63 results on '"Radiation dose reconstruction"'
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2. RECONSTRUCTION OF DOSE TO THE RESIDENTS OF OZERSK FROM THE OPERATION OF THE MAYAK PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION: 1948-2002: Progress Report on Project 1.4
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Napier, Bruce
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- 2009
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3. FURTHER STUDIES ON UNCERTAINTY, CONFOUNDING, AND VALIDATION OF THE DOSES IN THE TECHA RIVER DOSIMETRY SYSTEM: Concluding Progress Report on the Second Phase of Project 1.1
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Napier, Bruce
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- 2009
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4. ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE RADIATION DOSES FOR THE TECHA RIVER DOSIMETRY SYSTEM
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Shagina, N
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- 2009
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5. Methods For Calculating Thyroid Doses to The Residents Of Ozersk Due to 131I Releases From The Stacks of The Mayak Production Association
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Napier, Bruce
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- 2009
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6. MINOR PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR INDIVIDUAL-DOSE CALCULATIONS: Final Report for Tasks 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3
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Napier, Bruce
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- 2009
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7. Estimation of Internal Radiation Dose from both Immediate Releases and Continued Exposures to Contaminated Materials
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Napier, Bruce
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- 2012
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8. Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry in tooth enamel: biopsy procedure and determination of dose detection limit.
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Romanyukha, Alex, Trompier, François, and Reyes, Ricardo
- Abstract
High-frequency Q-band (37 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry allows to perform fast (i.e., measurement time <15 min) dose measurements using samples obtained from tooth enamel mini-biopsy procedures. We developed and tested a new procedure for taking tooth enamel biopsy for such dose measurements. Recent experience with EPR dose measurements in Q-band using mini-probes of tooth enamel has demonstrated that a small amount of tooth enamel (2-10 mg) can be quickly obtained from victims of a radiation accident. Accurate dose assessments can further be carried out in a very short time to provide important information for medical treatment. Here, the Q-band EPR dose detection limit for 5 and 10 mg samples is estimated to be 367 and 248 mGy, respectively. These values are comparable to the critical parameters determined for conventional X-band EPR in tooth enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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9. Two-miRNA–based finger-stick assay for estimation of absorbed ionizing radiation dose
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Xiaokui Mo, Meng Xu-Welliver, Arnab Chakravarti, Naduparambil K. Jacob, Ya Ma, Diviya S. Jacob, Shashaank T. Parasa, Zahida Qamri, Marshleen Yadav, Noureen Bhuiya, Paolo Fadda, Jason Huang, L Lu, Joseph Liu, and Sagar Bhayana
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Radiation ,Radiation Dosage ,Article ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Ionizing radiation ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Biodosimetry ,Radiation, Ionizing ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Blood test ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Gamma ray ,Acute Radiation Syndrome ,Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,MicroRNAs ,Leukemia ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,Biological Assay ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Nuclear radiation and radioactive fallouts resulting from a nuclear weapon detonation or reactor accidents could result in injuries affecting multiple sensitive organs, defined as acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Rapid and early estimation of injuries to sensitive organs using markers of radiation response is critical for identifying individuals who could potentially exhibit ARS; however, there are currently no biodosimetry assays approved for human use. We developed a sensitive microRNA (miRNA)–based blood test for radiation dose reconstruction with ±0.5 Gy resolution at critical dose range. Radiation dose–dependent changes in miR-150-5p in blood were internally normalized by a miRNA, miR-23a-3p, that was nonresponsive to radiation. miR-23a-3p was not highly expressed in blood cells but was abundant in circulation and was released primarily from the lung. Our assay showed the capability for dose estimation within hours to 1 week after exposure using a drop of blood from mice. We tested this biodosimetry assay for estimation of absorbed ionizing radiation dose in mice of varying ages and after exposure to both improvised nuclear device (IND)–spectrum neutrons and gamma rays. Leukemia specimens from patients exposed to fractionated radiation showed depletion of miR-150-5p in blood. We bridged the exposure of these patients to fractionated radiation by comparing responses after fractionated versus single acute exposure in mice. Although validation in nonhuman primates is needed, this proof-of-concept study suggests the potential utility of this assay in radiation disaster management and clinical applications.
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- 2020
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10. Machine learning for the prediction of pseudorealistic pediatric abdominal phantoms for radiation dose reconstruction
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Tanja Alderliesten, Ziyuan Wang, Peter A. N. Bosman, Marco Virgolin, Graduate School, Radiotherapy, and CCA - Imaging and biomarkers
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Radiography ,Childhood cancer ,dose reconstruction ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Imaging phantom ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,business.industry ,Image segmentation ,phantom ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Pediatric cancer ,pediatric cancer ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,machine learning ,PACS and Imaging Informatics ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Abdomen ,radiation treatment ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Control methods - Abstract
Purpose: Current phantoms used for the dose reconstruction of long-term childhood cancer survivors lack individualization. We design a method to predict highly individualized abdominal three-dimensional (3-D) phantoms automatically.Approach: We train machine learning (ML) models to map (2-D) patient features to 3-D organat-risk (OAR) metrics upon a database of 60 pediatric abdominal computed tomographies with liver and spleen segmentations. Next, we use the models in an automatic pipeline that outputs a personalized phantom given the patient's features, by assembling 3-D imaging from the database. A step to improve phantom realism (i.e., avoid OAR overlap) is included. We compare five ML algorithms, in terms of predicting OAR left-right (LR), anterior-posterior (AP), inferior-superior (IS) positions, and surface Dice-Sorensen coefficient (sDSC). Furthermore, two existing human-designed phantom construction criteria and two additional control methods are investigated for comparison.Results: Different ML algorithms result in similar test mean absolute errors: similar to 8 mm for liver LR, IS, and spleen AP, IS; similar to 5 mm for liver AP and spleen LR; similar to 80% for abdomen sDSC; and similar to 60% to 65% for liver and spleen sDSC. One ML algorithm (GP-GOMEA) significantly performs the best for 6/9 metrics. The control methods and the human-designed criteria in particular perform generally worse, sometimes substantially (+5-mm error for spleen IS, -10% sDSC for liver). The automatic step to improve realism generally results in limited metric accuracy loss, but fails in one case (out of 60).Conclusion: Our ML-based pipeline leads to phantoms that are significantly and substantially more individualized than currently used human-designed criteria. (C) 2020 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
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- 2020
11. Automatic generation of three-dimensional dose reconstruction data for two-dimensional radiotherapy plans for historically treated patients
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Tanja Alderliesten, K.F. Crama, Peter A. N. Bosman, Ziyuan Wang, Brian V. Balgobind, Marco Virgolin, Arjan Bel, Graduate School, Radiotherapy, and CCA - Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life
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medicine.diagnostic_test ,Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling ,business.industry ,landmark detection ,Radiography ,Pipeline (computing) ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Childhood cancer ,Isocenter ,Image processing ,Computed tomography ,dose reconstruction ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Radiation therapy ,03 medical and health sciences ,digitally reconstructed radiograph ,0302 clinical medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,plan emulation ,radiotherapy - Abstract
