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Extensor tendon entrapment in the presence of distal radius fracture is a known but relatively uncommon complication. Single tendon or entire compartment entrapment has been described through the literature in youths and adults. However these findings generally are limited to a certain age demographic or are found on advanced imaging but are unable to be confirmed intraoperatively. We describe to our knowledge the first known description of second extensor compartment entrapment in an adult seen on computerized tomography scan and confirmed intraoperatively.

Given a connected graph G = (V , E) and a vertex subset S ⊂ V , the Steiner distance d G (S) of S is the size of a minimum spanning tree of S in G. If G has order n and k is an integer such that 2 ≤ k ≤ n , the Steiner k -eccentricity of a vertex v in G is the maximum value of d G (S) over all S ⊂ V with | S | = k and v ∈ S. The minimum Steiner k -eccentricity s r a d k (G) is called the Steiner k - radius of G and the maximum Steiner k -eccentricity s d i a m k (G) is called the Steiner k - diameter of G. In 1990, Henning, Oellermann, and Swart showed that for any k , there exists a graph G k such that s d i a m k (G k) = 2 (k + 1) 2 k − 1 s r a d k (G k) and proved that s d i a m 3 (G) ≤ 8 5 s r a d 3 (G) and s d i a m 4 (G) ≤ 10 7 s r a d 4 (G) for all connected graphs G. In this note, we show that s d i a m k (G) ≤ k + 3 k + 1 s r a d k (G) for each k ≥ 5 and verify that this bound is tight via a construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rings considered in this paper are commutative with identity which are not integral domains. Let R be a ring. An ideal I of R is said to be an annihilating ideal if there exists r ∈ R \ { 0 } such that I r = (0). Let (R) denote the set of all annihilating ideals of R and we denote (R) \ { (0) } by (R) ∗ . With R , in this paper, we associate an undirected graph denoted by S Ω (R) whose vertex set is (R) ∗ and two distinct vertices I , J are adjacent in this graph if and only if either I J = (0) or I + J ∈ (R). The aim of this paper is to study the interplay between some graph properties of S Ω (R) and the algebraic properties of R and to compare some graph properties of S Ω (R) with the corresponding graph properties of the annihilating ideal graph of R and the sum annihilating ideal graph of R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several previous studies regarding foldable structures comprised of rods and knots, it has been usual to simplify their geometry to lines and points respectively. However, this study assumes that the dimensions that these elements necessarily acquire (due to their material condition) constitute an important issue in the folding and unfolding process. To test this hypothesis, the research first defines the concept of kinetic range and its various variants and studies how variations in the radius of the rods, the eccentricity of the knots and the opening angle influence this parameter. Furthermore, this study will demonstrate that this parameter is extensible to bar bundle systems and scissors systems and finally will verify that the results obtained by using algorithm-driven models are also verifiable by mathematical methods and experimentation using physical models. As a result, the methodology followed in this article allows the inclusion of a comparative table that classifies the performance of the structural systems studied in order to establish which is the optimum in relation to their kinetic range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumor affecting distal radius has been considered more aggressive, as compared to its counterparts in other locations. While resection has been advocated as the treatment of choice with lower rates of recurrence, curettage has reportedly led to superior functional outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the functional and oncological outcomes of patients managed for GCT distal radius by either extended intralesional curettage (EIC) or resection and arthrodesis with radialisation of ulna (RRU), with respect to rates of local recurrence and function. Twenty-four patients operated for giant cell tumor of distal radius by a single surgeon from 2011 to 2021, were included in the study. The demographic, clinico-radiological, and surgical details were recorded and analyzed, as were the functional and oncological outcomes. At a median (IQR) follow-up of 6.3 years (range 2 years to 15.9 years), the rate of recurrence in curettage was found to be higher than that in resection but was not statistically significant (35.7% vs 20%, p > 0.05). Patients managed elsewhere and then presented to us for recurrence had a higher rate of local recurrence (66.6%, p = 0.01). Average time to recurrence was 14 months (range 2–24 months). On final follow-up, patients in curettage group had better functional outcomes in terms of grip strength and range of motion. Mean Modified Mayo Wrist score and MSTS score were 78.2 and 25.63, respectively, for EIC group and 69.6 and 25.75, respectively, for RRU group. Extended intralesional curettage resulted in an earlier rehabilitation with a mobile wrist and acceptable disease control when compared with resection and arthrodesis with radialisation of ulna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our aim is to determine the radii of starlikeness and convexity associated with lemniscate of Bernoulli for three different kinds of normalizations of the function Nv (z) = az²J"v (z)+bzJ'v(z)+cJv (z), where Jv is the Bessel function of the first kind of order v. The key tools in the proof of our main results are the Mittag-Leffler expansion for the function Nv (z) and properties of real zeros of it. Also, we give tables related with special cases of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to summarize current approaches and provide recommendations for imaging bone in pediatric populations using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). RECENT FINDINGS: Imaging the growing skeleton is challenging and HR-pQCT protocols are not standardized across centers. Adopting a single-imaging protocol for all studies is unrealistic; thus, we present three established protocols for HR-pQCT imaging in children and adolescents and share advantages and disadvantages of each. Limiting protocol variation will enhance the uniformity of results and increase our ability to compare study results between different research groups. We outline special cases along with tips and tricks for acquiring and processing scans to minimize motion artifacts and account for growing bone. The recommendations in this review are intended to help researchers perform HR-pQCT imaging in pediatric populations and extend our collective knowledge of bone structure, architecture, and strength during the growing years.

