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Because of the potential bioactivities, nanoparticles have engendered hope in scientific communities for developing novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, it was tested whether selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) can protect the liver in mothers with gestational diabetes (DM). The gestational rats were divided into three groups (n = 8). Group 1 (CN) received the vehicle, Group 2 (DM) received a single intraperitoneal injection of 165 mg/kg of alloxan, and Group 3 (DM + Se-NPs) received a single intraperitoneal injection of 165 mg/kg alloxan and then treated with Se-NPs at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg twice a week for 6 weeks; 1 week before gestation and continued for 5 weeks. The structure of the fabricated Se-NPs modified with ascorbic acid indicated that nano-Se was associated with a carbon matrix. The body weight of diabetic mothers was lower compared to control animals. The use of Se-NPs as a treatment has led to significant restoration of the body weight in diabetic rat mothers compared to those diabetic animals without treatment. Concentrations of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, LDH, malondialdehyde, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were significantly increased in diabetic rats, while glutathione significantly declined in comparison to control gestational rats. Interestingly, Se-NPs in DM + Se-NPs rats were found to restore all these parameters to values close to the control levels. Se-NPs could improve the histological structure of the liver in gestational rats with diabetes (DM + Se-NPs). Our data demonstrate that Se-NPs shield the liver structure and function in gestational rats against alloxan-induced diabetes.

Medhat Gamal, Ahmed Hasanin, Nada Adly, Maha Mostafa, Ahmed M Yonis, Ashraf Rady, Nasr M Abdallah, Mohammed Ibrahim, Mohamed Elsayad Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed Hasanin, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 01 Elsarayah Street, Elmanyal, Cairo, 11559, Egypt, Fax +20224168736, Email ahmedmohamedhasanin@gmail.comBackground: Successful brachial plexus blockade produces sympathetic blockade, resulting in increased skin temperature in the blocked segments. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of infrared thermography in predicting failed segmental supraclavicular brachial plexus block.Methods: This prospective observational study included adult patients undergoing upper-limb surgery under supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Sensation was evaluated at the dermatomal distribution of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves. Block failure was defined as absence of complete sensory loss 30 min after block completion. Skin temperature was evaluated by infrared thermography at the dermatomal supply of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves at baseline, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after block completion. The temperature change from the baseline measurement was calculated for each time point. Outcomes were the ability of temperature change at each site to predict failed block of the corresponding nerve using area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis.Results: Eighty patients were available for the final analysis. The AUC (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the ability of temperature change at 5 min to predict failed ulnar, median, and radial nerve block was 0.79 (0.68– 0.87), 0.77 (0.67– 0.86), and 0.79 (0.69– 0.88). The AUC (95% CI) increased progressively and reached its maximum values at 15 min (ulnar nerve 0.98 [0.92– 1.00], median nerve 0.97 [0.90– 0.99], radial nerve 0.96 [0.89– 0.99]) with negative predictive value of 100%.Conclusion: Infrared thermography of different skin segments provides an accurate tool for predicting failed supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Increased skin temperature at each segment can exclude block failure in the corresponding nerve with 100% accuracy.Keywords: supraclavicular brachial plexus block, infrared thermography, skin temperature, block failure, analgesia, upper-limb surgery