Performing large-scale three-dimensional radiation dose reconstruction for patients requires a large amount of manual work. We present an image processing-based pipeline to automatically reconstruct radiation dose. The pipeline was designed for childhood cancer survivors that received abdominal radiotherapy with anterior-to-posterior and posterior-to-anterior field set-up. First, anatomical landmarks are automatically identified on two-dimensional radiographs. Second, these landmarks are used to derive parameters to emulate the geometry of the plan on a surrogate computed tomography. Finally, the plan is emulated and used as input for dose calculation. For qualitative evaluation, 100 cases of automatic and manual plan emulations were assessed by two experienced radiation dosimetrists in a blinded comparison. The two radiation dosimetrists approved 100%/100% and 92%/91% of the automatic/manual plan emulations, respectively. Similar approval rates of 100% and 94% hold when the automatic pipeline is applied on another 50 cases. Further, quantitative comparisons resulted in on average
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- 2020
12. Machine learning for automatic construction of pediatric abdominal phantoms for radiation dose reconstruction
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Virgolin, Marco, Wang, Ziyuan, Alderliesten, Tanja, Bosman, Peter A. N., Chen, Po-Hao, Deserno, Thomas M., Graduate School, Radiotherapy, and CCA - Imaging and biomarkers
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Pediatric cancer ,Phantom ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Radiography ,Evolutionary algorithm ,Genetic programming ,Radiation treatment ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Imaging phantom ,Dose reconstruction ,Artificial intelligence ,Heuristics ,business ,computer ,Interpretability - Abstract
The advent of Machine Learning (ML) is proving extremely beneficial in many healthcare applications. In pediatric oncology, retrospective studies that investigate the relationship between treatment and late adverse effects still rely on simple heuristics. To capture the effects of radiation treatment, treatment plans are typically simulated on virtual surrogates of patient anatomy called phantoms. Currently, phantoms are built to represent categories of patients based on reasonable yet simple criteria. This often results in phantoms that are too generic to accurately represent individual anatomies. We present a novel approach that combines imaging data and ML to build individualized phantoms automatically. We design a pipeline that, given features of patients treated in the pre-3D planning era when only 2D radiographs were available, as well as a database of 3D Computed Tomography (CT) imaging with organ segmentations, uses ML to predict how to assemble a patient-specific phantom. Using 60 abdominal CTs of pediatric patients between 2 to 6 years of age, we find that our approach delivers significantly more representative phantoms compared to using current phantom building criteria, in terms of shape and location of two considered organs (liver and spleen), and shape of the abdomen. Furthermore, as interpretability is often central to trust ML models in medical contexts, among other ML algorithms we consider the Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithm for Genetic Programming (GP-GOMEA), that learns readable mathematical expression models. We find that the readability of its output does not compromise prediction performance as GP-GOMEA delivered the best performing models.
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- 2020
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13. AN APPROACH TO REDUCTION OF UNCERTAINTIES IN INTERNAL DOSES RECONSTRUCTED FOR THE TECHA RIVER POPULATION
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Napier, Bruce
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- 2007
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14. Environmental Surveillance at Los Alamos: An Independent Reassessment of Historical Data.
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Silver, Ken and Clapp, Richard
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EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,PUBLIC health ,AIR pollution ,NUCLEAR facilities - Abstract
Since 1971, a series of annual Environmental Surveillance ... reports have served as the official public record of Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) environmental performance. In northern New Mexico, where past LANL emissions are a public health concern, there is public skepticism over the accuracy of information contained in these reports. To test the hypothesis that LANL Environmental Surveillance ... reports systematically understate past emissions, we compared the data on releases in LANL's own internal Occurrence Reports Collection (ORC) to the data reported to the public in the Environmental Surveillance ... reports. A data set of 89 environmental occurrences recorded in the ORC in the time period from 1971 through 1980 was assembled. We did not find a systematic pattern of quantitative underreporting of source terms. However, 17 of the 89 (19%) environmental occurrences recorded in the ORC were not reported to the public in the Environmental Surveillance ... reports. The observed discrepancies are discussed in terms of their relevance to public health concerns. Methodological caveats dictate restraint in applying these findings beyond the scope of the relative comparison performed here. Possible social origins for the rejected hypothesis are discussed. Areas for further consideration by the Centers for Disease Control's dose reconstruction study of LANL are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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15. Parameters affecting EPR dose reconstruction in teeth
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Romanyukha, A.A., Schauer, D.A., Thomas, J.A., and Regulla, D.F.
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COATING processes , *SURFACE coatings , *DENTAL enamel , *RADIATION - Abstract
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the lower limit of detection (LLD), linearity of dose response, variation of radiation sensitivity between different tooth enamel samples, and time/temperature stability of EPR biodosimetry in tooth enamel. The theoretical LLD is shown to be 0.46mGy, which is far lower than the measured value of about 30mGy. The main issues to lowering LLD are the differentiation of the radiation-induced component against the total EPR spectrum and the complex nature of the dose dependence of the EPR signal. The following questions are also discussed in detail: need for exfoliated or extracted teeth from persons of interest, accounting for background radiation contribution; conversion of tooth enamel absorbed dose to effective dose; accounting for internal exposure specifically from bone-seeking radionuclides. Conclusions on future development of EPR retrospective biodosimetry are made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2005
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16. Development of posture-specific computational phantoms using motion capture technology and application to radiation dose-reconstruction for the 1999 Tokai-Mura nuclear criticality accident
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Peter F. Caracappa, X. George Xu, and Justin A. Vazquez
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Posture ,Medical prognosis ,Radiation Dosage ,Motion capture ,Imaging phantom ,Motion ,Japan ,medicine ,Accidents, Occupational ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Tissue Distribution ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Tissue distribution ,Radiometry ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,Phantoms, Imaging ,business.industry ,Nuclear criticality safety ,Tokai mura ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Organ Specificity ,Radioactive Hazard Release ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,Monte Carlo Method - Abstract
The majority of existing computational phantoms are designed to represent workers in typical standing anatomical postures with fixed arm and leg positions. However, workers found in accident-related scenarios often assume varied postures. This paper describes the development and application of two phantoms with adjusted postures specified by data acquired from a motion capture system to simulate unique human postures found in a 1999 criticality accident that took place at a JCO facility in Tokai-Mura, Japan. In the course of this accident, two workers were fatally exposed to extremely high levels of radiation. Implementation of the emergent techniques discussed produced more accurate and more detailed dose estimates for the two workers than were reported in previous studies. A total-body dose of 6.43 and 26.38 Gy was estimated for the two workers, who assumed a crouching and a standing posture, respectively. Additionally, organ-specific dose estimates were determined, including a 7.93 Gy dose to the thyroid and 6.11 Gy dose to the stomach for the crouching worker and a 41.71 Gy dose to the liver and a 37.26 Gy dose to the stomach for the standing worker. Implications for the medical prognosis of the workers are discussed, and the results of this study were found to correlate better with the patient outcome than previous estimates, suggesting potential future applications of such methods for improved epidemiological studies involving next-generation computational phantom tools.