We examined if an interaction exists between bone and muscle in predicting fractures in older men. Prospective data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study was used to build Cox proportional hazards models. Predictors included HR-pQCT total volumetric BMD (Tt.BMD), trabecular BMD (Tb.BMD), cortical BMD (Ct.BMD) and cortical area (Ct.Ar) at distal radius/tibia, HR-pQCT muscle volume and density (diaphyseal tibia), D3 -creatine dilution (D3 Cr) muscle mass, and grip strength and leg force, analyzed as continuous variables and as quartiles. Incident fractures were self-reported every 4 months via questionnaires and centrally adjudicated by physician review of radiology reports. Potential confounders (demographics, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, etc.) were considered. A total of 1353 men (mean age 84.2 ± 4.0 years, 92.7% white) were followed for 6.03 ± 2.11 years. In the unadjusted (continuous) model, there were no interactions (p > 0.05) between any muscle variable (D3 Cr muscle mass, muscle volume, muscle density, grip strength or leg force) and Tt.BMD at distal radius/tibia for fractures (all: n = 182-302; nonvertebral: n = 149-254; vertebral: n = 27-45). No consistent interactions were observed when interchanging Tt.BMD for Tb.BMD/Ct.BMD or for Ct.Ar (bone structure) at the distal radius/tibia in the unadjusted (continuous) models. Compared with men in quartiles (Q) 2-4 of D3 Cr muscle mass and Q2-4 of distal tibia Tt.BMD, men in Q1 of both had increased risk for all fractures (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-3.23, p = 0.005) and nonvertebral fractures (HR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.25-3.52, p  0.05) when visually inspecting other quartile groups in the multivariable-adjusted model. In this prospective cohort study of older men, there was no consistent interactions between bone and muscle variables on fracture risk. Larger sample sizes and longer follow-up may be needed to clarify if there is an interaction between bone and muscle on fracture risk in men. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Refracture at the same site after implant removal is a rare complication, as fractures generally occur close to the plate end due to stress concentration. The reported case involves a patient with refractures of forearm bones at the previous site three months after implant removal. A 48-year-old, right-handed man complained of pain and swelling in his right hand after falling on a wet floor. He had a history of a similar injury three years earlier and was treated with plate osteosynthesis. The plates were removed three months before the present trauma. Radiographs revealed fractures of the distal one-third radius and distal one-fourth of the ulna with evidence of previous screw holes. He has been treated with a Low-contact Dynamic Compression Plate (LCDCP) and remains under follow-up. Refracture three months after implant removal at the site of the previous fracture site in both bones is a very rare occurrence and the present case report highlighted the importance of making a proper decision regarding union, when considering implant removal and post-implant removal care.

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the clinical and functional outcomes of children with distal both-bone forearm fractures treated by fixation of the radius only compared to fixation of both the radius and ulna. Methods A total of 71 patients from two centres with distal both-bone forearm fractures (30 in the ulna-yes group, 41 in the ulna-no group) who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning treatment were retrospectively analysed. Operation duration, number of fluoroscopic exposures, loss of reduction rate and angulation based on radiographic assessment were compared between the two groups. Evaluation of wrist function including Gartland-Werley Score and Mayo Wrist Score were compared at the last follow-up. Results Ulna angulation upon bone healing on the posteroanterior and the lateral plane of ulna-no group (6.11 ± 1.56°; 6.51 ± 1.69°) was significantly greater than that of ulna-yes group (4.49 ± 1.30°; 5.05 ± 2.18°) (p 0.05). At last follow-up, no significant difference was found between the Gartland-Werley Scores of the ulna-yes group (1.83 ± 3.25, range: 0–16) and ulna-no group (1.85 ± 2.72, range: 0-11.5) (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the Mayo Wrist Scores of the ulna-yes group (92.60 ± 6.20) and ulna-no group (92.15 ± 7.58) (p > 0.05). Conclusions For distal both-bone forearm fractures in children, fixation of only the radius appears to be a viable method with equivalent clinical outcomes compared to fixation of both the radius and ulna.

Abstract Hastelloy B2 is a high-performance nickel-molybdenum alloy and has been used in micro reactor, pump, pipe, and corrosion-resistant equipment. Square holes are required in the above application components. Although square holes are easily produced by spending more electrodes wear in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). Moreover, the square hole with small electrode wear achieved is a challenging task in thermal machining. Hence, in this work, the effects of EDM process parameters on electrode taper angle, electrode radius, electrode wear length and cutting time of Hastelloy B2 are studied. Taguchi based VišekriterijumskoKompromisnoRangiranje (VIKOR) method is used to find the optimum process parameters and compared with Taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method for validation. The results showed that current and pulse duration greatly affects the electrode wear out surface and edges. The square electrodes with sharp edges and surfaces are fully transformed into hemispherical shapes at electrode ends due to an unstable spark with diffusion of heat. Also, the VIKOR method provides an alternative multi-criteria optimization method that enhances the process performance over the grey relational analysis due to comparability, uniqueness, assessment and prediction.

Purpose: Distal radius fractures (DRFs) represent up to 18% of all fractures in the elderly population, yet studies on the rate of complications following surgery are lacking in the literature. This systematic review aimed to quantify the rate of complications and reinterventions in patients treated with volar plate for distal radius fractures, and analyze if there was any predisposing factor. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed on three databases up to January 2023, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies describing volar plate complications and hardware removal were included. A systematic review was performed on complications and rate of reintervention. Assessment of risk of bias and quality of evidence was performed with the ‘Down and Black’s Checklist for measuring quality’. Results: About 112 studies including 17 288 patients were included. The number of complications was 2434 in 2335 patients; the most frequent was carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), representing 14.3% of all complications. About 104 studies reported the number of reinterventions, being 1880 with a reintervention rate of 8.5%. About 84 studies reported the reason of reintervention; the most common were patient’s will (3.0%), pain (1.1%), CTS (1.2%), and device failure (1.1%). Conclusion: The complication rate after DRFs is 13.5%, with the main complication being CTS (14.3%), followed by pain and tendinopathy. The reintervention rate is 8.5%, mainly due to the patient’s willingness, and all these patients had plate removal. Correct positioning of the plate and correct information to the patient before surgery can reduce the number of hardware removal, thereby reducing costs and the risk of complications associated with VLP for distal radius fractures.