The management of sheep reproduction requires the induction and synchronization of the estrus cycle and ovulation for the ewe out-of-season and/or synchronized lambing. These managements are based on the insertion of an intravaginal device of controlled internal drug release (CIDR or sponge) and then the administration of a hormonal injection, such as PMSG, eCG, hCG, or GnRH. This study aimed to compare the impact of CIDR or sponges, with PMSG and GnRH injection, respectively, for inducing estrus synchronization, lambing rate, twining, and sex preselection rate in Naimi sheep. A total of 86 Naimi sheep ewes and six male rams with proven fertility were used in this study. The results showed that the first ewes or CIDR group had the highest ewe fertility rate of 26/28 (92.59%) with a 35/92 (38.04%) lamb production ratio. The offspring sex ratio was 22/35 males (62.85%) and 13/35 female lambs (37.14%). Their twin ratios were 9/22 (34.4%), producing 14 males (77.77%) and 13 females (37.14%). The second or sponge ewe group’s fertility ratio was 16/26 (61.53%). They sired the lowest offspring ratio of 20/92 total lambs (21.73%) and had sex ratios of 11/20 males (55.0%) and 9/20 (45.0%) female lambs. The twin production ratios were 4/22 (25% with two males and two males with female twins). Their twin sex ratio was six males (77.77%) and two females (22.34%). The third or control ewe group’s fertility rate was 29/33 (87.87%). They produced 37/92 (40.27%) lambs, and the total sex ratios were 22/37 male lambs (59.45%) and 15/35 (40.45%) female lambs. They produced eight twins (27.58%), and their twins’ sex was equal to six male and six female (50%) lambs. Regarding the progesterone and testosterone hormone levels, no differences during pre- or post-intravaginal insertion were observed, but the estrogen level showed some differences during pre-insertion. In conclusion, the use of CIDR with hormone injection is better for reproduction management, male lambing, and sex preselection rate. The control group produced approximately the same fertility rate with equal male and female lambing sex preselection rates.

Rumex vesicarius (R. vesicarius or RV) is an annual plant having rounded leaves, with flowers containing seeds. RV protects liver, resists cancer, and removes free radicals in cells. The aim of this study was to illustrate the effect of the R. vesicarius water seeds extract (RVWSE) treatment on mice before and during pregnancy, and its action on the liver and kidney histology and enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, the blood urea nitrogen, the creatinine, and the uric acid. The seeds of R. vesicarius were collected, extracted, and its component analyzed via Gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Mice treated with 10 mg kg−1 RVWSE via feeding tube for 1 week before mating, or during pregnancy. The number of offspring or litter size was recorded and the blood sample was collected at the end of the experiment to test the kidney and liver enzymes, and their histology. Results showed that RVWSE contains different phytochemicals consisting of some hexane and chloroform compounds. The fertility rate of 1st treated pre-pregnancy group is 30% and the 2nd group is 35%. The offspring rate of 1st treated group showed higher new born rate (8 new born/female) than 2nd treated group (5.4 new born/female). The blood enzyme levels of the kidney and liver showed some variation between the two groups and their histology illustrates some non-significant variation between the treated and control groups of mice. The implications of the results of this study illustrate the safe use of the RVWSE, its effectiveness in improving mice fertility, and positive impact on biomarker of serum enzymes of liver and kidney with their histopathology.

Eight wheat cultivars, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Sids-1, Sids-12, Sids-13, Shandweel-1, Misr-1, and Misr-2, were evaluated for leaf rust at the seedling and adult stages in the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses were performed to determine the link between cultivars that were either sensitive or resistant to the disease. Misr-2 and Giza-171 cultivars had the highest levels of resistance to leaf rust races in 2021 (LTCGT, STSJT, and TTTST) and 2022 (MBGJT, TTTKS, and TTTTT) at the seedling stage. However, at the adult stage, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Misr-1, and Misr-2 cultivars had the highest levels of resistance; consequently, they had the lowest final disease severity and the lowest values of AUDPC. The correlation between the seedling reaction and adult reaction was non-significant, with values of 0.4401 and 0.4793 in the 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Throughout the biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses, it was observed that catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities significantly increased in the resistant cultivars. The discoloration of superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly decreased in resistant and moderately resistant wheat cultivars (Sakha-94, Giza-171, Misr-1, and Misr-2); higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-) levels were recorded for the susceptible cultivars compared to the resistant cultivars. Molecular markers proved that the Lr50 gene was detected in the resistant cultivars. Puccinia triticina infections negatively affected most histological characteristics of flag leaves, especially in susceptible cultivars. The thickness of the blade (µ), the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis (UE and LE), the thickness of mesophyll tissue (MT), and bundle length and width in the midrib were decreased in susceptible cultivars such as Sids-1, Sids-13, and Shandwel-1 compared with resistant cultivars.