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- 2014
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17. Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry in tooth enamel: biopsy procedure and determination of dose detection limit
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Ricardo A. Reyes, Alexander Romanyukha, and François Trompier
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Materials science ,Biopsy ,Biophysics ,Dose profile ,Radiation ,law.invention ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Q band ,stomatognathic system ,Limit of Detection ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Dental Enamel ,Radiometry ,Electron paramagnetic resonance ,General Environmental Science ,Detection limit ,business.industry ,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Tooth enamel ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Nuclear medicine ,business - Abstract
High-frequency Q-band (37 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry allows to perform fast (i.e., measurement time
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- 2014
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18. EP-2004: Cardiac Radiation Dose Reconstruction in the Study of Late Effects:A Comparison of Different Methods
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A. Ng, David J. Cutter, Georgios Ntentas, Marianne C. Aznar, Sarah C. Darby, Rebecca M. Howell, Maja V. Maraldo, David C. Hodgson, and Sameera Ahmed
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Oncology ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Hematology ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Nuclear medicine ,business - Published
- 2018
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19. Comparison of Radiation Dose Reconstruction Methods to Investigate Late Adverse Effects of Radiotherapy for Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
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Rebecca M. Howell, Susan A. Smith, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, Lindsay M. Morton, Lucie M. Turcotte, Peter D. Inskip, Smita Bhatia, Sara J. Schonfeld, Tara O. Henderson, Stephen J. Chanock, Chaya S. Moskowitz, Joshua N. Sampson, Margaret A. Tucker, Michael Arnold, Todd M. Gibson, Leslie L. Robison, Gregory T. Armstrong, Wendy M. Leisenring, Joseph Philip Neglia, and Kevin C. Oeffinger
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Male ,Research Report ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Biophysics ,Childhood Cancer Survivor Study ,Radiation Dosage ,Risk Assessment ,Article ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Breast cancer ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Survivors ,Child ,Absorbed Radiation Dose ,Models, Statistical ,Radiation ,Radiotherapy ,business.industry ,Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ,Radiotherapy Dosage ,Odds ratio ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Radiation therapy ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Body region ,Radiology ,business - Abstract
Quantification of radiation dose to normal tissue during radiotherapy is critical for assessing risk for radiotherapy-related late effects, including subsequent neoplasms (SNs). Case-control studies of SNs typically reconstruct absorbed radiation dose to the specific SN location using individual treatment parameters. A simplified method estimates the maximum prescribed target dose to the body region in which the SN arises. We compared doses and risk estimates from these methods using data from case-control studies of subsequent brain tumors (64 cases, 244 controls) and breast cancer (94 cases, 358 controls) nested within the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (≥5-year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed 1970–1986). The weighted kappa statistic [95% confidence interval (CI)] evaluating agreement between categorical (>0–9.9/10–19.9/20–29.9/≥30 Gy) body-region and tumor location-specific doses was 0.95 (0.91–0.98) for brain and 0.76 (0.69–0.82) for breast. The body-region and location-specific doses were assigned to the same dose category for a smaller proportion of patients treated with fields delivering a heterogeneous dose across the tissue of interest (e.g., partial brain field = 57.1%; mantle field = 61.3%) than patients treated with fields delivering a more homogeneous dose (e.g., whole brain field = 100%). Excess odds ratios per Gy (95% CI) from conditional logistic regression were 1.25 (0.33–6.33) and 1.20 (0.31–6.14) for brain tumors and 0.21 (0.05–0.77) and 0.10 (0.02–0.44) for breast cancer, using location-specific and body-region doses, respectively. We observed that body-region doses can approximate location-specific doses when the tissue of interest is clearly in the radiation field or outside the treated body region. Agreement is lower when there is greater ambiguity of SN location relative to the treatment field.
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- 2019
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20. Adaptations to a Generalized Radiation Dose Reconstruction Methodology for Use in Epidemiologic Studies: An Update from the MD Anderson Late Effect Group
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Marilyn Stovall, Susan A. Smith, Stephen F Kry, Rita E. Weathers, and Rebecca M. Howell
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Future studies ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Biophysics ,Radiation Dosage ,Article ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Radiation ,Phantoms, Imaging ,business.industry ,Late effect ,Radiation Exposure ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Reconstruction method ,Radiation therapy ,Radiation exposure ,Epidemiologic Studies ,Organ Specificity ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Epidemiologic studies that include patients who underwent radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer aim to quantify the relationship between radiotherapy and the risk of subsequent late effects. Because of the long follow-up period required to observe late effects, these studies are conducted retrospectively. The studies routinely include patients treated across numerous institutions using a wide range of technologies and represent treatments over several decades. As a result, determining the dose throughout the patient's body is uniquely challenging. Therefore, estimating doses throughout the patient's body for epidemiologic studies requires special methodologies that are generally applied to a wide range of radiotherapy techniques. Over ten years ago, the MD Anderson Late Effects Group described various dose reconstruction methods for therapeutic and diagnostic radiation exposure for epidemiologic studies. Here we provide an update to the most widely used dose reconstruction methodology for epidemiologic studies, analytical model calculations combined with a 3D age-specific computational phantom. In particular, we describe the various adaptations (and enhancements) of that methodology, as well as how they have been used in radiation epidemiology studies and may be used in future studies.
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- 2019
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21. Reconstruction of Radiation Dose Received by Diagnostic Radiologic Technologists in Korea
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Jaeyoung Kim, Won Jin Lee, Yeongchull Choi, Jung Jeung Lee, and Jae Kwan Jun
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Adult ,Male ,Cross-sectional study ,Health Personnel ,lcsh:Medicine ,Historical reconstruction ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,Health personnel ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Dosimetry ,Republic of Korea ,Medicine ,Humans ,Radiometry ,Workers ,Aged ,Radiation ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Radiation dose ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Facility type ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Middle Aged ,Radiation Exposure ,Occupational exposure ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Medical radiation ,Radiation exposure ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Original Article ,Nuclear medicine ,business - Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnostic medical radiation workers in Korea have been officially monitored for their occupational radiation doses since 1996. The purpose of this study was to design models for reconstructing unknown individual radiation doses to which diagnostic radiation technologists were exposed before 1996. METHODS Radiation dose reconstruction models were developed by using cross-sectional survey data and the personal badge doses of 8167 radiologic technologists. The models included calendar year and age as predictors, and the participants were grouped into six categories according to their sex and facility type. The annual doses between 1971 and 1995 for those who were employed before 1996 were estimated using these models. RESULTS The calendar year and age were inversely related to the estimated radiation doses in the models of all six groups. The annual median estimated doses decreased from 9.45 mSv in 1971 to 1.26 mSv in 1995, and the associated dose variation also decreased with time. The estimated median badge doses from 1996 (1.22 mSv) to 2011 (0.30 mSv) were similar to the measured doses (1.68 mSv to 0.21 mSv) for the same years. Similar results were observed for all six groups. CONCLUSIONS The reconstruction models developed in this study may be useful for estimating historical occupational radiation doses received by medical radiologic technologists in Korea.
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- 2016
22. Commentary: Integrated retrospective radiation dose assessment
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Marvin Goldman
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Radionuclide ,medicine.medical_specialty ,education ,Radiation dose ,Cell Biology ,Biology ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Toxicology ,Thermoluminescent Dosimetry ,medicine ,Molecular Medicine ,Dosimetry ,Medical physics ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Radiation dose reconstruction is used to estimate exposure to radiation that has occurred externally, e.g., from an atomic bomb, or internally, e.g., from radionuclide ingestion. This commentary reviews techniques for biological dosimetry that have been developed to estimate radiation doses from internal exposures, but which can also be used to estimate external exposures. The author argues for increased development and use of these biological tools.