Purpose: This study investigated the clinical and functional outcomes of children with distal both-bone forearm fractures treated by fixation of the radius only compared to fixation of both the radius and ulna. Methods: A total of 71 patients from two centres with distal both-bone forearm fractures (30 in the ulna-yes group, 41 in the ulna-no group) who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning treatment were retrospectively analysed. Operation duration, number of fluoroscopic exposures, loss of reduction rate and angulation based on radiographic assessment were compared between the two groups. Evaluation of wrist function including Gartland-Werley Score and Mayo Wrist Score were compared at the last follow-up. Results: Ulna angulation upon bone healing on the posteroanterior and the lateral plane of ulna-no group (6.11 ± 1.56°; 6.51 ± 1.69°) was significantly greater than that of ulna-yes group (4.49 ± 1.30°; 5.05 ± 2.18°) (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the loss of reduction rate between ulna-yes group (6.67%, 2/30) and the ulna-no group (4.88%, 2/41) (p > 0.05). At last follow-up, no significant difference was found between the Gartland-Werley Scores of the ulna-yes group (1.83 ± 3.25, range: 0–16) and ulna-no group (1.85 ± 2.72, range: 0-11.5) (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the Mayo Wrist Scores of the ulna-yes group (92.60 ± 6.20) and ulna-no group (92.15 ± 7.58) (p > 0.05). Conclusions: For distal both-bone forearm fractures in children, fixation of only the radius appears to be a viable method with equivalent clinical outcomes compared to fixation of both the radius and ulna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hastelloy B2 is a high-performance nickel-molybdenum alloy and has been used in micro reactor, pump, pipe, and corrosion-resistant equipment. Square holes are required in the above application components. Although square holes are easily produced by spending more electrodes wear in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). Moreover, the square hole with small electrode wear achieved is a challenging task in thermal machining. Hence, in this work, the effects of EDM process parameters on electrode taper angle, electrode radius, electrode wear length and cutting time of Hastelloy B2 are studied. Taguchi based VišekriterijumskoKompromisnoRangiranje (VIKOR) method is used to find the optimum process parameters and compared with Taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method for validation. The results showed that current and pulse duration greatly affects the electrode wear out surface and edges. The square electrodes with sharp edges and surfaces are fully transformed into hemispherical shapes at electrode ends due to an unstable spark with diffusion of heat. Also, the VIKOR method provides an alternative multi-criteria optimization method that enhances the process performance over the grey relational analysis due to comparability, uniqueness, assessment and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon emitted by vehicles traveling on curved roads is greatly affected by the alignment of the route, yet the mechanism behind this is not yet clear, leading to current horizontal alignment designs being unable to avoid this problem. To clarify the principles and indicator thresholds of low-carbon design for planar geometry, this study takes the carbon emission of traveling on curved routes as the research object, and establishes a relationship model between carbon emissions and design indicators based on the principles of vehicle dynamics and kinematics. Field tests were conducted to validate the quantitative relationship model. The model shows that both radius and superelevation are negatively correlated with carbon emissions, while the lateral force coefficient is positively correlated with carbon emissions. The contribution of radius to carbon emissions is greater than that of superelevation. This study clarifies the recommended values of low-carbon design indicators by assessing carbon emissions according to the current route design specification, outlines the principles of superelevation settings, and proposes a methodology to deal with the relationship between superelevation and the lateral friction coefficient. The research findings promote the quantification and standardization of low-carbon highway design, contributing to the early mitigation of high-carbon emissions from curved traffic during the design phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forensic anthropology, the radius bone has been shown to determine the sex of human remains in a number of different populations. The dry mass and growth of long bones, including the radius, are associated with sex hormone levels; however, the use of bone weight to determine sex has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to apply bone morphometric parameters, including maximum length of radius (MLR), circumference at the midshaft of radius (CMR), and weight of radius (WR), to 400 sample radii from a Northeastern Thai population. Univariate and multivariate discriminant functions of all parameters were systemically applied. Equations for calculating sex classification were also determined. Descriptive data analysis showed significant sexual dimorphism in all variables (p < 0.05). The canonical correlation was highest in CMR (0.772) and the ratio of weight to length (0.747). Multivariate discriminant function analysis showed that the measured indices of the right radius were slightly greater than those of the left radius. The parameters demonstrating the highest values of the standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients were CMR (Rt. = 0.496, Lt. 0.431) and WR (Rt. = 0.681, Lt. = 0.715). Moreover, the results of the multivariable (stepwise method) indicated that the best accuracy rates for using combinations of CMR and WR were 94 % (right side) and 92 % (left side). In conclusion, the weight of the radius (rather than the length) is an effective parameter in determining sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical graph theory deals with chemical graphs, which are used to represent chemical systems. Topological indices of molecular graphs are an important area of research in chemical graph theory. These indices are numerical values associated with compounds that aim to establish connections between chemical structures and physical attributes, chemical reactivity, and biological activity. Many graph polynomials have been proposed to compute various topological indices. Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) analysis of chemical compounds involves several regression methods that rely on these topological indices. In this article, we utilize the newly introduced -polynomial to calculate the eccentricity-based indices such as the diameter eccentricity based and hyper diameter eccentricity based index values for nineteen linear saturated monocarboxylic acids. Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) analysis is also performed for the seven thermodynamic properties of monocarboxylic acids. The relationship between thermodynamic properties and topological indices is explored using linear, quadratic and cubic regression models. The best fit curvilinear regression models were determined based on the R² and RMSE values of the models. To further investigate the statistical significance of our models, we also conducted chi-square goodness-of-fit tests to identify the best fit models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with a search for relationships between the composition and properties of CaCO3 in bile and amino acid concentrations in it. Twenty two calcium carbonate samples were synthesized in bile by varying the concentrations of the amino acids histidine (His), methionine (Met), arginine (Arg), and tryptophan (Trp). It was found by thermodynamic modeling that the introduction of amino acids increases the stability of bile due to the reduction of the mole fraction of free Ca2+ ions. The CaCO3 content in the solid phase of the synthesized samples was determined; the maximum content was found for the samples obtained with Arg, and the minimum one, for those obtained with Met. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy studies showed that all the resulting powders were based on vaterite. For the amino acids Met and Arg, their stabilizing effect in relation to metastable aragonite was proved. Optical microscopy showed the presence of vaterite spherulites in all the resulting powders. It was established by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) that calcium carbonate microparticles with a radius of less than 10 μm are represented by three fractions. All the amino acids under study can be used as medicines for treatment and prevention of microcholelithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A disconnected graph G is called a cluster if G is not union of K2s (1-factor) but union of complete graphs of order at least two. J. Akiyama, K. Ando and D. Avis showed in Lemma 2.1 of [2] that G is equi-eccentric if the eccentric graph Ge is a cluster or pK2. And they also characterized all graphs whose eccentric graphs are complete graphs and pK2 in [2]. In this paper, we determined in Theorem 2 all graphs whose eccentric graphs are clusters, which is an extension of Lemma 2.1 in [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The proximal radio-ulnar joint allows supination and pronation of the forearm and the humeroradial joint allows flexion and extension movements at the elbow joint. Although the proximal end of the radius is less common than other fractures, it is more common nowadays due to the prolongation of life expectancy, increased incidence of osteoporosis. There have been reports in the literature that success has not been achieved due to the lack of anatomical fit of the prosthesis. Knowledge of the morphometric features of the proximal end of the radius is important for the design of anatomically and biomechanically appropriate prostheses. Methods: In this study, measurements of head and neck of radius, and radial tuberosity were measured in 80 dry radii. Parameters important for prosthesis design were analysed and their correlations examined. Results: The shapes of radial head was found 36% oval and 64% circular. The mean heights of the radial head at anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral sides were 8.52 ± 1.32 mm, 9.02 ± 1.23 mm, 9.20 ± 1.59 mm, 8.05 ± 1.13 mm, respectively. The mean depth of articular facet were 1.85 ± 0.37 mm. It was determined that there was no high correlation between the parameters affecting the prosthesis design. Conclusions: Morphological and morphometric features of the proximal radius are important for prosthesis design and implantation. The ideal radial head prosthesis design is challenging due to numerous parameters, wide ranges and low correlation, although modular designs facilitate compatibility. The widespread use of 3D printing technologies is expected to reduce the potential complications associated with prosthesis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThis study describes the efficacy of applying the prying lever technique to distal radial metaphyseal symphysis diaphysis joining region (DMP) fractures in children, and reports that the technique has an ameliorative effect on the phenomenon of delayed healing and non-union that occurs after surgery for fractures in the DMP region.MethodsThe medical records of 72 children with fractures in the DMP region, treated between December 2017 and December 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were randomly assigned to either the cut-and-displace group (n = 36) or the pry-and-lever group (n = 36). Both groups were monitored for time to fracture healing, incidence of delayed or non-union, radiologic outcomes, complications, and functional assessments using the EQ-5D, DASH, and VAS scales.ResultsThe follow-up period ranged from 3 to 5 years, with a mean of 26.5 months. After 6 months of follow-up, the incidence of delayed/non-union of fractures was 2.7% and 16.6% in the study and control groups, respectively, and the incidence of delayed healing was significant (P 0.05). Postoperative pain level was scored using VAS (P

Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen widely distributed in nature, commonly found in soil and bird droppings such as pigeons. Cryptococcal osteomyelitis is usually found in immunocompromised patients, in an unusual condition Cryptococcus invades the bone. It usually occurs as a part of disseminated infection and is rarely isolated, and isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis of the radius is rarer. Case presentation: We report a case of a 41-year-old woman with no underlying disease who presented with progressive distal swelling of the left forearm. The patient was initially suspected by local doctors of a malignant bone tumor. For further diagnosis, we performed a computed tomography-guided biopsy of the radius and found granulomatous inflammation with massive macrophage infiltration and a specific stain showing mycosis. Genetic testing revealed a high abundance of Cryptococcus neoformans. We performed debridement of the radius and filled the bone defect with antifungal calcium sulfate. Fluconazole was taken orally for 3 months after operation. No recurrence was found in the 15-month follow-up. Conclusion: It is the second case of Cryptococcus osteomyelitis as the only manifestation of extrapulmonary disease since 1973. It should be a safe and effective method to eliminate dead space, release antifungal drugs for a long time and increase bone stability by filling bone defect with antifungal drugs and calcium sulfate bone powder.

The construction of new railway lines is based on the railway plan. There are various ways to draw up a railway plan. The basis of all railway plans is a scheme of geometric point locations, the projection of the center of gravity of the carriage is on a horizontal plane and consists of a single flat line. The railway plan consists of linear and curved parts connecting straight sections. However, the curves determining the position of the rails of the railway track in the curved part will be spatial. To extinguish the centrifugal force arising in the curved part of the road, an external rail rises. In this case, the elevated curve representing the outer rail becomes spatial. Therefore, in the work, it is proposed to draw up a plan of a railway track as two curves, one of which is flat, and the other depicts an external spatial rail. In this case, the distance between the ends of the rectilinear parts and the angle between the rectilinear parts are selected as the main parameters. In the work, for the simplest case, when both linear parts belong to the same horizontal plane, it is proved that the curved part is a spatial curve. The curvature of the required curve was determined and a dynamic system was constructed, the solution of which would be a curve that satisfied the technical conditions presented for the railway route. This dynamic system is proposed as a mathematical model of the railway route. In the rectilinear parts, the railway plan is straight on a horizontal plane. The curve of the road should be spatial.