Salicylic acid and Azospirillum brasilense stimulate plant growth and productivity. In some environments, plant physiology similarly responds to both bioactive products. Considering this, a field experiment was conducted to study the physiological effect of Salicilic acid and A. brasilense on growth and grain yield of maize plants. The experiment involved three treatments consisting of imbibed seeds in an aqueous solution of SA (0.01 mM), inoculated seeds with A. brasilense and a control treatment. Seed imbibition in SA and inoculation with A. brasilense improved vegetative growth in the early stages of crop ontogeny, increasing leaf growth, plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation. Spikelet length and weight were greater in plants first inoculated with A. brasilense and then treated with SA. Results indicated that SA stimulated biomass partitioning towards leaves, root and stem, while A. brasilense mainly affected leaf growth, plant height, ear dimensions and grain yield. Such results turn crucial for biological fertilization strategies aimed at reducing pollutant loads that accompany chemical fertilizers. Both products can be part of maize management practices given competitive economic advantages and sustainability. Highlights: • Seed imbibition in SA and inoculation with brasilense improved vegetative growth in the early stages of crop ontogeny, increasing leaf growth, plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation. • Salicylic Acid stimulated biomass partitioning towards leaves, root and stem in maize plants. • Azospirillum brasilense stimulates leaf growth, plant height, as well as ear dimensions and grain yield in corn plants.

Heba Nassar,1 Ahmed Hasanin,1 Mahmoud Sewilam,1 Heba Ahmed,1 Mohamed Abo-Elsoud,2 Omar Taalab,2 Ashraf Rady,1 Heba Allah Zoheir1 1Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed HasaninDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 01 Elsarayah Street, Elmanyal, Cairo, 11559, EgyptTel +20 109 507 6954Email ahmedmohamedhasanin@gmail.comBackground: This study aimed to investigate the analgesic efficacy and motor block profile of single-shot transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (QLB) in comparison with those of suprainguinal fascia iliaca block (FIB) in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty.Methods: This randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial included adult patients undergoing hip arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia. Patients were allocated to one of two groups according to the regional block received: FIB group (n=19) or QLB group (n=17). Both study groups were compared with regard to the duration of analgesia (primary outcome), block performance time, pain during positioning for spinal anesthesia, total morphine consumption in the first postoperative 24-h period, quadriceps muscle power, and static and dynamic visual analog scale.Results: Thirty-six patients were included in the final analysis. Both study groups had comparable durations of analgesia. Postoperative visual analog scale (static and dynamic) values were comparable between the two groups in most readings. The block performance time was shorter in the FIB group. The number of patients with pain during positioning for the subarachnoid block was lower in the QLB group. The total morphine requirement during the first 24 h was marginally lower in the FIB group, whereas the quadriceps motor grade was higher in the FIB group than in the QLB group at 4 h and 6 h after surgery.Conclusion: Both single-shot blocks, namely the suprainguinal FIB and transmuscular QLB, provide effective postoperative analgesia after hip arthroplasty. FIB showed slightly lower 24-h morphine consumption, while QLB showed better quadriceps motor power.Clinical Trial Registration: The study was registered at clinical trials registry system before enrollment of the first participant (NCT04005326; initial release date, 2 July 2019; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04005326).Keywords: quadratus lumborum block, fascia iliaca block, hip arthroplasty

