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The purpose of the study. This research endeavors to examine the influence of Pro Evolution Soccer on the understanding of Soccer regulations among tenth-grade students at SMA Dharma Pancasila Medan. Materials and methods. The employed research methodology is experimental, utilizing a pretest-posttest framework devoid of a control group. The participant cohort includes 36 students, consisting of 17 males and 19 females. Data collection involved assessments of Soccer rule comprehension pre- and post-intervention, facilitated by the Pro Evolution Soccer game. Results. Data analysis indicated a substantial effect on comprehension of Soccer rules following the educational intervention utilizing the Pro Evolution Soccer game. This is supported by paired t-test findings, demonstrating that the posttest mean score (74.792) notably exceeds the pretest mean score (60.347), yielding an average difference of 14.44 and a significance level (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The study concludes that Pro Evolution Soccer effectively enhances students' comprehension of Soccer rules. Incorporating video clips into the learning approach further enriches students' understanding. The research advocates for the broader implementation of such innovative educational methods in physical education and sports to enhance learning quality and student motivation.

According to Germany’s 2022 Report Card, the prevalence of overall physical activity among children and adolescents is poor (D-). Cycling to/from school is one possibility among others to increase physical activity. We developed an intervention based on the self-determination theory in previous research to promote a more self-determined form of motivation among students. To establish a robust measurement instrument, this study aimed to validate the German need satisfaction in cycling to/from school scale in terms of construct and criterion validity and reliability, and examine gender differences regarding the mean satisfaction of needs. In 2021, 239 students (46.9 % girls, 51.9 % boys, 1.3 % diverse) aged between 10 and 17 attending an intermediate or high educational level in Southern Germany participated in this study. Global model fit, measurement model invariance tests across gender, and internal consistency were good. Convergent validity was established; however, discriminant validity was doubtful. Concurrent criterion validity was shown by the correlation between mean satisfaction of needs and mean intrinsic motivation and an increased likelihood of cycling to school through the mean satisfaction of needs. We concluded that our study provides a valid and reliable scale to measure the satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in cycling to/from school, but only if item 10 within the autonomy subscale is removed.

ObjectiveTo determine if the active methodology for improving sports initiation (M.A.M.I.deporte®) shared between children and parents successfully promotes children in sports activities, maintains their activity and improves long-term adherence.ParticipantsThe study involved 118 participants aged between 2 and 11 years (6.3 ± 2.3). In the first season, 34 participated (16 girls; 18 boys); in the second season, 46 participated (22 girls; 24 boys) and in the third season, 38 participated (19 girls; 19 boys).MethodologyIt was carried out from October to June over three academic years for two hours a week. Every 4 sessions a different sporting activity was carried out, planned so that parents and children could practise them, simultaneously.AnalysisAt the beginning and end of each period, a survey was carried out on the sports activities in which the participants had started. If participants remained in the activity, the survey was face-to-face and if participants no longer attended the activity, they were contacted by telephone. Descriptive values were obtained for the variables in absolute and percentage form and a repeated measures anova was performed.ResultsVigorous physical activity performed was 3.82 ± 1.16 h/week in the first year, 3.38 ± 1.59 in the second year and 2.99 ± 1.46 in the third year with no significant differences between any of the years. 32.20% joined other sporting activities and only 6.78% gave up vigorous physical activity.ConclusionJoint activity of parents and children contributed to maintaining vigorous physical activity at the recommended levels in the child population with only 6.78% (n = 8) of the participants dropping out.

Background Problems: At the higher education level, there is no valid and reliable perception instrument about Sport Education. Research Objectives: This study aims to adapt the Sport Education Scale and provide validity and reliability evidence for used in the Indonesian context of higher education. Methods: The research method used survey. A convenient sample of 156 students who had been taught Sport Education participated in this study, who completed the Sport Education Scale. The research instrument used the Sport Education Scale. Data analysis techniques used confirmation factor analysis. Findings and Results: The results of this study confirmed that the Indonesian version of the Sport Education Scale for Higher Education can be used to assess the features of Sport Education in the context of Higher Education. The research in this study refers to it as the “Indonesian version of the Higher Education Sport Education Scale”. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the Higher Education-Sports Education Scale implemented through the Sports Education curriculum is able to make a positive contribution to the development of Higher Education curriculum in Indonesia, especially those that adopt the Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka approach. In line with these findings, future research should focus on further investigation related to the application of the Sports Education Scale at educational levels other than Higher Education in Indonesia. In addition, recommendations for future research may include the development of sports teaching methods that focus on educational values and an increased understanding of the benefits of Sports Education in the context of Higher Education. This helps improve the quality of the Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka curriculum in Indonesia.