Refracture at the same site after implant removal is a rare complication, as fractures generally occur close to the plate end due to stress concentration. The reported case involves a patient with refractures of forearm bones at the previous site three months after implant removal. A 48-year-old, right-handed man complained of pain and swelling in his right hand after falling on a wet floor. He had a history of a similar injury three years earlier and was treated with plate osteosynthesis. The plates were removed three months before the present trauma. Radiographs revealed fractures of the distal one-third radius and distal one-fourth of the ulna with evidence of previous screw holes. He has been treated with a Low-contact Dynamic Compression Plate (LCDCP) and remains under follow-up. Refracture three months after implant removal at the site of the previous fracture site in both bones is a very rare occurrence and the present case report highlighted the importance of making a proper decision regarding union, when considering implant removal and post-implant removal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Evaluating the carrying angle and other anthropological features is important in determining elbow deformities. This study evaluated the carrying angle and various skeletal elements in normal Iranian adults. Methods: The present study includes the elbow radiographs of 253 adolescents (87 women and 166 men). The carrying angle, articular surface angle, radial neck-shaft angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter have been measured. Then, a statistical analysis was conducted by gender and side for each measure. Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlations were used to detect the correlation between means. Results: The mean carrying angle, radial neck-shaft angle, articular surface angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter were 19.72±7.68° , 11.21±4.45° , 85.19±7.62° , and 85.80±66.47 (mm) respectively. Statistically significant differences were not found between the left and right sides in all parameters for both males and females. However, significant differences were found between genders in inter-epicondylar diameter (P=0.0001). Further, a significant negative correlation was found between the carrying and articular surface angles in males (r=-0.29) and females (r=-0.33). However, there was no significant correlation between the carrying angle and radial neck-shaft angle or inter-epicondylar diameter. Conclusion: The present study showed the mean value of carrying angle, radial neck-shaft angle, articular surface angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter in Iranian people. The result of this study might be useful in the management of elbow disorders such as fractures and displacement as well as elbow reconstruction surgery procedures.

This research paper presents a comprehensive morphologic and morphometric analysis of the forelimb bones (scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna) of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx) that are facing the threat of extinction. The study aims to contribute essential anatomical and clinical data, as well as facilitate biomedical research and educational endeavors. Bone specimens sourced from the Bangladesh National Zoo, Dhaka, were subjected to a standard hot water maceration technique, followed by sun-drying and treatment with 5% hydrogen peroxide. The scapula displayed a distinct triangular flat shape with a well-developed spine, and demarcating supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. Scapular weights were recorded at 698 gm (right) and 718 gm (left). The humerus, a robust and elongated bone measuring an average of 35.9 cm, exhibited a compressed cylindrical diaphysis and expanded epiphyses, with the right humerus weighing 944 gm and the left, 1016 gm. Notably, the humeral shaft displayed distinct regional compressions and expansions. The radius, slightly oblique and broader than the ulna, demonstrated cranial-caudal flattening. In contrast, the ulna, the longest bone at an average of 41.6 cm in the forearm, displayed distinct anatomical features. These findings offer valuable insights for comparative anatomical investigations within this taxonomic group and hold significance for clinical applications and educational purposes.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the outcomes, complications, and potential advantages of using anatomical interlocking intramedullary nails (IMN) in the treatment of radius and ulnar shaft diaphyseal fractures in adults. Methods Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched between January 2000 and January 2023. Studies meeting criteria were observational or randomized controlled trials evaluating outcomes in IMN for adult diaphyseal forearm fractures. Standardized data extraction was performed and a quality assessment tool was used to evaluate individual study methodology. Descriptive statistics for interventions, functional outcomes, and complications were reported. Meta-analysis was performed for patient-reported outcome measures and operative time. Results A total of 29 studies involving 1268 patients were included with 764 (60%) undergoing IMN, 21% open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and 9% hybrid fixation. There was no significant difference between groups in DASH and Grace–Eversmann scores. Operative time was significantly shorter in IMN compared with ORIF. The DASH scores were: 13.1 ± 6.04 for IMN, 10.17 ± 3.98 for ORIF, and 15.5 ± 0.63 in hybrids. Mean operative time was 65.3 ± 28.7 in ORIF and 50.8 ± 17.7 in IMN. Complication rates were 16.7% in the IMN group, 14.9% in ORIF, and 6.3% in hybrid constructs. There were 11 cases of extensor pollicis rupture in the IMN group. Average IMN pronation and supination were 78.3° ± 7.9° and 73° ± 5.0°, respectively. Average ORIF pronation and supination was 82.15° ± 1.9° and 79.7° ± 4.5°, respectively. Conclusions Similar functional outcomes and complication rates along with shorter operative times can be achieved with IMN compared with ORIF. The use of IMN is promising, however, higher quality evidence is required to assess appropriate indications, subtle differences in range of motion, implant-related complications, and cost-effectiveness. Trail Registration PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) (ID: CRD42022362353). Level of evidence III.

Background: The study employs finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate stress distribution in the radius of toy poodles after screw removal. The examination focuses on the biomechanical implications of varied screw hole configurations using 1.5-mm and 2.0-mm locking compression plates (LCP) with notched head T-Plates. Aim: To provide a non-invasive approach to analyzing the immediate consequences of screw removal from the radius bone in toy poodles. Specifically, it explores the impact of varied plate designs and screw arrangements on stress distribution within the forelimb bones. Methods: The study constructs a three-dimensional bone model of the toy poodle's forelimb based on computed tomography (CT) images. Simulations were designed to replicate jumping and landing from a 40 cm height, comparing stress distribution in the radius post-screw removal. Results: The analysis reveals significant variations in stress distribution patterns between the two LCPs. The radius implanted with the 2.0-mm LCP displays a uniform stress distribution, contrasting with the 1.5-mm plates. Localized stress concentration is observed around the screw holes, while trabecular bone regions near the screw holes exhibit lower stress levels. Conclusion: The study highlights the plate designs and screw configurations that affect bone stress in toy poodle forelimbs post-screw removal. The findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, aiding informed decisions in veterinary orthopedic practices. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(3.000): 885-894]