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- 2009
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23. DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID METHODS FOR ASSESSING DOSES FROM INTERNALLY DEPOSITED RADIONUCLIDES
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Scott R. Siebert, Lin-Shen C. Sun, Keith A. McCartney, Edward F. Maher, and Brian D. Mize
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Single step ,Radiation Dosage ,Risk Assessment ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Occupational safety and health ,Radiation Monitoring ,Risk Factors ,Occupational Exposure ,Humans ,Medicine ,Dosimetry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Radioisotopes ,Radionuclide ,business.industry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,United States ,Organ Specificity ,Internal dose ,Body Burden ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S ,Algorithms ,Radioactive Pollutants - Abstract
During the initial phases of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Radiation Dose Reconstruction Program, all calculations of organ doses due to internally deposited radionuclides were performed using the Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis program. However, limitations associated with this program, including the need to calculate separate internal dose assessments for each radionuclide, created inefficiencies in the processing of claims. As a result, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health developed and introduced a suite of tools to expedite the process. The first of these was the Chronic Annual Dose Workbook program. This innovative tool permits a dose reconstructor to calculate, in a single step, an organ dose that involves up to 255 separate intakes in any combination of radionuclides, intake modes, and absorption types. In addition, the program enables dose reconstructors to determine the specific radionuclide characteristics that will deliver the highest organ dose for a specific intake. Furthermore, the results are displayed in a format that is compatible with the Interactive RadioEpidemiological Program, which is used by the U.S. Department of Labor in establishing the probability of causation. The value of the probability of causation, in combination with other information, subsequently enables the U.S. Department of Labor to render a decision on compensability. These developments have played a major role in enabling the dose reconstruction teams to meet the claim processing goals with increased efficiency and accuracy.
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- 2008
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24. THE NIOSH RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAM: ORIGIN, GOALS, SCOPE, AND RESULTS
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Dade W. Moeller and Richard E. Toohey
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Scope (project management) ,Epidemiology ,Research ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Radiation Dosage ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Risk Assessment ,United States ,medicine ,Organizational Objectives ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Business ,Radiometry ,Goals ,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S ,Radioactive Pollutants - Published
- 2008
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25. RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAM OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH: OVERVIEW
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Larry J. Elliott, James W. Neton, and John Howard
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Epidemiology ,Process (engineering) ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,MEDLINE ,Guidelines as Topic ,Radiation Dosage ,Risk Assessment ,Occupational safety and health ,Occupational Exposure ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Institutional Management Teams ,Radiation Injuries ,Occupational Health ,Plaintiff ,Actuarial science ,business.industry ,Research ,Compensation (psychology) ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,United States ,Work (electrical) ,Risk assessment ,business ,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S - Abstract
Over the past 65 years, hundreds of thousands of workers have been engaged in nuclear weapons-related activities for the U.S. Department of Energy or its predecessor agencies. To date, almost 27,000 such employees (or their survivors) have filed claims under Part B of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, which provides monetary compensation and medical benefits to energy employees who have developed certain types of cancer that have been determined, under the guidelines of the program, to have resulted from occupational radiation exposure covered under the Act. Although it is difficult to predict the number of cancer claims that will be evaluated under this program, the number could double or triple. In each case, the processing of a claim requires that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health reconstruct the radiation dose received by the employee followed by a determination by the U.S. Department of Labor as to whether the employee was "at least as likely as not" to have sustained the cancer as a result of his or her occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. Although some of the dose assessments are straightforward, many are extremely complex due to (1) missing, non-interpretable, or undocumented records; (2) a wide variety of external and internal exposure conditions; and/or (3) highly variable work assignments and work loads. The program objectives are to process claims in an effective, efficient, and timely manner. One of the initial challenges was to develop the necessary infrastructure to meet these objectives. Subsequent challenges included documenting that assessments are fair and scientifically consistent. Ensuring that each claimant receives the "benefit of the doubt" in any cases where the required background information and data are ambiguous or not available is also an important objective. Fortunately, there are some aspects of the processing requirements that have tended to reduce the complexity, two examples being that compensation is based on exposures that occurred during covered employment after a cancer has developed and that the required dose estimates are for individual body organs, not effective doses. Throughout the process, every effort has been made to ensure that the dose assessments have the support of the best available science.
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- 2008
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26. SCIENTIFIC ISSUES IN RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION
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Richard E. Toohey
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Missed Dose ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Scientific literature ,Radiation Dosage ,Demographic data ,Risk Assessment ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Compensation (engineering) ,medicine ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Exposure control ,Radiation Injuries ,Radiometry ,Occupational Health ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,United States ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Internal dose ,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S - Abstract
Stakeholders have raised numerous issues regarding the scientific basis of radiation dose reconstruction for compensation. These issues can be grouped into three broad categories: data issues, dosimetry issues, and compensation issues. Data issues include demographic data of the worker, changes in site operations over time (both production and exposure control), characterization of episodic vs. chronic exposures, and the use of coworker data. Dosimetry issues include methods for assessment of ambient exposures, missed dose, unmonitored dose, and medical x-ray dose incurred as a condition of employment. Specific issues related to external dose include the sensitivity, angular and energy dependence of personal monitors, exposure geometries, and the accompanying uncertainties. Those related to internal dose include sensitivity of bioassay methods, uncertainties in biokinetic models, appropriate dose coefficients, and modeling uncertainties. Compensation issues include uncertainties in the risk models and use of the 99 th percentile of the distribution of probability of causation for awarding compensation. A review of the scientific literature and analysis of each of these issues distinguishes factors that play a major role in the compensation decision from those that do not.
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- 2008
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27. THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAM: COMMENTARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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James W. Neton and Larry J. Elliott
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Quality Control ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Reproducibility of Results ,Radiation Dosage ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Risk Assessment ,United States ,Occupational safety and health ,Radiation Monitoring ,Risk Factors ,Occupational Exposure ,medicine ,Humans ,Workers' Compensation ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Radiation Injuries ,business ,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S ,Occupational Health ,Radioactive Pollutants - Published
- 2008
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28. Investigation of some Parameters Influencing the Sensitivity of Human Tooth Enamel to Gamma Radiation using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
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Nabil El-Faramawy
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Male ,Molar ,Materials science ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Radiation ,law.invention ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,stomatognathic system ,law ,Human tooth ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Dental Enamel ,Electron paramagnetic resonance ,Response factor ,Enamel paint ,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Tooth enamel ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Gamma Rays ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Female - Abstract
EPR Dosimetry/Tooth Enamel/Sensitivity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been successfully used as a physical technique for g amma radiation dose reconstruction using calcified tissues. To minimize potential discrepancies between EPR readings in future studies, the effects of cavity response factor, tooth position and donor gender on the estimated gamma radiation dose were studied. It was found that the EPR response per sample mass used for assessment of doses in teeth outside of the 70–100 mg range should be corrected by a factor which is a function of the sample mass. In the EPR measurements, the difference in sensitivity of different tooth positions to γ-radiation was taken into consideration. It was determined that among all the premolars and molars tooth positions, the relative standard deviation of sensitivity was 6.5%, with the wisdom teeth and the first molars having the highest and lowest sensitivity to γ-radiation, respectively. The current results reveal no effect of the donor gender on the sensitivity to γ-radiation.