Ahmed Rady,1 Jaidaa Mekky,2 Tarek Moulokheya,1 Ahmed Elsheshai3 1Department of Psychiatry, Alexandria University School of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt; 2Department of Neurology, Alexandria University School of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt; 3El Mamoura Psychiatric Hospital, Alexandria, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed RadyAlexandria University School of Medicine, 29 Nabi Daniel St., Alexandria 21131, EgyptTel +2 01282441053Email ahmed.rady@alexmed.edu.egIntroduction: Substance abuse is a complex issue requiring multi-disciplinary management. Protracted abstinence syndrome leads to persistent discomfort even after detoxification lasting months, resulting in poor sleep duration and quality. Despite being a major contributor to relapse and sleep disturbances, no objective assessment procedures to monitor sleep after the detoxification have been reported. The study aims to assess sleep structure after detoxification via polysomnography and psychometrically assess sleep over the next 6 months in abstinent and relapsing patients.Methods: Sixty successfully detoxified males (35.8 ± 7.3 years) with a history of heroin abuse (DSM-V) (mean composite scores (ASI): 1.3 ± 0.06, 3.48 ± 0.38, 5.45 ± 0.63, 1.2 ± 0.19, 3.93 ± 0.9, and 2.61 ± 0.8 for medical status, employment/support status, alcohol/drugs status, legal status, family/social relationships, and psychiatric status, respectively) were recruited immediately following their detoxification, without giving additional psychoactive substances or medications. Polysomnography was done in the second week following detoxification to allow washout of medications, followed by a monthly sleep assessment through sleep diary and daytime sleepiness using a visual analog scale. Relapse was proved by a urine test. Polysomnographic parameters and ASI subscales for relapsing and non-relapsing participants were compared using a 2-tailed Student’s t-test (p< 0.05).Results: Eighteen participants relapsed by 6 months (12 by 3 months). Only the ASI legal problems score was significantly different for the two groups (p=0.001). The differences were significant for NREM stages I (p=0.001) and II (p=0.002), bilateral limb movement (p=0.009), and arousal indices (p=0.001).Conclusion: Measuring polysomnographic parameters (percentage of NREM I and II, arousal index, and limb movement index) for sleep disturbance in detoxified heroin-abuse patients can be potential predictors for relapse in a 6-month follow-up.Keywords: protracted abstinence, heroin, opiate, polysomnography, relapse

Amany Ibrahim Ammar, 1 Amira Fathy Afifi, 1 Abdallah Essa, 2, 3 Asmaa Galal-Khallaf, 4 Mostafa Mohamed Mokhtar, 5 Somaia Shehab-Eldeen, 2, 3 Amany Ahmed Rady 1 1Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt; 2Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt; 3Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia; 4Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El- Kom, Menoufia, Egypt; 5Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, EgyptCorrespondence: Abdallah EssaFaculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Yassen Abd Al Ghafar Street, Shebin Elkom City 32511, Menoufia Governorate, EgyptTel +20-10-2242-4341Email abdallah.essa@med.menofia.edu.egBackground: Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease treated exclusively with praziquantel (PZQ). However, PZQ has low efficacy against schistosomula and juveniles. In addition, the emergence of PZQ resistance has prompted the search for new drugs.Methods: This study investigated the effects of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)-seed oil (PSO) on Schistosoma mansoni adults, juveniles, and newly formed schistosomula in vitro by exposing the parasites to increasing concentrations of PSO (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μl/mL) with variable incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 hours). Dose–response effects of PSO on mortality rate, worm activity, and tegumental changes were studied. Also, effect on DNA were assessed with microsatellite analysis.Results: All tested stages of S. mansoni were susceptible to PSO, which was more effective than PZQ on juvenile worms and schistosomula. Juveniles and schistosomula S. mansoni were more sensitive to the antischistosomal activity of PSO than adult worms. PSO showed evident changes in the integuments of adults, juveniles, and schistosomula. These changes were more evident with increased concentrations. At the genomic level, PSO induced clear qualitative and quantitative changes in the microsatellite loci R95529 and SMD57 of S. mansoni adults and schistosomula. This microsatellite instability is being reported through the current study for S. mansoni in response to PSO for the first time.Conclusion: This study suggested that PSO possesses effective antischistosomal activity against various stages of S. mansoni. Further investigations are needed to figure out the mechanism of action of PSO on this parasite.Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni, Cucurbita pepo, praziquantel, tegumental alteration, microsatellite