This study investigated the impact of a cylindrical obstacle on convection in an inclined square cavity filled with water-Al2O3 nanofluid. Using the finite volume method, the problem was resolved by having the inner cylinder rotate adiabatically while other walls were thermally insulated. Additionally, the bottom wall was hotter than the top. The study examined the effects of cylindrical obstacle radius (0.1 ≤ R ≤ 0.2), rotation speed (-500 ≤ Ω ≤ 500), Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 100), volumetric nanoparticle fraction (0.02), and Grashof number (Gr = 104 ) on heat transfer rate or Nusselt number. The results were compared with previous literature, and the influence of the cylindrical obstacle rotational speed on convection flow was evaluated. An increase in the counterclockwise angular rotating speed resulted in higher nanofluid flux. The heat transmission coefficient increased as the Richardson number decreased. The use of nanofluid in the enclosure increased the coefficient of heat flow through mixed convection. Finally, the study showed that the convection heat exchange is enhanced with the increase in the radius. Moreover, an enhancement of the Nusselt number around 46% was reported for the cylinder, under Gr=10000, ∅=0.02, =45° and Ri= 10.

Background: Fractures through the physis account for 18–30% of all paediatric fractures, leading to growth arrest in up to 5.5% of cases. We have limited knowledge to predict which physeal fractures result in growth arrest and subsequent deformity or limb length discrepancy. The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with physeal growth arrest to improve patient outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study was designed to develop a clinical prediction model for growth arrest after physeal injury. Patients ≤ 18 years old presenting within four weeks of injury were enrolled if they had open physes and sustained a physeal fracture of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia or fibula. Patients with prior history of same-site fracture or a condition known to alter bone growth or healing were excluded. Demographic data, potential prognostic indicators, and radiographic data were collected at baseline, during healing, and at one- and two-years post-injury. Results: A total of 332 patients had at least six months of follow-up or a diagnosis of growth arrest within six months of injury. In a comparison analysis, patients who developed growth arrest were more likely to be older (12.8 years vs. 9.4 years) and injured on the right side (53.0% vs. 45.7%). Initial displacement and angulation rates were higher in the growth arrest group (59.0% vs. 47.8% and 47.0% vs. 38.8%, respectively), but the amount of angulation was similar (27.0° vs. 28.4°). Rates of growth arrest were highest in distal femoral fractures (86%). Conclusions: The incidence of growth arrest in this patient population appears higher than the past literature reports at 30.1%. However, there may be variances in diagnostic criteria for growth arrest, and the true incidence may be lower. A number of patients were approaching skeletal maturity, and any growth arrest is likely to have less clinical significance in these cases. Further prospective long-term follow-up is required to determine risk factors, incidence, and true clinical impact of growth arrest when it does occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We aim to observe the clinical outcomes of our patients with distal radius fractures treated conservatively with cast immobilization. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of 52 (13 males and 39 females) patients with distal end radius fractures who were treated with cast immobilization. We noticed there were three different groups of patients with different periods of cast immobilization and the onset of rehabilitation. The first group (n=18) was undergone 4 weeks of cast immobilization, the second group (n=17) underwent 5 weeks, whereas the third group of patients (n=17) completed 6 weeks of cast immobilization. Wrist and affected hand rehabilitation were started soon after the discontinuation of the cast. All patients were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for emotional status, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand(DASH) Score for overall hand function. All patients have also been evaluated for pain-free grip strength, and joints Range of Motion (ROM). The assessments were done right after removing the cast(pre-rehabilitation) and after completing rehabilitation(post-rehabilitation). Results: The VAS score, grip strength, BDI, and DASH scores showed significant differences among all groups before rehabilitation (p<0.01). The ROM and the grip strength were found to be insufficient, while the BDI and DASH scores were not significantly improved with long-term immobilization when compared to short-term immobilization. All scores showed a statistically significant difference in all groups after the 6th month (p<0.01). Conclusion: Short-term immobilization is a more effective functional outcomes and safer treatment modality before and after rehabilitation compared to long-term immobilization in the conservative treatment of distal radius fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Evaluating the carrying angle and other anthropological features is important in determining elbow deformities. This study evaluated the carrying angle and various skeletal elements in normal Iranian adults. Methods: The present study includes the elbow radiographs of 253 adolescents (87 women and 166 men). The carrying angle, articular surface angle, radial neck-shaft angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter have been measured. Then, a statistical analysis was conducted by gender and side for each measure. Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlations were used to detect the correlation between means. Results: The mean carrying angle, radial neck-shaft angle, articular surface angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter were 19.72±7.68°, 11.21±4.45°, 85.19±7.62°, and 85.80±66.47 (mm) respectively. Statistically significant differences were not found between the left and right sides in all parameters for both males and females. However, significant differences were found between genders in inter-epicondylar diameter (P=0.0001). Further, a significant negative correlation was found between the carrying and articular surface angles in males (r=-0.29) and females (r=-0.33). However, there was no significant correlation between the carrying angle and radial neck-shaft angle or inter-epicondylar diameter. Conclusion: The present study showed the mean value of carrying angle, radial neck-shaft angle, articular surface angle, and interepicondylar diameter in Iranian people. The result of this study might be useful in the management of elbow disorders such as fractures and displacement as well as elbow reconstruction surgery procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anatomical reconstruction of the wrist is the aim when treating distal radius fractures. Current literature on the importance of preoperative reduction in fractures that are treated operatively is limited. Methods: This study investigated the effect of the preoperative closed reduction of distal radius fractures on the day of trauma and the time to surgery on postoperative palmar inclination. A total of eighty patients (48 females and 32 males, mean age 55.6 years) were studied retrospectively. All patients were treated with an open reduction and internal fixation. The palmar inclination angle was measured using X-rays by two investigators, and the interobservers and pre- and post-reduction parameters were compared. Results: When the surgical management of closed distal radius fractures is required, neither initial repositioning nor a delay of up to 14 days to the surgical treatment influences postoperative palmar inclination. Conclusions: The significance of preoperative reduction of distal radius fractures without neurovascular or extensive soft tissue damage is limited and is not leading to improved outcomes. When surgery is about to be performed, surgeons should carefully consider if reduction is really vital preoperatively. Level of evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Arteries that provide nutrition to the long bones pass through openings called nutrient foramen (NF). The number of studies on NFs of the radius is quite scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence, number, direction, and anatomical localization of NFs of the radius. Material and Method: A total of 133 dry adult human radii were investigated in this study. The presence, number, position, and direction of NFs of the radii were determined. The shortest distance of NF to the most proximal point of the radius (DPE), the transverse diameter of the radius at the level of the NF (TD), and the shortest distance of the NF to the most prominent point of the dorsal tubercle (DDT) were measured. Furthermore, the foraminal index (FI) was calculated. Result: A single NF was found in 130 (97.7%) bones, and 3 (2.3%) radii did not have NF. The NFs were most commonly on the anterior surface (80%, 104 bones) and middle 1/3 (78.5%, 102 bones) part of the bones. All NFs were towards the elbow. The DPE, TD, and DDT were meanly 82.72±11.4 mm, 129.99±15.41 mm, and 14.6±1.97 mm, respectively. The average FI was 35.6±4.64. Conclusion: This paper provides additional information, such as the distance of nutrient foramen to the dorsal tubercle. Our results may help clinicians during applications related to the NF of the radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring. Denote by mod R the category of finitely generated R-modules. In this paper, we investigate the finiteness of the radii of resolving subcategories of mod R with respect to a fixed semidualizing module. As an application, we give a partial positive answer to a conjecture of Dao and Takahashi: we prove that for a Cohen–Macaulay local ring R, a resolving subcategory of mod R has infinite radius whenever it contains a canonical module and a non-MCM module of finite injective dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comprehensive morphologic and morphometric analysis of the forelimb bones (scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna) of the