Building upon self-determination theory, the objective of this research was to examine the predictive associations of pre-service physical education (PE) teachers’ basic psychological need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness, and novelty) with their academic engagement via the quality of their motivation. A purposive sample of 920 pre-service PE teachers (569 men and 351 women; M age = 24.73; SD = 5.34) participated in this cross-sectional research. The results from structural equation modeling revealed that autonomy, competence, and novelty satisfaction positively predicted autonomous motivation, and negatively predicted amotivation. While competence satisfaction positively predicted controlled motivation, novelty satisfaction did it negatively. Autonomous motivation and controlled motivation positively predicted academic engagement, while amotivation was negatively associated with it. This research underscores the importance of considering pre-service PE teachers’ autonomy, competence, and, specially, novelty satisfaction in promoting their autonomous motivation and academic engagement in initial teacher education program.

Although growing attention has been paid to motivation in explaining active travel to school among young people at the international level, no measures of motivation for active commuting to school (ACS) were found in Sweden. Guided by self-determination theory, this research aimed to adapt the Behavioral Regulation in Active Commuting to and from School (BR-ACS) questionnaire to the Swedish context and test the resulting version’s psychometric properties. The purposive and cross-sectional sample included 273 students (58 % girls, aged 10–12 years) from four Swedish urban schools. Results from confirmatory factor analyses psychometrically supported the six-factor correlated model (intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation) and the hierarchical three-factor model (autonomous, controlled motivation, and amotivation), which were invariant across gender. Latent correlations underpinned a symplex-like pattern. Discriminant and convergent validity and reliability were gathered. Criterion validity evidence was met with positive associations from intrinsic motivation, integrated and identified regulation to ACS, and a negative relationship between amotivation and ACS. The Swedish version of the BR-ACS questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure of children’s motivation toward ACS.

COVID-19 and the resulting confinement has had a great impact on the educational environment. Although research in initial teacher education has focused on studying the factors that lead to increased academic engagement, there is no evidence that examines the role of teacher interpersonal style and motivational classroom in a virtual learning context. The aim of this research was to analyze the mediating role of motivational climate between teacher interpersonal style (i.e., autonomy support and controlling style) and academic engagement climate in pre-service teachers in a resilient context. The research design was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and non-randomized. A total of 1,410 university students (pre-service teachers) participated (Mage = 23.85; SD = 5.13) (59.6% female; 40.3% male; 0.1% other). The scales of interpersonal teaching style, classroom motivational climate, academic commitment, and resilience were used, and a structural equation analysis with latent variables was carried out controlling resilience and gender. The results of the structural equation model show the importance of student perception of teacher autonomy support on academic engagement of the pre-service teachers, as well as the mediation of the mastery climate between autonomy support and academic engagement. For this reason, in order to increase academic engagement in pre-service teachers, it is recommended the use of motivating styles and instructional strategies focused on supporting the decision-making process, initiative, and significant learning.

Soccer referees (SRs) are exposed to stressful situations during the competition that can affect decision-making, could be affected by impulsivity during the competition and therefore, require optimal psychological skills. The objective of this study was to ascertain and analyze the relationship between levels of impulsivity and self-efficacy of amateur SRs in the senior category. A total of 21 Spanish SRs participated in this study (age 23.57 ± 2.40 years and 7.81 ± 2.58 seasons of experience). Self-efficacy data were collected with the REFS questionnaire between 48 and 72 h before the competition. The impulsivity data were collected using the UPPS-P questionnaire 60 min before the start the competition. The results indicate that SRs with higher self-efficacy have lower levels of impulsivity, specifically in the dimensions of negative urgency (p < 0.01), positive urgency (p < 0.05), lack of premeditation (p < 0.001), and lack of perseverance (p < 0.001), as well as lower global impulsivity (p < 0.01). However, the SRs with the highest self-efficacy also obtained higher levels in the sensation seeking dimension (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the main finding of this study showed that self-efficacy is influenced by SR impulsivity prior to competition. These novel facts allow us to discover aspects related to decision-making in refereeing that can be trained to reach optimal levels.

