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Across the world we are seeing a resurgence in new nuclear including both large traditional plants and Small / Advanced Nuclear Reactors (SMRs / AMRs) as a key part of tackling the climate crisis. The scale of the new build ambitions, coupled with increasing demand throughout the nuclear fuel cycle and high average age of the existing qualified and experienced workforce has created a concern of further skills gaps. One of the key'skills'gaps relates to the field of radiological protection in particular modelling and measuring doses accrued by the public under both normal operational discharges and accident scenarios, along with the increasing importance on understanding the wider impacts to the environment. This book is an essential introduction to basic principles of radiation protection, aerosol physics and the impacts of radioactive discharges to both humans and the environment (flora and fauna). Also discussed are the specific difficulties with the monitoring and the health detriment associated with the more mobile and problematic radionuclides. Key Features: Self-contained introductory overview Inclusion of environmental aspects End of chapter summaries

This Safety Report explains how the concepts of attribution of health effects and inference of risks can be taken into account in the application of IAEA safety standards, so as to implement them more effectively. In particular, this publication demonstrates explicitly what the relevant provisions of the safety standards are for high and moderate levels of exposure where health effects might be able to be attributed to the exposure, and for low and very low levels of exposure where risks can only be inferred. This Safety Report also aims to support more effective communication by clarifying the proper use of certain concepts detailed in the safety standards and plain language explanations of the concepts of attribution of effects and inference of risk are provided.

'This Report extends the concepts and approaches discussed in NCRP Report No. 171 and Commentary No. 24 to further reduce uncertainty in radiation risk assessments at low doses and low dose rates, thereby enhancing the bases for radiation protection guidance'--

The author is ready to assert that practically none of the readers of this book will ever happen to deal with large doses of radiation. But the author, without a shadow of a doubt, claims that any readers of this book, regardless of gender, age, financial situation, type of professional activity, and habits, are actually exposed to low doses of radiation throughout their life. This book is devoted to the effect of small doses on the body. To understand the basic effects of radiation on humans, the book contains the necessary information from an atomic, molecular and nuclear physics, as well as from biochemistry and biology. Special attention is paid to the issues that are either not considered or discussed very briefly in existing literature. Examples include the ionization of inner atomic shells that play an essential role in radiological processes, and the questions of transformation of the energy of ionizing radiation in matter. The benefits of ionizing radiation to mankind is reflected in a wide range of radiation technologies used in science, industry, agriculture, culture, art, forensics, and, what is the most important application, medicine. Radiation: Fundamentals, Applications, Risks and Safety provides information on the use of radiation in modern life, its usefulness and indispensability. Experiments on the effects of small doses on bacteria, fungi, algae, insects, plants and animals are described. Human medical experiments are inhuman and ethically flawed. However, during the familiarity of mankind with ionizing radiation, a large number of population groups were subject to accumulation, exposed to radiation at doses of small but exceeding the natural background radiation. This book analyzes existing, real-life radiation results from survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl and Fukushima, and examines studies of radiation effect on patients, radiologists, crews of long-distant flights and astronauts, on miners of uranium copies, on workers of nuclear industry and on militaries, exposed to ionizing radiation on a professional basis, and on the population of the various countries receiving environmental exposure. The author hopes that this book can mitigate the impact of radiation phobia, which prevails in the public consciousness over the last half century. - Explores the science of radiation and the effects of radiation technologies and biological processes - Analyzes the elementary processes of ionization and excitation - Summarizes information about inner shells ionization and its impact on matter and biological structures - Discusses quantum concepts in biology and clarifies the importance of epigenetics in radiological processes - Includes case studies focusing on humans irradiated by low doses of radiation and its effects

