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More and more cities are evolving towards the smart city concept, which brings about a tangible effect of raised life quality levels. This is confirmed by the satisfaction of inhabitants with the introduced smart solutions. It is their opinion on this issue that is crucial, as they are the main beneficiaries of these measures. This article presents a case study of a medium-sized city, which illustrates the smart city issue from an inhabitants’ perspective. An analysis of objective indices classifies a city as smart, and it is included in European lists of smart cities. It is interesting, however, to see how the inhabitants themselves assess the city in the context of the smart solutions in place. Are they relevant to them? Has the quality of life increased? Are they satisfied with the individual aspects of city functioning? What solutions are they awaiting? What areas require changes? The involvement of inhabitants and the public participation level were also assessed. The questionnaire survey results indicated whether the city can be classified as a smart city of the future and identified the spheres of the city’s activities that need improvement. The main conclusions are that inhabitants have a positive perception of a city’s smart services provided that their implementation results in an enhanced quality of life. At the same time, even though inhabitants are aware of the smart services introduced, they do not fully use them, which may be due to their low attractiveness, a lack of promotion on the part of the city, or a lack of equipment readiness.

Military tourism is one of the forms of tourism that is not sufficiently researched throughout Poland. It is only in recent years, after the period of political transformation, that interest in this phenomenon has been growing every year. This research has aimed to indicate the possibilities of military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland. It includes an analysis of data concerning the Naval Museum in Gdynia, the "Wolf's Lair" Fortress in Gierloz and an example of a military event - an air show, which took place on the premises of the 44th Airborne Museum in Gdynia. Results of the analysis of the military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland indicate that military sites and military-themed events attract considerable tourist traffic and play an important role in the overall development of tourism.

The game of chess offers a conducive setting to explore basic cognitive processes, including decision-making. The game exercises analytical cause-and-effect thinking skills regardless of the level of play. Moreover, chess portals provide information on the chess games played and serve as a vast database. The numbers of games played thus have the potential to be analyzed comprehensively, including for purposes other than analyzing chess matches only. The primary objective of this study is to develop a methodology for using information obtained from chess games for geospatial social analysis. The assumption is that the methodology will allow for general geographical variation in personality inference in the future, relying on big data from chess databases. Future large-scale studies of the geographical differentiation of personality traits using the developed methodology may be applicable in a number of ways. The results can be used wherever cross-sectional social analyses are needed in the context of personality traits (decision-making) to better understand their geographical background. In turn, the geographical distribution of these traits is accompanied by a range of important social, educational, health, political and economic implications.

Accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability are the basic quality parameters extremely important in satellite navigation. The article presents results of research using the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) that belongs to the group of Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS). The measurement data adopted for analysis were recorded in years: 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018 in the north-eastern Poland. Results of the analysis showed a significant reduction in the maximum GPS / EGNOS positioning error values from 2014 onwards (compared to results from 2012). In general, values of parameters characterizing accuracy, integrity and availability meet the requirements for EGNOS applications in APV-1 and LPV-200 aviation procedures. It the case of continuity the requirements are not met.

In this manuscript, we introduce the Ionospheric Tomographic Common Clock (ITCC) model of undifferenced uncombined GNSS measurements. It is intended for improving the Wide Area precise positioning in a consistent and simple way in the multi-GNSS context, and without the need of external precise real-time products. This is the case, in particular, of the satellite clocks, which are estimated at the Wide Area GNSS network Central Processing Facility (CPF) referred to the reference receiver one; and the precise realtime ionospheric corrections, simultaneously computed under a voxel-based tomographic model with satellite clocks and other geodetic unknowns, from the uncombined and undifferenced pseudoranges and carrier phase measurements at the CPF from the Wide Area GNSS network area. The model, without fixing the carrier phase ambiguities for the time being (just constraining them by the simultaneous solution of both ionospheric and geometric components of the uncombined GNSS model), has been successfully applied and assessed against previous precise positioning techniques. This has been done by emulating real-time conditions for Wide Area GPS users during 2018 in Poland., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. The research has been performed under the support of ATOMIC ESA funded project and the manuscript has been written under PYTHIA EC project support. The ground GNSS network data was provided by Leica in Poland and the position of the GPS transmitters from IGS.