Background Despite the importance attributed to athletes’ motivation in sports performance and well-being; no measures of motivation toward sport were found in the Romanian sport context. Objective Grounded in self-determination theory, this research aimed to adapt and to gather validity and reliability evidence supporting the use of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) in the Romanian sport domain. Method The participants were 596 Romanian professional athletes (age: M = 22.91, SD = 5.84; sports experience: M = 11.14, SD = 5.03), who 273 practiced individual sports and 323 team sports. They completed an online questionnaire survey assessing their perception of behavioral regulation, resilience and burnout in sport. Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor correlated model, which was invariant across age and sport. Correlations among latent factors configured a simplex structure, underpinning the self-determination continuum. Average variance extracted values from .50 to .70 endorsed convergent validity. Scores for heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations as high as .88, as well as 95% confidence intervals of each interfactor correlation that did not include 1.00 supported discriminant validity. Values over .70 for Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega and Raykov’s coefficients showed a good level of reliability for each factor. Linear regression analysis revealed that while intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation and identified regulation positively predicted resilience, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation positively predicted burnout. Conclusions The BRSQ is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the six types of behavioral regulation in the Romanian sport context.

El sistema educativo está tratando de responder de manera eficaz a los retos y cambios en materia educativa provocados por la COVID-19. El proceso de transición de una enseñanza predominantemente presencial a una virtual ha supuesto un esfuerzo considerable para el profesorado de Educación Física (EF) con la finalidad de adaptar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. No hay evidencias de estudios que hayan analizado las iniciativas de EF en casa realizadas por los docentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar, desde una perspectiva curricular, diferentes propuestas de EF en casa con la finalidad de conocer sus características, compartir ejemplos de buenas prácticas y ofrecer al profesorado orientaciones útiles que les ayuden a diseñar propuestas de calidad en el futuro. Los resultados evidenciaron que el perfil predominante de actividad fue un ejercicio individual de carácter motriz centrado en el desarrollo de la condición física y presentada como un reto, donde el alumnado repite una secuencia específica de movimientos con ayuda de internet. Abstract. The education system attempts to effectively respond to the instructional changes and challenges caused by COVID-19. The adaptation process of predominantly face-to-face teaching to virtual one has involved a substantial effort for Physical Education (PE) teachers with the aim of adapting the teaching and learning process. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have analyzed the different at-home PE units done by teachers. This research aimed at examining, from a curricular perspective, distinct at-home PE proposals in order to ascertain their characteristics, share instances of good teaching practices, and provide teachers with useful guidelines to help them design quality proposals in the future. The results evidenced that the predominant activity profile was an individual motor exercise focused on physical fitness and introduced as a challenge, in which students repeat a specific movement sequence with the aid of the internet.

Sport represents a core content within of the Spanish Secondary Physical Education curriculum. Thus, perceptional and decisional processes should be pivotal elements to be take into consideration when successfully tackling the design and planning the sport teaching and learning process in the context of secondary school Physical Education. More particularly, the MATE game may be a suitable strategy to be implemented by physical educators in enhancing both processes and, consequently, providing students with a quality teaching for any sport. Therefore, the present study aims to show a curricular implementation proposal that, based on secondary Physical Education curriculum, helps students improve the perceptual and decisional process involved in teaching of sport through the game of MATE. To do this, a 13-lesson teaching unit is shown, considering the progression of this game as a main instructional strategy in terms of managing to increase the cognitive and decisional complexity for the student through the introduction of new rules and materials, such as mats (and their disposition) or increasing the number of balls that intervened during the game. Thus, this study aims to provide an integrated learning proposal, in which students understand the internal logic of the game and, consequently improve their participation and performance in it. Resumen. El deporte representa un contenido central dentro del currículum de Educación Física en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. De esta manera, los procesos de carácter tanto perceptivo como decisional deben tenerse en cuenta elementos calve a la hora de planificar y diseñar con éxito el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en educación física. Más particularmente, el juego del mate puede ser una estrategia adecuada a ser usada por el profesorado de educación física a la hora de mejorar ambos procesos y, consecuentemente, ofrecer al alumnado una enseñanza de calidad para cualquier deporte. Por tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo presentar una propuesta de implementación curricular que, fundamentada en el currículum de Educación Física en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, ayude al estudiantado a mejorar el proceso perceptivo y decisional implicado en la enseñanza del deporte mediante el juego del mate. Para ello, se presenta una unidad didáctica de 13 sesiones, teniendo en cuenta la progresión de este juego como principal estrategia didáctica en cuanto a la gestión del aumento de la complejidad cognitivo y decisional del estudiante por medio de la introducción de nuevas reglas y materiales tales como el número de casas (y su disposición) o el incremento del número de balones que intervienen en el juego. De este modo, este estudio pretende ofrecer una propuesta de aprendizaje integrada, en la cual el alumnado comprende la lógica interna del juego y, como consecuencia, mejora su participación y rendimiento en este juego.