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- 2008
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29. An approach to reduction of uncertainties in internal doses reconstructed for the Techa river population
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Marina O. Degteva, Bruce A. Napier, N. G. Bougrov, V.I. Zalyapin, E. I. Tolstykh, N. B. Shagina, and Lynn R. Anspaugh
- Subjects
Water Pollutants, Radioactive ,plutonium ,strontium 90 ,Population ,radiation detection ,Models, Biological ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Whole-Body Counting ,Preliminary analysis ,Reduction (complexity) ,Rivers ,Russian Federation ,Nuclear Reactors ,Water Supply ,Radioactive contamination ,Statistics ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,controlled study ,Computer Simulation ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Internal dosimetry ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Radiation ,dosimetry ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,radiation absorption ,business.industry ,drinking water ,article ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Reproducibility of Results ,water contamination ,General Medicine ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,radioactive contamination ,river water ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,Absorbed dose ,radiation measurement ,Body Burden ,Environmental science ,Biological Assay ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,mathematical model ,USSR - Abstract
A methodology was developed for reduction of uncertainties in estimates of internal dose for residents of the Techa Riverside communities, who were exposed as a result of releases of radionuclides from the Mayak plutonium production facility in 1949-56. The 'Techa River Dosimetry System' (TRDS) was specifically elaborated for reconstruction of doses. A preliminary analysis of uncertainty for doses estimated using the current version of the TRDS showed large ranges in the uncertainty of internal absorbed dose and led to suggestions of methods to reduce uncertainties. The new methodological approaches described in this paper will allow for significant reduction of uncertainties of 90Sr- dose. The major sources of reduction are: making use of individual measured values of 90Sr and through development of a Household Registry to associate unmeasured persons with measured persons living in the same household(s). © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2007
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30. Shared Dosimetry Error in Epidemiological Dose-Response Analyses
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Bruce A. Napier, Kenneth J. Kopecky, Daniel O. Stram, André Bouville, John E. Till, John D. Boice, Dale L. Preston, Harold L. Beck, and M. E. Sokolnikov
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Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Science ,Absolute risk reduction ,Context (language use) ,Covariance ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Confidence interval ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,0302 clinical medicine ,Standard error ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Statistics ,symbols ,Dosimetry ,Medicine ,Fisher information ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,Mathematics ,Research Article - Abstract
Radiation dose reconstruction systems for large-scale epidemiological studies are sophisticated both in providing estimates of dose and in representing dosimetry uncertainty. For example, a computer program was used by the Hanford Thyroid Disease Study to provide 100 realizations of possible dose to study participants. The variation in realizations reflected the range of possible dose for each cohort member consistent with the data on dose determinates in the cohort. Another example is the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2013 which estimates both external and internal exposures and provides multiple realizations of "possible" dose history to workers given dose determinants. This paper takes up the problem of dealing with complex dosimetry systems that provide multiple realizations of dose in an epidemiologic analysis. In this paper we derive expected scores and the information matrix for a model used widely in radiation epidemiology, namely the linear excess relative risk (ERR) model that allows for a linear dose response (risk in relation to radiation) and distinguishes between modifiers of background rates and of the excess risk due to exposure. We show that treating the mean dose for each individual (calculated by averaging over the realizations) as if it was true dose (ignoring both shared and unshared dosimetry errors) gives asymptotically unbiased estimates (i.e. the score has expectation zero) and valid tests of the null hypothesis that the ERR slope β is zero. Although the score is unbiased the information matrix (and hence the standard errors of the estimate of β) is biased for β≠0 when ignoring errors in dose estimates, and we show how to adjust the information matrix to remove this bias, using the multiple realizations of dose. The use of these methods in the context of several studies including, the Mayak Worker Cohort, and the U.S. Atomic Veterans Study, is discussed.
- Published
- 2015
31. Radiation dose reconstruction and nuclear-explosion dating in the East-Kazakhstan region
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Yu. A. Ryabikin, O. V. Zashkvara, A. I. Polyakov, N. P. Andreeva, and A. Sh. Gaitinov
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Nuclear explosion ,Radionuclide ,education.field_of_study ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Radiography ,Radiochemistry ,Population ,Radiation ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,law ,Nuclear spectroscopy ,Electron paramagnetic resonance ,education ,business - Abstract
The radioecological situation in the East-Kazakhstan region was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), radiography and nuclear spectroscopy methods. The eastern part of this region borders the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. Radiation doses for 33 residents of this region were measured by EPR dosimetry in tooth enamel. It was found that for 25% of the residents the measured radiation doses do not exceed the background level. The rest of the doses exceed the background level by a factor of 2–4 on the average. A new method of nuclear explosion dating was developed on the basis of the EPR measurements of the free radical concentration in annual tree rings. Their maximal concentration corresponds to the years when nuclear explosions were executed. The obtained results correlate well with the commonly accepted radiography method. Both methods show a maximum of radionuclide levels in the years of nuclear testing. The plutonium-239 content in residents hair samples was found to be equal to (0.8±0.2)·10−9 g/kg and with activity of 1.9±0.4 Bq/kg. This is by a factor of 20 higher than the permitted content for the population.
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- 2006
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32. Analysis of Current Assessments and Perspectives of ESR Tooth Dosimetry for Radiation Dose Reconstruction of the Population Residing Near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
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Yurii K. Malikov, David A. Schauer, and Alexander Romanyukha
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Adult ,Male ,Radioactive Fallout ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Population ,Radiation Dosage ,Risk Assessment ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Age Distribution ,Radiation Monitoring ,Risk Factors ,Relative biological effectiveness ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Dental Enamel ,education ,Aged ,Nuclear Warfare ,Aged, 80 and over ,Radioisotopes ,education.field_of_study ,Radiation ,business.industry ,Radiochemistry ,Significant difference ,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ,Reproducibility of Results ,Middle Aged ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Kazakhstan ,Body Burden ,Radiation monitoring ,Environmental science ,Female ,Nuclear test ,Thermoluminescent dosimeter ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,Relative Biological Effectiveness - Abstract
Between 1949 and 1989 the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS), an area of 19,000 square km in northeastern Kazakhstan, was the location of over 400 nuclear test explosions with a total explosive energy of 6.6 Mt TNT (trinitrotoluene or trotyl) equivalent. It is estimated that the bulk of the radiation exposure to the population resulted from three tests, conducted in 1949, 1951, and 1953 although estimations of radiation doses received by the local population have varied significantly. Analysis of the published ESR dose reconstruction results for residents of the villages near the SNTS show that they do not correlate well with other methods of dose assessment (e.g. model dose calculation and thermo luminescence dosimetry (TLD) in bricks). The most significant difference in dose estimations was found for the population of Dolon, which was exposed as result of the first Soviet nuclear test in 1949. Published results of ESR measurements in tooth enamel are considerably lower than other dose estimations. Detailed analysis of these results is provided and a possible explanation for this discrepancy and ways to eliminate it are suggested.
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- 2006
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33. Parameters affecting EPR dose reconstruction in teeth
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Jerry A. Thomas, David A. Schauer, Alexander Romanyukha, and D.F. Regulla
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Materials science ,Dentistry ,In Vitro Techniques ,Radiation Dosage ,Models, Biological ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Effective dose (radiation) ,law.invention ,Radiation sensitivity ,stomatognathic system ,Biodosimetry ,law ,medicine ,Background Radiation ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Radiometry ,Electron paramagnetic resonance ,Background radiation ,Radiation ,business.industry ,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ,Reproducibility of Results ,Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ,Tooth enamel ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Absorbed dose ,Artifacts ,business ,Tooth ,Algorithms ,Relative Biological Effectiveness ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze the lower limit of detection (LLD), linearity of dose response, variation of radiation sensitivity between different tooth enamel samples, and time/temperature stability of EPR biodosimetry in tooth enamel. The theoretical LLD is shown to be 0.46 mGy, which is far lower than the measured value of about 30 mGy. The main issues to lowering LLD are the differentiation of the radiation-induced component against the total EPR spectrum and the complex nature of the dose dependence of the EPR signal. The following questions are also discussed in detail: need for exfoliated or extracted teeth from persons of interest, accounting for background radiation contribution; conversion of tooth enamel absorbed dose to effective dose; accounting for internal exposure specifically from bone-seeking radionuclides. Conclusions on future development of EPR retrospective biodosimetry are made.