Cet ouvrage s'adresse aux étudiants se destinant à l'industrie du nucléaire, à la médecine nucléaire ou encore à la recherche. Les utilisateurs de rayonnements ionisants, opérateurs, techniciens, ingénieurs, personnes compétentes en radioprotection, médecins du travail, pourront également y trouver des informations utiles et actualisées. Plus largement, toute personne ayant un intérêt pour les sciences aura un point complet sur les phénomènes liés à la radioactivité et aux rayonnements ionisants.Cet ouvrage propose des cours de physique nucléaire, allant des constituants de la matière aux interactions entre rayonnement et matière ; des cours de radioprotection, incluant la dosimétrie, la détection, les moyens de protection contre l'exposition aux rayonnements ionisants ; la réglementation liée à la radioprotection mise à jour. Un point complet sur la culture nucléaire est fait, allant de l'historique à l'utilisation de la radioactivité et des rayonnements ionisants, en passant par leurs effets biologiques ou encore les accidents et l'exposition de la population. À chaque chapitre, des exercices d'application et des corrigés sont proposés. Ils permettent d'appréhender l'aspect quantitatif de la radioprotection, en étudiant la contamination, l'exposition du personnel ou encore des calculs d'activité. Ainsi, chaque lecteur y trouvera son compte…un lycéen en baccalauréat y trouvera des informations claires et actuelles ; un étudiant en BTS ou licence professionnelle aura toutes les bases pour ses cours dans un même ouvrage, avec des exercices d'entraînement ; un étudiant en école d'ingénieur ou master aura un point complet sur l'ensemble du spectre de la radioprotection et des méthodes de calculs associées ; un intervenant en nucléaire aura des informations précises sur le thème qui l'intéresse ; une PCR aura dans un seul ouvrage toutes les données et les formules nécessaires à ses missions, et un support de cours pour le passage des formations PCR.

'This Report has been prepared at the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It is the second phase of a two-phase effort intended to provide guidance to NASA concerning the health effects and mission impacts of space radiation exposure on the central nervous system (CNS) of crew members. The first phase of effort resulted in the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Commentary No. 25, Potential for Central Nervous System Effects from Radiation Exposure During Space Activities. Phase I: Overview, which described the critical issues surrounding the potential short- and long-term consequences of space radiation on the CNS and laid the groundwork for a more comprehensive investigation that is the basis of this Report. This Report summarizes the steps and approaches needed to more fully understand the risk of CNS effects following radiation exposures in space and provides guidance for radiation protection, including risk management. NCRP has identified knowledge gaps regarding the implementation of a comprehensive and effective radiation safety program to protect astronauts against the potential for early and late CNS effects from space radiation'--

The Woman Who Knew Too Much illuminates the life and achievements of the remarkable woman scientist who revolutionized the concept of radiation risk. For more than 40 years, Alice Stewart (1906–2002) warned that low-dose radiation was more dangerous than anyone acknowledged. In the 1950s she discovered that fetal x-rays double a child's risk of developing cancer. Two decades later, in her 70s, she again astounded the scientific world by showing that the U.S. nuclear weapons industry was about 20 times more dangerous than safety regulations admitted. This finding put her at the center of an international controversy over radiation risk. In 1990, the New York Times called Stewart “perhaps the Energy Department's most influential and feared scientific critic.” Author Gayle Greene traces Stewart's life and career as she came up against ever more powerful authorities, first the British medical profession, then the U.S. nuclear industry, and finally the regulatory agencies that set radiation safety standards throughout the world. Stewart endured the fate of other women scientists in having her findings dismissed and funding cut, but today is recognized as a pioneering figure in epidemiological research on the dangers of nuclear radiation. In her preface to the second edition, Greene looks at new information that's come out about the forces and individuals responsible for marginalizing her as a scientist and downplaying the disturbing implications of her research.

This book deals with urgent and timely issues related to radiation health effects and protection that are examined by both young researchers as well as experts. The book is organized into three major sections: biological responses, population monitoring and approaches to protection from radiation exposure. Contributors have provided state of the art research in their respective chapters. Radiation action produces damage to multiple targets in the exposed cells or human body and understanding of molecular mechanisms of the underlying processes becomes central to the monitoring of effects and health consequences of radiation exposure. Many experts have highlighted the outcome of epidemiological studies on human populations in high background radiation areas in different locations around the world as well as consequences and scopes for mitigating radiation health effects after radiation accidents such as Chernobyl in Ukraine and the Fukushima Daiichi Accident in Japan. This book also provides important direction for treatment of radiation for exposed victims. In the concluding chapters, contributors have provided new approaches for protection against ionizing radiation exposure. This book contains rich content on basic aspects of radiation induced cellular response which may give deeper insight to beginners in research, teaching, industry and regulatory authorities for basic understanding of radiobiological processes and molecular mechanisms. The book will prove an authentic reference source for updates in radiation science. It is hoped that students, teachers, experts, safety officers, regulatory officials and policy-makers will find the book handy for gaining a broad view of radiation damage to biological systems, monitoring health consequences and for new approaches in developing effective protection against radiation exposure.