La tercera parte de los suelos del mundo son ácidos, en estas condiciones muchos cultivos se afectan, sobre todo cuando las concentraciones de aluminio alcanzan niveles tóxicos. Con el objetivo de establecer las relaciones entre indicadores de acidez y la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, el pH y el contenido de materia orgánica, se seleccionaron 13 sitios en las regiones Frailesca y Valles Zoque. Se tomaron cinco sub-muestras a 0.30 m de profundidad, para luego conformar una muestra homogénea por sitio experimental. Se determinaron el pH, cationes intercambiables, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, contenido de materia orgánica, saturación de aluminio (Al3+) y de hidrógeno (H+). El porcentaje de saturación del Al3+ se correlacionó exponencialmente con incrementos en la CIC, el pH y el % de saturación del calcio (Ca2+); sin embargo, respecto a la materia orgánica, la saturación de Al3+ se ajustó significativamente a un modelo polinomial de segundo grado, indicando un máximo de saturación a valores de 4.14% de materia orgánica. El porcentaje de saturación de H+ se ajustó negativamente a una función exponencial, disminuyendo a valores de materia orgánica superiores a 2%. Se concluye que en los suelos de la región Frailesca se está produciendo un proceso de acidificación que pudiera conducir a incrementos tóxicos del aluminio para el cultivo de maíz, sobre todo a valores de pH inferiores a cinco. Tales incrementos en la acidificación de los suelos pudieran estar asociados al excesivo uso de fertilizantes amoniacales producto de una agricultura mucho más intensiva que en la región Valles Zoques.

Seeds of Raphanus sativus L. var. Champion were inoculated with commercial strains of rhizospheric fungi+bacteria. A completely randomized experiment was designed with four treatments: Chromobacterium violaceum+Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (BiofosfoBuap®, T1), Azospirillum brasilense (AzoFer), Glomus intraradices (MicorrizaFer), and uninoculated control. Each treatment had 20 replicates. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the different treatments on leaf growth, taproot length and dry weight, dry weight of leaves and tubers, and fresh tuber weight. Net assimilation rate (NAR), absolute growth rate (AGR), and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated. Thirty three days after sowing (das), plants inoculated with C. violaceum+A. calcoaceticus had 52.67% more leaf area than the control, and 42 das they had 72.30% more leaf area. Thirty three das, treatments with C. violaceum+A. calcoaceticus and A. brasilense had 49.66% and 45.52% more dry leaf weight than the control. Fresh weight of tubers for the same two treatments was 65.03% and 63.11% higher than the control 33 das, respectively, and 80.70% and 74.56% higher 42 das. Co-inoculation with C. violaceum+A. calcoaceticus and inoculation with A. brasilense alone promoted growth of radish tubers as a consequence of increased leaf area and biomass as well as an increase in net assimilation rate. Highlights The effect of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi on the leaf area of radish plants depends more on the leaves size than on the leaves number produced by the plant. The better growth observed in plants inoculated with C. violaceum + A. calcoaceticus and A. brasilense might depend on the greater plant hormone synthesis. The effects of C. violaceum + A. calcoaceticus on plant growth are better than a single microorganism inoculation and such effects depend on the enhanced co-inoculation. Inoculating plants with C. violaceum + A. calcoaceticus promotes the tuber biomass increase over the taproot growth. Inoculation with C. violaceum + A. calcoaceticus induces transfer of photosynthates from above ground part of the plant to the tuber in order to produce biomass. Inoculation with C. violaceum + A. calcoaceticus favored accumulation of biomass in leaves and tubers, resulting in total plant biomass production, although not taproot length.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis de la transformación paulatina de la economía alimentaria lacandona, a partir de su contexto histórico, político y cultural. Esta economía ha sido particularmente de subsistencia, con patrones caracterizados por sus formas de apropiación y uso de los recursos naturales de la selva lacandona. Para comprender dichas formas se realizaron procesos de investigación participativa y microsociológica con el propósito de identificar cada una de las fuentes de abastecimiento de alimentos y los sistemas de producción y preparación. Si bien estas formas de vida pueden considerarse sustentables y saludables, dada su economía alimentaria han tendido a ser transformadas y a cambiar su organización. La colonización y la política social construidas verticalmente no han dado cabida a las realidades locales que podrían redituar, bajo su esquema alimentario y de subsistencia, condiciones de bienestar y salud. En este sentido, se revisan los objetivos y el enfoque de los programas de orden social y el Programa Nacional México Sin Hambre en la comunidad lacandona. Este análisis refleja el vacío de estos planes de Gobierno, que no solo desconocen las realidades locales, sino que además legitiman una serie de elementos de poder que implican una transformación que puede atentar contra el patrimonio cultural. Las políticas de desarrollo del Gobierno federal mexicano son asumidas en línea vertical hacia todos los niveles, con una orientación incisiva en estrategias que alteran las formas de vida de las comunidades indígenas y en su relación con los ecosistemas, al dar por hecho un contexto de problemas locales concebido desde un deber ser. De esa manera, las políticas remueven la estructura y organización de las poblaciones, pues generan ajustes en las sinergias sociales, dinamizadas a través de las redes de relaciones, construidas y deconstruidas que se sustentan en un conjunto de significaciones locales.