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- 2005
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34. A review of US anthropometric reference data (1971–2000) with comparisons to both stylized and tomographic anatomic models
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C Huh and Wesley E. Bolch
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Adult ,Male ,Models, Anatomic ,Reference data (financial markets) ,Population ,Radiation Dosage ,Sitting ,computer.software_genre ,Sex Factors ,Reference Values ,Voxel ,Statistics ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Child ,education ,Mathematics ,Stylized fact ,education.field_of_study ,Anthropometry ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,business.industry ,Age Factors ,Infant ,Nutrition Surveys ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Unknown age ,United States ,Female ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,computer - Abstract
Two classes of anatomic models currently exist for use in both radiation protection and radiation dose reconstruction: stylized mathematical models and tomographic voxel models. The former utilize 3D surface equations to represent internal organ structure and external body shape, while the latter are based on segmented CT or MR images of a single individual. While tomographic models are clearly more anthropomorphic than stylized models, a given model's characterization as being anthropometric is dependent upon the reference human to which the model is compared. In the present study, data on total body mass, standing/sitting heights and body mass index are collected and reviewed for the US population covering the time interval from 1971 to 2000. These same anthropometric parameters are then assembled for the ORNL series of stylized models, the GSF series of tomographic models (Golem, Helga, Donna, etc), the adult male Zubal tomographic model and the UF newborn tomographic model. The stylized ORNL models of the adult male and female are found to be fairly representative of present-day average US males and females, respectively, in terms of both standing and sitting heights for ages between 20 and 60-80 years. While the ORNL adult male model provides a reasonably close match to the total body mass of the average US 21-year-old male (within approximately 5%), present-day 40-year-old males have an average total body mass that is approximately 16% higher. For radiation protection purposes, the use of the larger 73.7 kg adult ORNL stylized hermaphrodite model provides a much closer representation of average present-day US females at ages ranging from 20 to 70 years. In terms of the adult tomographic models from the GSF series, only Donna (40-year-old F) closely matches her age-matched US counterpart in terms of average body mass. Regarding standing heights, the better matches to US age-correlated averages belong to Irene (32-year-old F) for the females and Golem (38-year-old M) for the males. Both Helga (27-year-old F) and Donna, however, provide good matches to average US sitting heights for adult females, while Golem and Otoko (male of unknown age) yield sitting heights that are slightly below US adult male averages. Finally, Helga is seen as the only GSF tomographic female model that yields a body mass index in line with her average US female counterpart at age 26. In terms of dose reconstruction activities, however, all current tomographic voxel models are valuable assets in attempting to cover the broad distribution of individual anthropometric parameters representative of the current US population. It is highly recommended that similar attempts to create a broad library of tomographic models be initiated in the United States and elsewhere to complement and extend the limited number of tomographic models presently available for these efforts.
- Published
- 2003
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35. The estimation of absorbed doses received by a victim of a Chinese radiation accident
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Z. Y. Xu, L. A. Zhang, and G. Dai
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Adult ,China ,Radiobiology ,Posture ,Monte Carlo method ,Radiation ,Radiation Dosage ,Bone Marrow ,Statistics ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Cobalt Radioisotopes ,Stochastic Processes ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,Phantoms, Imaging ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Total body ,social sciences ,General Medicine ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Organ Specificity ,Absorbed dose ,Environmental science ,Female ,Thermoluminescent Dosimetry ,Radioactive Hazard Release ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,Monte Carlo Method ,Radiation Accidents ,Algorithms - Abstract
The aim of this work was to estimate absorbed doses received by a victim of the radiation accident with a 60 Co source in Henan province, China. With a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method, an estimation method for doses to the radiation accident victim was made. It utilised a mathematical model of adult man (MIRD) and a relative applied computer program was developed. By means of the simulated conditions of the accident, the absorbed doses to the victim's main organ and total body doses were estimated. The results estimated by our Monte Carlo method are close to those of experimental simulation measurement of the accident. With its convenience and rapidity, this method will be valuable for radiation dose reconstruction for victims in radiation accidents.
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- 2003
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36. Distribution of childhood thyroid dose among cohort members for epidemiological health study in the Bryansk region
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Gennadi Y. Bruk, Oleg V. Lebedev, Eduard B. Ershov, and Yuri O. Konstantinov
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,business.industry ,Thyroid ,Internal radiation ,General Medicine ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Thyroid abnormalities ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cohort ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Dosimetry ,Medical physics ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
With the aim of carrying out a long-term medical follow-up with radiation dose reconstruction, a cohort of subjects was selected among inhabitants of the most contaminated area in Russia following the Chernobyl accident (the western districts of Bryansk region). The cohort is comprised of 1065 subjects who were under 10 years old at the time of the accident. Most of them were examined on health status in the Chernobyl Sasakawa Health and Medical Cooperation Project. Since the main findings of studies in the project were thyroid abnormalities, selection of subjects was conducted on the basis of the plausible estimates of radiation dose to the thyroid. To estimate thyroid doses, the data from direct measurements of 131I in the thyroid and questionnaire data on individual dietary habits in May 1986 were used. Reasonable approximations were applied to reconstruct individual doses from available data, including doses for those persons who had not been measured for thyroidal radioiodine. The distribution of internal radiation dose to the thyroid among cohort members was obtained. The individual doses to particular subjects are estimated with inevitably essential degree of uncertainty. However, the distribution of subjects into wide dose intervals, from under 200 mGy to over 2 Gy, seems to be an acceptable approach for cohort study in radiation epidemiology.
- Published
- 2002
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37. Cardiac Radiation Dose Reconstruction in the Study of Late Effects: A Comparison of Different Methods
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Marianne C. Aznar, David J. Cutter, David C. Hodgson, Georgios Ntentas, Sarah C. Darby, A. Ng, and Sameera Ahmed
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Cancer Research ,Radiation ,Oncology ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,business ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Nuclear medicine - Published
- 2017
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38. EPR TOOTH ENAMEL DOSIMETRY
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Jun Takada, D.D. Tikunov, Masaharu Hoshi, V.G. Skvortsov, V.F. Stepanenko, and Alexander Ivannikov
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Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Physics::Medical Physics ,Analytical chemistry ,Derivative ,Standard deviation ,Automation ,Optics ,Radiation Monitoring ,Linear regression ,medicine ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Computer Simulation ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Cobalt Radioisotopes ,Dental Enamel ,Radiometry ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ,Tooth enamel ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Molar ,Amplitude ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Calibration ,Regression Analysis ,Deconvolution ,business ,Algorithms ,Software - Abstract
A computer routine was developed for automatic deconvolution of electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of tooth enamel samples for individual radiation dose reconstruction in the low dose region. The deconvolution routine uses the non-linear least square fit of a model simulating a tooth enamel spectrum by superposition of derivative Gaussian functions to obtain the amplitude of the dosimetric radiation induced signal. The parameters of the model and of the routine were optimized on a dose response level using a criterion of the least standard deviation of the derived radiation induced signal amplitude from the regression line vs. the nominal doses for the series of spectra of samples irradiated in known doses in the range 0-500 mGy. It was found that for the series of spectra of the heterogeneous samples (every sample is prepared from different teeth of different persons), it is essential to vary in the least square fit the parameters describing the shape of the native background signal in order to obtain the best accuracy. In the case of the series of spectra of the homogeneous (pooled) samples, almost the same accuracy of the results was obtained using the procedures with varied and fixed background signal parameters. The standard error of the dose reconstruction by the optimized deconvolution procedure was estimated as about 30 mGy for heterogeneous samples and 20 mGy for homogeneous samples.