It is widely recognized that there is a decline in match running performance (MRP) towards the end of matches. To clarify whether it is primarily a consequence of fatigue, pacing or situational influences, this study aimed to examine MRP across 15-min match periods for players on different playing positions. Players’ MRP (n = 244) were examined from the UEFA Champions League matches (n = 20) using a semiautomatic optical tracking system. Linear mixed models for repeated measures were adjusted to analyze MRP over the six 15-min match periods while controlling the influence of situational factors. No effects of match outcome, match location, team, and opponent quality on total distance (TD) and high-intensity running (HIR) for players in all playing positions were found (F = 0.03–2.75; all p > 0.05). Significant differences in TD (F = 17.57–53.01; η2 = 0.39–0.52, all large effect sizes) and HIR (F = 3.67–7.64; η2 = 0.05–0.19, small to medium effect sizes) among six 15-minute match periods were found for players in all playing positions. In addition, players in all playing positions covered less TD (d = 1.41–2.15, large to very large effect sizes) and HIR (d = 0.16–0.6, trivial to medium effect sizes) in the last compared to the first 15-min match period. No differences in TD and HIR between the last two match periods in the second half were observed. This study confirmed that soccer players reduce MRP towards the end of matches, and suggest that the decline of MPR in highest-level soccer may be a consequence of pacing strategies.

Ante situaciones de emergencia que obligan al conjunto de la población – en especial a los adolescentes – a permanecer en casa, la Educación Física (EF) representa una buena estrategia para contribuir a mantener los niveles de actividad física diarios desde casa. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue mostrar una propuesta didáctica que, basada en el currículum de Educación Física de educación secundaria obligatoria, contribuya a promocionar la actividad física en casa. Para ello, esta propuesta se fundamenta en un enfoque competencial, incluyendo tanto tecnologías de la información y la comunicación como el establecimiento de retos, con la finalidad de abordar los diferentes contenidos curriculares relacionados con la calidad de vida y salud, condición física y motriz, juegos y deportes, expresión corporal y actividades físicas en el medio natural. La evaluación se plantea mediante una serie de instrumentos (rúbrica, diario, portafolio, hoja de observación y cuestionario) que permitan conocer el grado de consecución de los criterios de evaluación. Después de todo, esta propuesta abre nuevas vías para que el profesorado de EF desarrolle otras propuestas didácticas que faciliten no sólo seguir con las clases de educación física, sino la realización de actividad física en casa. Abstract. In emergency situations that force the whole population – particularly adolescents – to stay at home, Physical Education represents an optimal strategy to contribute to adolescents’ physical activity at their home. Therefore, this study aims at showing a didactic proposal that, based on Middle Secondary School Physical Education curriculum, promotes adolescents’ physical activity at home. For this end, this proposal relies on a competence approach, including both communication and information technologies and the establishment of challenging activities, in order to tackle the different curricular contents related to health and quality of life, physical and motor fitness, games and sports, body expression and physical activities in natural environment. Assessment focuses on a series of instruments (rubric, diary, portfolio, observation sheets, and questionnaire) allowing to evaluate the degree of accomplishment for each assessment criterion. Finally, this proposal offers new avenues for Physical Education teachers to develop other didactic proposals facilitating not only Physical Education classes, but also physical activity at home.