Four million tons of uranium ore were extracted from mines on the Navajo reservation primarily for developing the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile. For over 30 years, the Navajo people have lived with the environmental and health effects of uranium contamination from this mining. In 2008, five federal agencies adopted a 5-year plan that identified targets for addressing contaminated abandoned mines, structures, water sources, former processing sites, and other sites. Federal agencies also provide funding to Navajo Nation agencies to assist with the cleanup work. This book examines the extent to which the agencies achieved the targets set in the 5-year plan and the reasons why or why not; what is known about the future scope of work, time frames, and costs; and any key challenges faced by the agencies in completing this work and any opportunities to overcome them.

In 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck Japan near one of the country's nuclear power plants. In the days that followed, radioactive material leaked into the air and water, contaminating those who came in contact with it. This is not the first time in history that this type of event has occurred. Readers take an in-depth look at the incredibly disgusting issue of radioactive contamination and more importantly, how further damage can be avoided.

Soil is the main source of continuous radiation exposure to humans. It also acts as a medium of migration for transfer of radionuclides to the biological systems and hence, it is the basic indicator of radiological contamination in the environment. In this new book, the authors present current research in the study of the sources, impacts and reduction strategies to radiation exposure. Topics discussed include radiation exposure and protection in conventional pediatric radiology of the thorax; natural and man-made radionuclides in the soil; the current state of terrestrial ecosystems in the Eastern Ural radioactive trace; pharmaceuticals photochemical reactions and radiation exposure in pregnancy and in medical imaging.

'December 2011.'

Radiation safety and risk management, a critical issue in the nuclear age, is an ongoing concern in the field of radiation health risk sciences. It is the particular mission and task of the Nagasaki University Global COE program to explore human health risks from radiation on a global scale and to come up with measures for overcoming its negative legacies. Ionizing radiation is a well-documented human cancer risk factor, and long-term health consequences in individuals exposed at a young age to such events as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombing are now being followed up. Unique and comprehensive, this book introduces updated radiation health-related issues, including the proper collection and analysis of biological samples, cancer research, psychological effects, fair disclosure, and the effects of low-dose exposure as they apply to future public health policy. Also addressed is the need for emergency radiation medicine in case of accidents.

'Issued February 5, 2001.'

The National Research Council was asked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to review the draft report of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-CDC's working group charged with revising the 1985 radioepidemiological tables. To this end, a subcommittee was formed consisting of members of the Council's Committee on an Assessment of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Radiation Programs and other experts. The original tables were mandated under Public Law 97-414 (the'Orphan Drug Act') and were intended to provide a means of estimating the probability that a person who developed any of a series of radiation-related cancers, developed the cancer as a result of a specific radiation dose received before the onset of the cancer. The mandate included a provision for periodic updating of the tables. The motivation for the current revision reflects the availability of new data, especially on cancer incidence, and new methods of analysis, and the need for a more thorough treatment of uncertainty in the estimates than was attempted in the original tables.

Naturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials.

NASA's long-range plans include possible human exploratory missions to the moon and Mars within the next quarter century. Such missions beyond low Earth orbit will expose crews to transient radiation from solar particle events as well as continuous high-energy galactic cosmic rays ranging from energetic protons with low mean linear energy transfer (LET) to nuclei with high atomic numbers, high energies, and high LET. Because the radiation levels in space are high and the missions long, adequate shielding is needed to minimize the deleterious health effects of exposure to radiation. The knowledge base needed to design shielding involves two sets of factors, each with quantitative uncertainty—the radiation spectra and doses present behind different types of shielding, and the effects of the doses on relevant biological systems. It is only prudent to design shielding that will protect the crew of spacecraft exposed to predicted high, but uncertain, levels of radiation and biological effects. Because of the uncertainties regarding the degree and type of radiation protection needed, a requirement for shielding to protect against large deleterious, but uncertain, biological effects may be imposed, which in turn could result in an unacceptable cost to a mission. It therefore is of interest to reduce these uncertainties in biological effects and shielding requirements for reasons of mission feasibility, safety, and cost.