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- 2001
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39. New computer procedure for routine EPR-dosimetry on tooth enamel: description and verification
- Author
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Albrecht Wieser, A.A. Koshta, Alexander Romanyukha, S. Bayankin, Marina O. Degteva, and E.A. Ignatiev
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Computer science ,Gaussian ,symbols.namesake ,Software ,stomatognathic system ,medicine ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Dental Enamel ,Radiometry ,Spectral simulation ,Radiation ,business.industry ,Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ,Tooth enamel ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,symbols ,Evaluated data ,Epr dosimetry ,Radioactive Hazard Release ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,Algorithm - Abstract
A software code was developed for fitting the EPR tooth enamel spectrum using linear combinations of Gaussian functions. The software is fastening EPR dose reconstruction for routine applications. The verification of the software was done comparing with the selective saturation method as an independent procedure of signal evaluation. Both methods were applied for the dose reconstruction of 13 teeth mostly from the Techa riverside. The evaluated doses by the two methods demonstrate an excellent agreement.
- Published
- 2000
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40. Uses of Dosimetry in Radiation Epidemiology
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Elaine Ron, Steven L. Simon, André Bouville, and Ruth A. Kleinerman
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Radiation ,business.industry ,Biophysics ,Radiation Dosage ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Epidemiologic Measurements ,Risk Assessment ,Technical literature ,Risk Factors ,Research community ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Medical physics ,Degree of certainty ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Radiation Injuries ,Radiometry ,Risk assessment ,business ,Nuclear medicine - Abstract
Radiation epidemiology seeks to describe and quantify the risk of health effects, often cancer, in populations exposed to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. To do so, it is important to estimate organ or tissue doses for large numbers of exposed individuals with a moderate to high degree of certainty. Unlike dosimetry for establishing compliance with regulations, which relies on doses estimated for representative, maximally exposed, or highest-risk persons, dosimetry for analytical epidemiological studies usually requires developing new dosimetric models or tailoring existing ones to reach a higher level of individualization. The majority of radiation epidemiological studies conducted to date have required the reconstruction of dose to individuals or study populations that were exposed many years ago. This presents a major challenge to researchers, because measurements often are not available or do not exist in forms that are directly usable for calculating radiation doses on an individual basis. The goal of this special issue of Radiation Research is to introduce readers to an array of dosimetric methods and applications that have been developed to reconstruct radiation exposures for epidemiological studies. We intend to fill a void in the technical literature by describing these methods in terms understandable to epidemiologists, dosimetrists and statisticians so that these research tools can be used by other members of the research community. This publication follows the 1995 National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council report entitled Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses(1). That book summarized the views and expertise of a group of scientists who participated in a workshop on dose reconstruction for environmental radiation exposures. Since then, the methods for dose reconstruction have continued to advance, and the knowledge gained from epidemiological studies of populations exposed to radiation from many different sources has grown. It is therefore timely to publish a special issue of Radiation Research devoted to the methods used to estimate medical, occupational and environ
- Published
- 2006
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41. Scientific recommendations for the reconstruction of radiation doses due to the reactor accident at Chernobyl
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Paretzke Hg and Voigt G
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Sociology of scientific knowledge ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Radiation ,Nuclear engineering ,education ,Biophysics ,Radiation Dosage ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Radiation exposure ,Occupational Exposure ,Political science ,medicine ,Body Burden ,Humans ,Medical physics ,Radioactive Hazard Release ,Ukraine ,Environmental Monitoring ,Power Plants ,General Environmental Science ,Professional expertise - Abstract
In the years after the Chernobyl reactor accident, many studies of the radiation exposure levels and resulting health effects in the countries of the CIS have been conducted. The increasing incidence of childhood thyroid cancers in Belarus and Ukraine has stimulated worldwide multi- and bilateral cooperations with those countries and Russia in order to optimize benefits for those directly affected, but also to enlarge current knowledge of the consequences of reactor accidents. An international workshop on dose reconstruction was held in Bad Honnef, June 6 to 9, 1994, to address the problems which arise in dose reconstruction. The main objectives of this workshop were to bring together the best professional expertise and scientific knowledge and to achieve a better, multi-disciplinary harmonisation of the different scientific approaches. After intensive discussions the participants of this workshop formulated the following scientific recommendations for radiation dose reconstruction.
- Published
- 1996
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42. Stability of the translocation frequency following whole-body irradiation measured in rhesus monkeys
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Francesca S. Hill, T. Straume, A. B. Cox, J. N. Lucas, and C. E. Burk
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Photons ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,business.industry ,X-Rays ,Chromosome ,Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ,Chromosomal translocation ,Biology ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Macaca mulatta ,Translocation, Genetic ,Ionizing radiation ,Andrology ,Biodosimetry ,In vivo ,Animals ,Humans ,Dosimetry ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Irradiation ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,Cells, Cultured ,Whole-Body Irradiation - Abstract
Chromosome translocations are persistent indicators of prior exposure to ionizing radiation and the development of 'chromosome painting' to efficiently detect translocations has resulted in a powerful biological dosimetry tool for radiation dose reconstruction. However, the actual stability of the translocation frequency with time after exposure must be measured before it can be used reliably to obtain doses for individuals exposed years or decades previously. Human chromosome painting probes were used here to measure reciprocal translocation frequencies in cells from two tissues of 8 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) irradiated almost three decades previously. Six of the monkeys were exposed in 1965 to whole-body (fully penetrating) radiation and two were unexposed controls. The primates were irradiated as juveniles to single doses of 0.56, 1.13, 2.00, or 2.25 Gy. Blood lymphocytes (and skin fibroblasts from one individual) were obtained for cytogenetic analysis in 1993, near the end of the animals' lifespans. Results show identical dose-response relationships 28 y after exposure in vivo and immediately after exposure in vitro. Because chromosome aberrations are induced with identical frequencies in vivo and in vitro, these results demonstrate that the translocation frequencies induced in 1965 have not changed significantly during the almost three decades since exposure. Finally, our emerging biodosimetry data for individual radiation workers are now confirming the utility of reciprocal translocations measured by FISH in radiation dose reconstruction.
- Published
- 1996
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43. Science in a Fishbowl: Public involvement in the hanford environmental dose reconstruction project
- Author
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Dillard B. Shipler
- Subjects
Engineering ,Scope (project management) ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Hanford Site ,Native american ,Environmental resource management ,business ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Public involvement ,Management process ,Environmental planning - Abstract
The Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) Project was initiated in response to public, state, and Native American concerns about the potential health effects from the historical releases of radioactive materials from the Hanford Site. To allay concerns that DOE, the site owner and operator, was controlling the study, an independent Technical Steering Panel (TSP)—made up of technical specialists and public, state, and Native American representatives—was formed to direct the study. The TSP instituted a management process based on complete openness and public involvement in all aspects of the project including the definition of scope, budget, and priorities. This open approach—which could be called conducting “science in a fishbowl”—required more time and energy to ensure that concerns were understood and that stakeholders understood the radiation dose reconstruction process and results.
- Published
- 1995
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44. Estimation of internal radiation dose from both immediate releases and continued exposures to contaminated materials
- Author
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Bruce A. Napier
- Subjects
business.industry ,Nuclear engineering ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Internal radiation ,Radioactive waste ,General Medicine ,Environmental Exposure ,Contamination ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Models, Biological ,Whole-Body Counting ,Nuclear decommissioning ,law.invention ,law ,Radiation Monitoring ,Radioactive contamination ,Nuclear power plant ,Environmental science ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Radiation protection ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Food Contamination, Radioactive ,Algorithms - Abstract
A brief description is provided of the basic concepts related to 'internal dose' and how it differs from doses that result from radioactive materials and direct radiation outside of the body. The principles of radiation dose reconstruction, as applied to both internal and external doses, are discussed on the basis of a recent publication prepared by the US National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Finally, ideas are introduced related to residual radioactive contamination in the environment that has resulted from the releases from damaged reactors and also to the management of wastes that may be generated in both regional cleanup and decommissioning of the Fukushima nuclear power plant.