Planning and management of urban space that involves the local community the process is key to optimal management of the surroundings, in line with social needs. Social isolation imposed because of the COVID-19 pandemic considerably reduces the possibility of conducting public consultations. This study hypothesized that such consultations can be carried out using new visualisation technologies in the virtual reality (VR) area. Owing to the development of new technologies, innovative services can be created which make it easier for recipients to absorb new content. To this end, the ArchitektVR application was developed, which uses enhanced reality for public consultations concerning planned land development. 3D visualisation with VR enables the presentation of various aspects of area development in a clear form, understandable to an average user with no specialist qualifications. It facilitates the presentation and creation of multiple variants/scenarios for the future shape of the area. The research assumptions were tested for a disused area of a water body. According to preliminary tests, the use of virtual reality could provide a new form of communication between decision-makers and citizens. Effective and easy-to-understand visualisations might provide encouragement to participate in local matters and enable citizens to make better decisions. 3D visualisation enabled concerned individuals to assess the potential development of a selected area fragment without an in-person visit, either in the field or to an office. This is of particular importance in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic and sanitary restrictions.

Knowing the exact number of fruits and trees helps farmers to make better decisions in their orchard production management. The current practice of crop estimation practice often involves manual counting of fruits (before harvesting), which is an extremely time-consuming and costly process. Additionally, this is not practicable for large orchards. Thanks to the changes that have taken place in recent years in the field of image analysis methods and computational performance, it is possible to create solutions for automatic fruit counting based on registered digital images. The pilot study aims to confirm the state of knowledge in the use of three methods (You Only Look Once—YOLO, Viola–Jones—a method based on the synergy of morphological operations of digital imagesand Hough transformation) of image recognition for apple detecting and counting. The study compared the results of three image analysis methods that can be used for counting apple fruits. They were validated, and their results allowed the recommendation of a method based on the YOLO algorithm for the proposed solution. It was based on the use of mass accessible devices (smartphones equipped with a camera with the required accuracy of image acquisition and accurate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning) for orchard owners to count growing apples. In our pilot study, three methods of counting apples were tested to create an automatic system for estimating apple yields in orchards. The test orchard is located at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The tests were carried out on four trees located in different parts of the orchard. For the tests used, the dataset contained 1102 apple images and 3800 background images without fruits.

Investing in real estate is one of the major investment areas in the world. While buying real estate people often consider - apart from standard analysis like size, standard, age, equipment- location and market prices. There is no doubt that the access to a large set of data describing and presenting property environment at present, market participants (targeted users = buyers and sellers) use the services of intermediaries or real estate appraisers, which generate extra costs, or they conduct the research using their own computers or mobile devices. The main goal of idea is to create an automatically generated information system for real estate market members. The proposed solution can allow delivering filtered information to the user. It can be presented in conjunction with the location. The user can be able, while standing in or near the property. The proposed solution consists of: positioning based on the phone GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) receiver and radius specification. As a result, valuable information can be displayed in AR (Augmented Reality) technology or on a map where location and unit prices are visible.

Integrity of positioning is one of the key aspects of satellite based augmentation systems. This paper presents a study carried out in north-eastern Poland, a region which is considered as a border of the operation of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) system. Detailed analyses concerning operational parameters of EGNOS were done during the 12-hour and 24-hour measurement sessions conducted at a fixed point. The study was focused on the role of ionospheric delays in the integrity model according to the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics guidelines. In determination of the accuracy and integrity of positioning, two variants of calculations were adopted: one based on a standard interpolation algorithm determining ionospheric delay by the EGNOS system, and the other based on the Klobuchar model. The research found that the first method is characterised by only slightly better accuracy results, while significant differences were obtained by examining the integrity of positioning. For both variants of the calculation design, the values of protection levels determined for the fixed point are much higher than the positioning accuracy, which meets the integrity requirements of the navigation system.