common eland (Taurotragus oryx) that are facing the threat of extinction. The study aims to contribute essential anatomical and clinical data, as well as facilitate biomedical research and educational endeavors. Bone specimens sourced from the Bangladesh National Zoo, Dhaka, were subjected to a standard hot water maceration technique, followed by sun-drying and treatment with 5% hydrogen peroxide. The scapula displayed a distinct triangular flat shape with a well-developed spine, and demarcating supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. Scapular weights were recorded at 698 gm (right) and 718 gm (left). The humerus, a robust and elongated bone measuring an average of 35.9 cm, exhibited a compressed cylindrical diaphysis and expanded epiphyses, with the right humerus weighing 944 gm and the left, 1016 gm. Notably, the humeral shaft displayed distinct regional compressions and expansions. The radius, slightly oblique and broader than the ulna, demonstrated cranial-caudal flattening. In contrast, the ulna, the longest bone at an average of 41.6 cm in the forearm, displayed distinct anatomical features. These findings offer valuable insights for comparative anatomical investigations within this taxonomic group and hold significance for clinical applications and educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The study employs finite element analysis to investigate stress distribution in the radius of toy poodles after screw removal. The examination focuses on the biomechanical implications of varied screw hole configurations using 1.5 and 2.0-mm locking compression plates (LCPs) with notched head T-Plates. Aim: To provide a noninvasive approach to analyzing the immediate consequences of screw removal from the radius bone in toy poodles. Specifically, it explores the impact of varied plate designs and screw arrangements on stress distribution within the forelimb bones. Methods: The study constructs a three-dimensional bone model of the toy poodle's forelimb based on computed tomography (CT) images. Simulations were designed to replicate jumping and landing from a 40 cm height, comparing stress distribution in the radius post-screw removal. Results: The analysis reveals significant variations in stress distribution patterns between the two LCPs. The radius implanted with the 2.0-mm LCP displays a uniform stress distribution, contrasting with the 1.5-mm plates. Localized stress concentration is observed around the screw holes, while trabecular bone regions near the screw holes exhibit lower stress levels. Conclusion: The study highlights the plate designs and screw configurations that affect bone stress in toy poodle forelimbs post-screw removal. The findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, aiding informed decisions in veterinary orthopedic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A diaphyseal simple transverse fracture (DSTF) of the upper extremity (UE) requires direct anatomical reduction and absolute stability. No standard efficient method exists for reducing and maintaining a DSTF, despite its importance. Here, we introduce our transosseous wiring (TOW) method for UE-DSTFs. Methods: To maintain reduction, the UE-DSTF was first fixed with TOW before definitive fixation with a locking plate across the fracture. We retrospectively reviewed 15 patients with at least 1 year of postoperative follow-up treatment from 2019 to 2021. Results: All patients had achieved anatomical reduction and bone union at the final follow-up. Three patients had hardware removed because of irritation caused by the plate and screws. However, none of those three patients complained of irritation from the wire. One patient experienced refracture at the same site after hardware removal after a fall. The same technique was used in this case, and the bone union was observed 6 months after surgery. Conclusion: TOW is a simple straightforward method that can be applied without special instruments. It could be an efficient method for interfragmentary compression and attachment of a locking plate without the burden of maintaining the reduction of UE-DSTFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red hawk (Buteo Rufinus) is a medium-sized bird of prey with wide wings, belonging to the order Falconiformes and a member of the Accipitridae family. The Red hawk is a wild bird species and is easily recognized by its black feathers and red color on its wing feathers. In poultry, the thoracic extremity is developed as a wing. Techniques such as radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance contribute significantly to the evaluation of biological data in endangered species and wildlife because they provide the best view of anatomical structures and organs, are non-invasive, and allow sensitive diagnoses. The aim of this study was to create 3D models of the humerus and antebrachium bones of the Red hawk, an important bird of prey, with multi-detector computer tomography and to examine the bones mentioned morphologically and morphometrically through the models obtained. Humerus and antebrachium bones of a total of 6 dead adult Red hawks, 3 females and 3 males, were used as materials. When the morphometric results were examined, the average humerus length, average ulna length and average radius length in Red hawks were expressed in mm for the left and right extremities, regardless of gender. Moreover morphometric measurements of the humerus, ulna and radius bones were compared statistically between the right and left wings, and it was concluded that there was a significant difference between some values with a value of p<0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of a cylindrical obstacle on convection in an inclined square cavity filled with water-Al2O3 nanofluid. Using the finite volume method, the problem was resolved by having the inner cylinder rotate adiabatically while other walls were thermally insulated. Additionally, the bottom wall was hotter than the top. The study examined the effects of cylindrical obstacle radius (0.1 ≤ R ≤ 0.2), rotation speed (-500 ≤ Ω ≤ 500), Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 100), volumetric nanoparticle fraction (0.02), and Grashof number (Gr = 104) on heat transfer rate or Nusselt number. The results were compared with previous literature, and the influence of the cylindrical obstacle rotational speed on convection flow was evaluated. An increase in the counterclockwise angular rotating speed resulted in higher nanofluid flux. The heat transmission coefficient increased as the Richardson number decreased. The use of nanofluid in the enclosure increased the coefficient of heat flow through mixed convection. Finally, the study showed that the convection heat exchange is enhanced with the increase in the radius. Moreover, an enhancement of the Nusselt number around 46% was reported for the cylinder, under Gr=10000, Φ=0.02, γ=45° and Ri= 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives. This overview of Cochrane systematic reviews (CSRs) reports on current evidence on the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for persons with upper limb fractures (ULFs), and the quality of the evidence. Materials and Methods. Following the inclusion criteria defined by the World Health Organization, all CSRs tagged in the Cochrane Rehabilitation database that were relevant for persons with ULFs were included. A mapping synthesis was used to group outcomes and comparisons of included CSRs, indicating the effect of rehabilitation interventions and the certainty of evidence. Results. A total of three CSRs were included in the evidence map. The certainty of evidence was judged as low to very low. Early occupational and hand therapy, cyclic pneumatic soft tissue compression, and cross-education, when started during immobilization, may improve grip strength and wrist range of motion, with results maintained up to 12 weeks from the cast removal, compared to no intervention. Approaches such as occupational therapy and passive mobilisation, started post-immobilization, are probably safe in terms of secondary complications. However, the overall evidence of rehabilitative interventions related to proximal humeral fractures has been judged insufficient for all the outcomes considered. A paucity of primary studies and CSRs for elbow fractures was noted. Conclusions. This overview provided the effect and the certainty of evidence of rehabilitation interventions available after ULFs using a mapping synthesis. To date, there is a need to further the effectiveness and safety of these interventions for persons with ULFs, improving methodological quality of the research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose To investigate a novel marker to diagnose posterior staphylomas by measuring the radius of the steepest curvature on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) segmentation line using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Study Design Retrospective Cross-sectional Study. Methods The authors developed a prototype software to measure the radius of curvature on the RPE segmentation line of OCT. Twelve images of 9-mm radial OCT scans were used. The radius of curvature was measured at the steepest area of the RPE segmentation line, and the macular curvature (MC) index was calculated based on its reciprocal. Based on the wide-field fundus findings, the study sample was divided into three groups: definite posterior staphyloma, no posterior staphyloma, and undetermined. The differences of MC index among the groups and the correlation between the MC index, age, and axial length were analyzed. Results The present study analyzed 268 eyes, with 54 (20.1%) with definite posterior staphyloma, 202 (75.4%) with no posterior staphyloma, and 12 (4.5%) with undetermined disease status. A maximum MC index of 37.5 was observed in the group with no posterior staphyloma, which was less than the minimum MC index of 42.7 observed in the group with definite posterior staphyloma. The MC index had strong correlations with the axial length and age in eyes with high myopia. Conclusions Eyes with posterior staphyloma have a steeper curvature than those with radius 8.44 mm, while eyes without posterior staphyloma do not. MC index 40 (radius 8.44 mm) might act as a reference to distinguish between those with and those without posterior staphyloma.