- Published
- 2012
45. FURTHER STUDIES ON UNCERTAINTY, CONFOUNDING, AND VALIDATION OF THE DOSES IN THE TECHA RIVER DOSIMETRY SYSTEM: Concluding Progress Report on the Second Phase of Project 1.1
- Author
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Lynn R. Anspaugh, Marina O. Degteva, and Bruce A. Napier
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Geography ,Confounding ,Environmental engineering ,medicine ,Dosimetry ,Medical physics ,Radiation dose reconstruction - Published
- 2009
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46. ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTY IN THE RADIATION DOSES FOR THE TECHA RIVER DOSIMETRY SYSTEM
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N. B. Shagina, Bruce A. Napier, Lynn R. Anspaugh, and Marina O. Degteva
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Geography ,medicine ,Dosimetry ,Medical physics ,Radiation ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Uncertainty analysis - Published
- 2009
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47. Methods For Calculating Thyroid Doses to The Residents Of Ozersk Due to 131I Releases From The Stacks of The Mayak Production Association
- Author
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Pavel M. Stukalov, Bruce A. Napier, D. A. Beregich, I. I. Teplyakov, Lynn R. Anspaugh, Y. Mokrov, and Sergey I. Rovny
- Subjects
Radiation exposure ,Engineering ,education.field_of_study ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Population ,Environmental engineering ,Radioactive waste ,Radioactive iodine ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,business ,education - Abstract
The Mayak Production Association (MPA) was established in the late 1940s in accordance with a special Decree of the USSR Government for the production of nuclear weapons. In early years of MPA operation, due to the lack of experience and absence of effective methods of RW management, the enterprise had extensive routine (designed) and non-routine (accidental) releases of gaseous radioactive wastes to the atmosphere. These practices resulted in additional technogenic radiation exposure of residents inhabiting populated areas near the MPA. The primary objective of ongoing studies under JCCRER Project 1.4 is to estimate doses to the residents of Ozersk due to releases of radioactive substances from the stacks of MPA. Preliminary scoping studies have demonstrated that releases of radioactive iodine (131I) from the stacks of the Mayak Radiochemical Plant represented the major contribution to the dose to residents of Ozersk and of other nearby populated areas. The behavior of 131I in the environment and of 131I migration through biological food chains (vegetation-cows-milk-humans) indicated a need for use of special mathematical models to perform the estimation of radiation doses to the population. The goal of this work is to select an appropriate model of the iodine migration in biological food chainsmore » and to justify numerical values of the model parameters.« less
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. MINOR PARAMETERS NEEDED FOR INDIVIDUAL-DOSE CALCULATIONS: Final Report for Tasks 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3
- Author
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Bruce A. Napier and Lynn R. Anspaugh
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Model parameters ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,complex mixtures ,Calculation methods ,respiratory tract diseases ,Nuclear facilities ,medicine ,Medical physics ,Individual dose ,Process engineering ,business ,Dose rate - Abstract
This brief report documents the selection of parameters needed to support individual-dose calculations from 131I released into the environment with gaseous effluents from the Mayak Production Association.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Individual Dose Calculations with Use of the Revised Techa River Dosimetry System TRDS-2009D
- Author
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Lynn R. Anspaugh, Marina O. Degteva, N. B. Shagina, M. I. Vorobiova, E. I. Tolstykh, and Bruce A. Napier
- Subjects
Estimation ,Geography ,business.industry ,Radiological weapon ,Cohort ,Confounding ,Statistics ,Dosimetry ,Environmental exposure ,Risk assessment ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,Nuclear medicine ,business - Abstract
An updated deterministic version of the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS-2009D) has been developed to estimate individual doses from external exposure and intake of radionuclides for residents living on the Techa River contaminated as a result of radioactive releases from the Mayak plutonium facility in 1949–1956. The TRDS-2009D is designed as a flexible system that uses, depending on the input data for an individual, various elements of system databases to provide the dosimetric variables requested by the user. Several phases are included in the computation schedule. The first phase includes calculations with use of a common protocol for all cohort members based on village-average-intake functions and external dose rates; individual data on age, gender and history of residence are included in the first phase. This phase results in dose estimates similar to those obtained with system TRDS-2000 used previously to derive risks of health effects in the Techa River Cohort. The second phase includes refinement of individual internal doses for those persons who have had body-burden measurements or exposure parameters specific to the household where he/she lived on the Techa River. The third phase includes summation of individual doses from environmental exposure and from radiological examinations. The results of TRDS-2009Dmore » dose calculations have demonstrated for the ETRC members on average a moderate increase in RBM dose estimates (34%) and a minor increase (5%) in estimates of stomach dose. The calculations for the members of the ETROC indicated similar small changes for stomach, but significant increase in RBM doses (400%). Individual-dose assessments performed with use of TRDS-2009D have been provided to epidemiologists for exploratory risk analysis in the ETRC and ETROC. These data provide an opportunity to evaluate the possible impact on radiogenic risk of such factors as confounding exposure (environmental and medical), changes in the Techa River source-term data and the change of the approach to individual internal dose estimation (90Sr-body burden measurements and family correlations vs. village averages). Our further plan is to upgrade the TRDS-2009D and to complete a stochastic version of the dosimetry system.« less
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The NIOSH Radiation Dose Reconstruction Project: managing technical challenges
- Author
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Ronald D. Townsend, David A. Dooley, and Matthew P. Moeller
- Subjects
Information management ,Process management ,Quality Assurance, Health Care ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,Process (engineering) ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Radiation Dosage ,Risk Assessment ,Occupational Exposure ,Credibility ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Quality (business) ,Radiation Injuries ,Occupational Health ,media_common ,Scope (project management) ,business.industry ,Schedule (project management) ,Radiation dose reconstruction ,United States ,business ,Quality assurance ,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S ,Total Quality Management - Abstract
Approximately two years after promulgation of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office of Compensation and Analysis Support selected a contractor team to perform many aspects of the radiation dose reconstruction process. The project scope and schedule necessitated the development of an organization involving a comparatively large number of health physicists. From the initial stages, there were many technical and managerial challenges that required continuous planning, integration, and conflict resolution. This paper identifies those challenges and describes the resolutions and lessons learned. These insights are hopefully useful to managers of similar scientific projects, especially those requiring significant data, technical methods, and calculations. The most complex challenge has been to complete defensible, individualized dose reconstructions that support timely compensation decisions at an acceptable production level. Adherence to applying claimant-favorable and transparent science consistent with the requirements of the Act has been the key to establishing credibility, which is essential to this large and complex project involving tens of thousands of individual stakeholders. The initial challenges included garnering sufficient and capable scientific staff, developing an effective infrastructure, establishing necessary methods and procedures, and integrating activities to ensure consistent, quality products. The continuing challenges include maintaining the project focus on recommending a compensation determination (rather than generating an accurate dose reconstruction), managing the associated very large data and information management challenges, and ensuring quality control and assurance in the presence of an evolving infrastructure. The lessons learned concern project credibility, claimant favorability, project priorities, quality and consistency, and critical path project activities.
- Published
- 2008
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