Based on Self-Determination Theory, this research aimed to examine la influence of Sport Education on basic psychological need satisfaction in the sport teaching-learning process that takes place in Physical Education. The participants were 44 high school students (22 men and 22 women; Mage = 16.32, SDage = 0.57) and 2 Physical Education pre-service teachers. The design was a quasi-experimental study with, a priori, non-equivalent control group using pre- and post- intervention measures and intra- and inter- analyses. The intervention consisted of 12 basketball sessions both for the experimental group (n = 22), which developed Sport Education, and for the control group (n = 22), which developed the traditional teaching. The results showed that Sport Education significantly improved the levels of autonomy, competence and relatedness need satisfaction in the inter-group analysis and in the intra-group analysis. In its conclusion, the suitability of Sport Education to contribute developing students’ basic psychological need satisfaction in the sport teaching-learning process in Physical Education was indicated.

Resumen A partir de la Teoría de la Auto-Determinación, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia de la Educación Deportiva sobre las estrategias motivacionales docentes en alumnado de bachillerato en clase de Educación Física. Los participantes fueron 44 estudiantes (22 hombres y 22 mujeres; Medad = 16.32, DT = 0.57) de bachillerato. El diseño fue un estudio cuasi-experimental con medidas pre- y post-test y comparaciones intra- e inter-grupo. El programa de intervención consistió en 12 sesiones de baloncesto tanto para el grupo experimental que desarrolló la Educación Deportiva como para el grupo control que desarrolló una enseñanza tradicional. Los resultados reflejaron que la Educación Deportiva mejoró significativamente el apoyo a la autonomía y la estructura tanto en el análisis inter-grupo como intra-grupo. No obstante, no hubo diferencias significativas para la implicación ni en el análisis inter-grupo ni en el análisis intra-grupo. Como conclusión, la Educación Deportiva representa un modelo basado en la práctica que favorece el desarrollo de la percepción de autonomía y de estructura durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje deportiva en el contexto escolar, lo que podría suscitar el interés del alumnado de bachillerato por la práctica deportiva regular en el tiempo libre. Abstract From Self-Determination Theory, the present research aimed to examine the influence of Sport Education on teacher motivational strategies in High School students in Physical Education class. The participants were 44 High School students (22 men and 22 women, Mage = 16.32, SD = 0.57). The design was a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test measures and intra- and -inter-group analysis. The intervention program consisted of 12 sessions of basketball both for the experimental group that developed Sport Education and for control group that developed a traditional teaching. The results reflected that Sport Education improved significantly autonomy support and structure both in the inter-group analysis and the intra-group analysis. However, there were no significant differences in involvement neither the inter-group analysis nor the intra-group. In its conclusion, Sport Education represents a model-based practice that fosters the development of the autonomy support and structure perception during the sport teaching-learning process in the school setting, which might arouse the High School student's interest for regular sport in the free time.

