the order: CE20 > CE4 > CE5. The electrochemical impedance curves show that the corrosion reaction is controlled by a charge transfer process, while the potentiodynamic polarization curves indicate that the synthesized compounds act as a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm. Kinetic, as well as thermodynamic parameters, were calculated and discussed. The increase in EHOMO and decrease in gap energy ΔEgap lead to an increase in the inhibition efficiency. Results obtained from quantum chemical studies are in good agreement with quantum chemical parameters and experimental inhibition efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were carried out during the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 in a newly reclaimed private farm at Abu El-Matamer region, El-Beheira Governorate. The objective of this investigation was to study the main effects of four N-fertilizer levels (0, 20, 40, 60 kg N fad-1) in the form of ammonium nitrate (33%) and three different stimulator treatments; humic acid (1 and 2 gmL-1) fulvic acid  (2.5 and 5 gmL-1) and tryptophan (0.5 and 1 gmL-1 ), as well as their interactions on vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll, N, P and K contents and yield and its components characters of common bean cv. Nebraska. The obtained results indicated that application of mineral N, significantly increased all the studied growth, minerals and yield characters. The highest N rates (60 kg N fad-1) was remarkable and associated with the highest mean values of the most studied characters. Moreover, the biostimulator treatments application exhibited higher mean values of all studied growth, minerals and yield parameters compared to control. Tryptophan treatment was more pronounced in this concern. It could conclude that fertilization of common bean plants with 60 kg N fad-1 combined with tryptophan at 1 gmL-1 was the best interaction treatment for all the studied parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of Keto-enol derivatives namely (Z)-3-hydroxy-1-(pyridin-2-yl)but-2-en-1-one ( KE-1 ) and (Z)-1-(1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one ( KE-2 ) on the inhibition of carbon steel (CS) corrosion in 1 M HCl has been studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and quantum chemical study. Weight loss measurements indicate that these compounds reduce the corrosion rate of carbon steel in acidic solution and the inhibition effect increases with the inhibitors concentration but decreases with temperature. The electrochemical polarization study revealed that the tested Keto-enol derivatives are mixed type. EIS show that the KE-1 and KE-2 form an adsorptive layer on the metallic surface. The adsorption of the KEs on the carbon steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The results of quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulation studies are in good agreement with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption and corrosion inhibition behavior of ( E )-2-methyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethylidene)aniline ( T ) at steel/1.0 M HCl interface was investigated using gravimetric and electrochemical methods at 308 K. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of new synthesized Tiophene Schiff base. The potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that this compound as mixed-type inhibitor. Data, obtained from EIS measurements, were analyzed to model the corrosion inhibition process through appropriate equivalent circuit model; a constant phase element (CPE) has been used. The inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the components of the Thiophene derivative on the mild steel surface which can be approximated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Quantum chemical parameters are calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Correlation between theoretical and experimental results is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl by some hydrazine derivatives namely: (1 E ,2 E )-1,2-bis(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine ( PP2 ) and (1 E ,2 E )-1,2-bis(1 H -pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine ( PP3 ) has been investigated using weight loss, electrochemical studies, SEM and quantum chemical calculations. The results showed that PP3 is the best corrosion inhibitor among the three compounds studied and the inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration for all the inhibitors. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on mild steel surface was found to be spontaneous and obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic polarization investigations indicated that the studied inhibitors were mixed type inhibitors. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic measurements show that the inhibitors form an adsorptive layer on the metallic surface. Some of the inhibitors' quantum chemical parameters are calculated with the DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Among the calculated parameters, the LUMO energy, energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO, dipole moments (μ), global chemical hardness (η), softness (σ), and the fraction of electrons transferred from the inhibitor to the iron surface (ΔN) could well describe the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3 performance towards the corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 1 M HCl using weight loss, EIS and PP measurements revealed excellent results. • The inhibition efficiency showed a slight decrease with the rise of temperature. • The surface characterization SEM/EDX justified the adsorption of SAP molecules on mild steel surface. • Quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulation confirmed the experimentally obtained results. Controlling corrosion of metals and their alloys in acidic environments has recently received increasing scientific attention. Therefore, our study investigated three newly synthesized Schiff base (imine) derivatives, namely (3Z,3'Z)-4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diyldiimino)bispent-3-en-2-one (SAP1), (4′E)-4,4′-(pyridine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)dipentan-2-one (SAP2), and (4′E)-4,4′-(benzene-1,3-diyldinitrilo)dipentan-2-one (SAP3) to understand their adsorption on mild steel (MS) surface effects in 1 M HCl solution using electrochemical and theoretical methods. The obtained results show that the three inhibitors have good protective effects. Electrochemical techniques show that the presence of these compounds significantly increases the polarization resistance and influences both the anodic and cathodic reactions. This means that these inhibitors have mixed properties. The stability of these molecules at higher temperatures, from 298 K up to 328 K, was examined by polarization potentiodynamic measurements. This study revealed that these compounds resist temperature by adsorbing on the MS surface to form a protective barrier. Scanning electron microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) was also implemented to understand the adsorption phenomenon. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulation (MC) were performed to confirm the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bi-pyrazole derivatives are tested for corrosion protection of mild steel in HCl. • The adsorption of tested compounds follows Langmuir isotherm model. • DFT calculations show a widespread distribution of reactive sites in both molecules. • MD simulations suggest a nearly parallel adsorption of molecules over iron surface. Two new synthesized bi-pyrazole-carbohydrazides, namely 1,1′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis (5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide) (P2PZ) and 1,1′-(oxy bis (ethane -2,1-diyl)) bis (5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3- Carbohydrazide) (O2PZ) were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel (MS) in 1.0 M HCl media. Comparative study of inhibitory action of P2PZ and O2PZ was conducted first using mass loss and electrochemical measurements (potentiodynamic polarization curves, PPC, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) and it had shown that P2PZ outperforms O2PZ. The electrochemical studies showed a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 95% and 84% at 308 K and 10−3 mol/L of P2PZ and O2PZ, respectively. Their efficiency augmented with augmentation of concentration and decreased with augmentation of temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the corrosion inhibition followed a charge transfer process. Polarization curves suggested that the P2PZ and O2PZ acted as mixed-type inhibitors and followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The free energy of adsorption (ΔG ads) values, which lie within the range of -39.94 to -37.36 KJ mol−1, confirmed a physicochemical adsorption process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated the formation of a protective layer on the surface of the metal in the presence of both inhibitors. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation have been introduced to carry out a theoretical investigation of the inhibitors' reactivity and interaction with the iron surface, respectively. The comparative study based on experimental and theoretical results showed that the trend of inhibition potentials of tested inhibitors depends on their electron-donating/accepting abilities. The trend of reactivity of molecules P2PZ and O2PZ matched well with experimental results. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acid medium by L1 and C1 was investigated. • Inhibition efficiencies were experimentally achieved by gravimetric and electrochemical techniques and especially for the compound C 1. • SEM-EDS and UV–Visible studies support the formation of inhibitor film on steel surface. • DFT and Monte Carlo methods allowed correlating molecular properties with inhibition efficiency. The inhibition ability of a bipyrazole compound (L 1) and its complex copper [Cu (Hbpz) 3 ] (BF 4) 2 ] (C 1) towards mild steel (MS) corrosion in HCl solution was studied at various concentrations and temperatures using weight loss (WL) potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) methods, UV–vis spectroscopy and computational approach. Results of the polarization revealed that these compounds are mixed type. The adsorption of both molecules on the MS surface is demonstrated by the EDS, SEM and UV–visible findings. Adsorption of both compounds was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MC)) supports the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Studied corrosion inhibitors, M2PyAz and B2PyAz act as efficient inhibitors for MS. • Tafel results revealed that M2PyAz and B2PyAz as a mixed-type inhibitor. • Adsorption of both inhibitors obeyed Langmuir isotherm. • Theoretical calculations results were correlated to the inhibition efficiency. New bi-Pyrazol-Carbohydrazides, N,N-bis (3-Carbohydrazide-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl) methylene ( M2PyAz ) and 1,4-bis (3-Carbohydrazide-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl) butane (B2PyAz), were synthesized and their inhibitor effect against mild steel (MS) corrosion in 1 M HCl solution has been evaluated. Comparative study of inhibitory action of M2PyAz and B2PyAz was conducted first using weight loss measurements (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and theoretical computational methods. The inhibition efficiencies of M2PyAz and B2PyAz can reach 98.6% and 87.8% respectively when the optimal concentration is 10–3 M. This result indicates that M2PyAz behave as excellent corrosion inhibitor towards MS because of its molecular size giving a denticity of electron donor atoms. EIS results indicate that the charge transfer resistance increases with augmentation concentration for both inhibitors and the MS corrosion in this system is controlled by a charge transfer process. PDP curves suggest that the M2PyAz and B2PyAz act as mixed type corrosion inhibitors. Free energy of adsorption obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model for both M2PyAz and B2PyAz implies that both molecules inhibit the acid attack mainly by chemisorption. WL-measurements were carried out in temperature range of 308–348 K, illustrating approximately 98.5% and 89% inhibitory efficiency respectively for M2PyAz and B2PyAz after 6 h immersion at 308 K in 1 M HCl solution. SEM images indicates the protective layer growth on the surface of metal in the presence of both inhibitors. SEM images analysis in the presence of both inhibitors confirmed the electrochemical outcomes. Density functional theory (DFT) method and molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) application suggest that M2PyAz and B2PyAz can show excellent corrosion inhibition character. The trend of reactivity of both molecules M2PyAz and B2PyAz is in agreement with experimental study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The in situ copper (II) complexes of six pyrazole and pyridine based ligands: 1-[5-methyl-1-pyridin-2-yl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl] methanol L 1 , 2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine L 2 , (5-methyl-3-pyridin-2-yl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) ethyl acetate L 3 , 1′,5,5′-trimethyl-1′H-1,3′-bipyrazol-3-ethyl carboxylat L 4 , (1′,5,5′-trimethyl-1′H-1,3′-bipyrazol-3-yl) methanol L 5 , and 5,5′-diphenyl-3,3′-bipyrazole L 6 , are reported and studied for their catecholase activities at ambient conditions, the reaction rate depends on four parameters: The nature of the carbonic chain bounded to the pyrazole ring, the nature of counter anion, the concentration of ligand and the nature of solvent. The highest rate activity is given by complex resulting from one equivalent of ligand L 4 and two equivalents of Cu(CH3COO)2 in methanol, which equal to 4.440μmolL−1 min−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three new bipyrazole derivatives, ethyl 5,5′-dimethyl-1′ H-1,3′-bipyrazole-4-carboxylate (Bip1), 1,1′,5,5′-tetramethyl-1 H,1′ H-3,3′-bipyrazole (Bip2), and 3-(bromomethyl)-5,5′-dimethyl-1′ H-1,3′-bipyrazole (Bip3), have been synthesized and used as additives to protect C38 steel from corrosion in aerated 1 M HCl solution, using the various corrosion monitoring techniques such as weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All the techniques used for the studies show an increase in inhibition efficiency and decrease in the corrosion rate by increasing the inhibitor concentration. Impedance measurements showed that the double layer capacitance decreased and charge transfer resistance increased with increase in the inhibitors concentration, and hence an increase in inhibition efficiency. A potentiodynamic polarization study showed that all the inhibitors act as mixed-type. The adsorption of bipyrazole derivatives is found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the thermodynamic parameters were determined and are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of some prepared compounds, namely 3,5-dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole (P1), 3(5)-amino-5(3)-methylpyrazole (P2), and 1′,3,5,5′-tetramethyl-1′ H-1,3′-bipyrazole (P3), on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution as corrosive medium has been investigated at 308 K using weight-loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarisation, linear polarisation, and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Generally, inhibition efficiency of the investigated compounds was found to depend on the concentration and nature of the inhibitor. P3 was a better inhibitor than P1 and P2, and its inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of inhibitor, attaining 94% above 10 M. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly reveal that P3 acts essentially as a cathodic inhibitor. E (%) values obtained from different methods are in reasonably good agreement. EIS measurements show an increase of transfer resistance with inhibitor concentration. Partial π-charge on atoms was calculated. Correlation between the highest occupied molecular orbital energy E and inhibition efficiencies was sought. The temperature effect on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 1.0 M HCl without and with different concentrations of inhibitor P3 was studied in the temperature range 308 to 343 K. Thermodynamic data, for example heat of adsorption ( $$ \Updelta H_{\text{ads}}^{^\circ } $$), entropy of adsorption ( $$ \Updelta S_{\text{ads}}^{^\circ } $$) and free energy of adsorption ( $$ \Updelta G_{\text{ads}}^{^\circ } $$) were calculated by use of thermodynamic equations. Kinetic activation data, for example E, Δ H*, Δ S* and pre-exponential factor, were calculated, and are discussed. The inhibiting action of P3 on the corrosion of steel in 1-10 M hydrochloric acid was also studied by weight-loss measurement. The rate constant and reaction constant were calculated for the corrosion reactions. Adsorption of P3 on the steel surface in 1.0 M HCl follows the Langmuir isotherm model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: Very premature birth carries a high risk of neurocognitive disabilities and learning disorders. Acquiring sufficient speech skills is crucial to good school performance. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 2006 to evaluate speech development in 55 children born very prematurely in 2000 at the Rouen Teaching Hospital (Rouen, France), free of cerebral palsy, compared to 6-year-old born at full term. A computerized speech assessment tool was used (Bilan Informatisé du Langage Oral, BILO II). Results: In the premature-birth group, 49 % of 6-year-old had at least 1 score below the 25th percentile on 1 of the 8 BILO II tests. Significant speech impairments were noted for 2 components of speech, namely, comprehension and phonology. Oral comprehension scores no higher than the 10th percentile were obtained by 23 % of prematurely born children (P <0.02 vs controls). On word repetition tasks used to test phonology, 21 % of prematurely born children obtained scores no higher than the 10th percentile (P <0.01 vs controls). An evaluation of sensorimotor language prerequisites (constraints) in 30 of the 55 prematurely born children showed significant differences with the controls for word memory, visual attention, and buccofacial praxis. Conclusion: The speech development impairments found in 6-year-old born very prematurely suggest a distinctive pattern of neurodevelopmental dysfunction that is consistent with the motor theory of speech perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition of C38 steel in molar HCl by N, N-bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]buthylamine (P1) and 5-{ N, N-bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl] amino} pentanol (P2) has been investigated at 308 K using electrochemical and weight loss measurements. Measurements show that these compounds act as good inhibitors without changing the mechanism of the corrosion process. Moreover, the inhibiting efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of the studied inhibitors. Compound P2 showed better protection properties even at relatively higher temperatures when compared to P1. The associated activation corrosion and free adsorption energies have been determined. P1 and P2 are adsorbed on the C38 steel surface according to a Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (P1), pyridine (P2) and 2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) pyridine (P3) on the corrosion inhibition of steel in molar hydrochloric acid solution is studied using weight-loss, potentiodynamic and EIS measurements. Results obtained shows that P3 is the best inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of concentration to attain 89% since 10-3M. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly reveal that it acts essentially as a cathodic inhibitor. The inhibitor studied reduces the corrosion rates. E (%) values obtained from various methods used are in good agreement. Adsorption of P3 on steel surface has an S-shaped adsorption isotherm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]