In this paper, we studied the effect of amino acids in the composition of bile, the formation of various modifications of calcium carbonate (aragonite, vaterite, calcite). In this work, 22 samples of calcium carbonate in bile were synthesized by varying the concentrations of amino acids (histidine, methionine, arginine and tryptophan). For the amino acids methionine and arginine, their stabilizing effect with respect to metastable aragonite has been proven: with an increase in their concentration in bile, an increase in the mass fraction of aragonite in the composition of the solid phase occurs. Optical microscopy showed the presence of vaterite spherulites in all obtained powders. The results of photon correlation spectroscopy correlate with the data of X-ray phase analysis. It is shown that calcium carbonate microparticles with a radius of less than 10 µm are represented by three fractions. It has been shown that syntheses involving histidine and tryptophan, in which, with increasing amino acid concentrations, an increase in the proportion of the small-sized fraction and a decrease in the proportion of the large-sized ones are observed. Thus, all studied amino acids have the potential to be used as medicines for the treatment and prevention of nanocholelithiasis.

The cortical bone is the most severely affected site in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and thus, a low bone mineral density (BMD) is predominantly observed in distal forearm. Several studies have investigated potential associations between the weight of the gland and bone mineral loss. In this study, we wanted to investigate the relationship between parathyroid adenoma (PTA) volume and bone mineral loss.