From Self-Determination Theory, the present research aimed to examine the influence of Sport Education on teacher motivational strategies in High School students in Physical Education class. The participants were 44 High School students (22 men and 22 women, Mage = 16.32, SD = 0.57). The design was a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test measures and intra- and -inter-group analysis. The intervention program consisted of 12 sessions of basketball both for the experimental group that developed Sport Education and for control group that developed a traditional teaching. The results reflected that Sport Education improved significantly autonomy support and structure both in the inter-group analysis and the intra-group analysis. However, there were no significant differences in involvement neither the inter-group analysis nor the intra-group. In its conclusion, Sport Education represents a model-based practice that fosters the development of the autonomy support and structure perception during the sport teaching-learning process in the school setting, which might arouse the High School student's interest for regular sport in the free time.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar el impacto de la Educación Deportiva sobre la motivación del alumnado de bachillerato, considerando la influencia del género. Los participantes fueron 75 estudiantes de bachillerato (38 chicos y 37 chicas; Medad = 16.75, DTedad = 0.87) de tres clases de educación física, quienes completaron medidas sobre regulación motivacional, metas de logro 2x2 y metas sociales al inicio y final de la intervención. El programa de intervención basado en la Educación Deportiva incluyó 12 sesiones de 55 minutos, dos veces por semana en horario regular de educación física. Los resultados del MANOVA 2x2 mostraron un aumento significativo en motivación intrínseca, regulación integrada, identificada e introyectada, así como, en las metas de aproximación-maestría, metas de responsabilidad y de relación. Se encontraron disminuciones significativas en desmotivación, metas de aproximación-rendimiento y evitación-maestría. En cuanto al género, se encontraron cambios significativos en la regulación identificada entre los alumnos y alumnas en el post-test. Se hallaron cambios significativos en regulación identificada, metas de aproximación-maestría y metas de responsabilidad en los alumnos entre el pre-test y el post-test. Las alumnas mostraron cambios significativos en regulación introyectada, desmotivación, metas de evitación-maestría y, metas de responsabilidad y relación. En su conjunto, la Educación Deportiva es un modelo pedagógico que favorece la adecuada respuesta motivacional del alumnado de bachillerato en su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje deportivo en la clase de educación física. Abstract. This research aimed to analyse the impact of Sport Education on high school students’ motivation, considering the effect of gender. The participants were 75 high school students (38 boys and 37 girls, Mage = 16.75, SDage = 0.87) from three physical education classes who completed measures on behavioural regulation, 2x2 achievements goals and social goals in the beginning and the end of the intervention. The intervention programme under Sport Education conditions included twelve 50-minutes lessons, twice per week in regular physical education schedule. The results derived from 2x2 MANOVA showed a significant increase in intrinsic motivation, integrated, identified, and introjected regulation, as well as, mastery-approach goals, and responsibility and relationship goals. There was also a significant decrease in amotivation, performance-approach goals and mastery-avoidance goals. With respect to gender, there were significantly differences in identified regulation between male and female students at post-test. Significantly changes were also found in identified regulation, mastery-approach goals and responsibility goals in male students between pre-test and post-test. Instead, there were significantly changes in introjected regulation, amotivation, mastery-avoidance goals, and responsibility and relationship goals. As a whole, Sport Education is a pedagogical model that promotes the high school students’ adequate motivational response in their sport teaching-learning process in physical education class.

This research aimed to adapt and psychometrically examine the Multidimensional Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Physical Education in the Spanish context. The participants were 560 (264 men and 296 women; M age = 14.49, SD age = 1.05) physical education secondary school students. The results underpinned a 15-item three-factor correlated model, which was invariant across gender and age. The reliability analysis reflected an acceptable level of internal consistency and temporal stability for each factor. The structural equation modeling showed that perceived cognitive, procedural, and organizational autonomy support predicted positively and significantly basic psychological need satisfaction. The Multidimensional Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Physical Education is a valid and reliable instrument to multidimensionally measure the secondary school students’ perception of autonomy support from physical education teachers in the Spanish context.

Based on both self-determination theory and dualistic model of passion, the main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the satisfaction and thwarting of basic psychological needs perceived in the context of exercise on the development of harmonious (HP) and obsessive (OP) forms of passion for exercise, considering additionally if such relationship could differs across gender. A total of 398 university students (256 men and 114 women), aged between 17 and44 (Mage= 20.49; SD = 3.38) and involved in exercise at least once a week, filled a questionnaire that assessed the variables of interest. The results of structural equation model showed that, in general, both satisfaction and thwarting of basic psychological needs predicted positively OP, whereas only the satisfaction of needs predicted positively HP. Furthermore, results revealed gender differences in the effect of the thwarting of needs on both forms of passion. As a whole, both satisfaction and thwarting of needs explained 25% and 44% of the variance in HP in men and women, respectively, being those percentages 32% and 14% for OP. From a practical point of view, these results suggest that, at least in males, interventions aimed at decreasing experiences of the thwarting of needs in the exercise context could contribute to diminish an obsessive commitment to this behaviour.

Guided by the bright and dark side described in Self-Determination Theory, and following hierarchical and integrative conceptualisation of motivational climates, the primary objective of this research was to test the predictive relationships between pre-service teachers' perceptions of educator-created (dis-)empowering climates and need-based and novelty-based experiences with their academic self-concept. Bearing in mind that the pre-service teachers' academic self-concept might vary depending on the knowledge domain, a secondary objective was to test invariance in the predictive model across the four knowledge domains (i.e. STEM, social studies, language, and physical education). The convenience sample included 1,410 pre-service secondary teachers (40.30% men; M[subscript age] = 23.85; SD[subscript age] = 5.13; domain: 23.2% STEM, 24.8% social studies, 30.5% language, and 21.4% physical education) who participated in this cross-sectional study. The results from the structural equation modelling showed positive relationships between an educator-created empowering climate and need and novelty satisfaction, and negative relationships with need and novelty frustration. A disempowering climate was positively associated with need and novelty frustration, and negatively related to novelty satisfaction. Need satisfaction and novelty satisfaction were positively associated with academic self-concept, while need frustration and novelty frustration were associated negatively. The paths were invariant across the knowledge domains of STEM, social studies, language, and physical education. The results show that, regardless of the knowledge domain, the educator-created motivational climate represents a differential social-contextual factor explaining the need-based and novelty-based experiences, and academic self-concept of pre-service teachers throughout their initial teacher education programme.