Con el objetivo de estimar la biomasa y el carbono acumulado en bosques de pino (Pinus maximinoii), encino (Quercus rugosa), roble (Quercus robur) y ocote (Pinus patula), en 1 ejidos de la región Frailesca de Chiapa, se seleccionaron 22 parcelas de 500 m2 (dos por cada ejido); en las que se determinaron la altura (H), la edad (años) y el diámetro normalizado (DN) de 358 árboles. Se ajustaron ecuaciones de regresión entre la biomasa acumulada (BMt) y la edad de cada árbol. Los ajustes resultaron estadísticamente significativos para el modelo exponencial y=b·ec·x. Se demuestra que, a partir de la edad del árbol, es posible estimar la biomasa total acumulada y que la mayor acumulación, tanto de biomasa como de carbono, se produjo en los bosques de pino y la menor en los de roble, debido a su estado fisiológico determinado por la menor edad del arbolado. Los bosques de pino registraron un almacén de 158 Mg ha-1, seguido del encino con 17 Mg ha-1. La especie que menos carbono almacenó fue el roble con 5.9 Mg ha-1. De los sitios estudiados, los bosques del ejido “24 de Febrero” presentaron mayor captura potencial de carbono.

This research was carried out in Villaflores and Villa Corzo, located in Chiapas State of Mexico. Specifically, throughout an ethno-agronomical approach, semi-structured interviews were designed and applied to the chayote producers who were selected by random routes. The results indicate the 57.89% of chayote producers in both municipalities, have allowed to control weeds in their crops, and being a higher proportion represented by Villaflores. Given these concerns, they prefer to control weeds throughout traditional methods, basically using mattocks with frequencies of 15 to 30 days after sowing or two to four times per cycle of crop production. Both pest and diseases are mainly controlled throughout chemical methods application. A preference to perform control among periods of higher rainfall or drought is not distinguished. A considerable percentage, which reaches 44% of the interviewed population among both municipalities, report they do not need to control pests and crop diseases.

Las políticas de desarrollo han sido utilizadas como instrumentos hegemónicos para legitimar formas de dependencia y justificar la depredación de los recursos naturales, de tal forma, que le otorga características distintivas a las políticas de desarrollo de México a nivel del Gobierno federal y estatal. Este artículo plantea la perspectiva de la construcción estratégica de las políticas del desarrollo en México, desde un análisis de tendencias comparativas con las estrategias de los planes de desarrollo de Chiapas, abordado en términos de la participación del Estado, enfoque sobre el uso y manejo de los recursos naturales y la relación con poblaciones indígenas.