Most physical education (PE) research pertaining to COVID-19 has focused on the (negative) implications and difficulties PE teachers face during this pandemic period. In fact, despite informed calls for reform and radical change in PE, little attention has been paid to the (potentially positive) implications for teachers' pedagogical practices and, more importantly, for the future of PE. Drawing on a social constructivism theoretical perspective, this paper explores the reality from several PE teachers' perspectives and reflects on the type of PE that the global pandemic conditioned. We approached this analysis informed by Lawson, H. A. (2009. Paradigms, exemplars and social change. "Sport, Education and Society," 14(1), 97-119.) and Quennerstedt, M. (2019. Physical education and the art of teaching: Transformative learning and teaching in physical education and sports pedagogy. "Sport, Education and Society," 24(6), 611-623.) calls for the PE community to (re)act and drive PE to its twenty-first century version. Using methods associated with a process-oriented methodology, this study adopted a cross-sectional qualitative design, and 12 PE teachers with diverse backgrounds and teaching experiences participated. We conducted a series of semi-structured interviews that began with the following question: 'How can the experience of blended or online PE contribute to the improvement of current and future PE?' To analyse the data, an amalgamation of inductive and deductive approaches was used. Three major themes were constructed: (1) impact: PE teachers reinventing themselves to allow PE to continue being educative; (2) resilience: learning and flourishing together to overcome the challenge and improve the PE system; and (3) selective expansion: more physical activity (PA) and digital technology. We concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has agitated the foundations of PE as a field, creating a scenario in which teachers show high levels of collegiality and improved readiness to overcome current and future challenges. This could be another stage of the PE journey towards community aspirations (whatever they could be).

School leadership plays a crucial role to quality education. Social changes have led to an increase in school principals' competencies, responsibilities, and demands. There are significant gaps in the literature on school leadership and limitations in the study of principals' responsibilities. This study aimed to analyse whether principals consider the competencies assigned to them by educational legislation to be within their scope. Participants were 394 principals from state-owned schools in Andalusia, southern Spain. Quantitative and qualitative data analyses were performed. We identified four competencies that the principals believed they were unable to effectively assume within the Andalusian educational context: (1) awarding contracts for construction, services, or supplies; (2) authorising expenditures, arranging payments, and preparing the school budget; (3) promoting the qualifications and training of teaching staff; and (4) supervising non-teaching staff in the school. This study emphasises the need of a comprehensive reevaluation of how competencies assigned to school principals are managed, highlighting the significance of incorporating principals' perspectives. For future research, we recommend exploring alternative approaches in competency management to enhance their effectiveness and relevance in the educational context.

Building upon self-determination theory and the circumplex approach, the objective of this study was to adapt the Situations-in-School-Physical Education (SIS-PE) questionnaire and to gather validity and reliability evidence in the Spanish PE context. Three samples of 1441 students (46.43% girls), 473 in-service teachers (35.73% women), and 654 pre-service teachers (50.31% women) participated. Multidimensional scaling analyses indicated that (de)motivating styles (autonomy support, structure, control, and chaos) were graphically depicted by a two-dimensional circular structure differing into need-supportiveness (horizontal axis) and teacher directiveness (vertical axis). Eight specific approaches (two per stye) were additionally identified (participative, attuning, guiding, clarifying, demanding, domineering, abandoning, and awaiting) drawing an ordered pattern of correlations. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling additionally supported four overarching styles and eight specific approaches. Reliability and external validity were met in the three samples. The Spanish versions of the SIS-PE questionnaire are valid and reliable measures to assess students', in-service, and pre-service teachers' perceptions of (de)motivating styles.