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Evaluate the effect of 12 wks of concurrent training (CT) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In the non-randomized clinical trial, 19 participants, 11 healthy (HIV–) and 18 PLWHA under the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least 1 year (HIV+). All participants engaged in a moderate-intensity CT program for 12 weeks, 3 times a week. Before and after CT, aerobic and strength performance were assessed, as well as anthropometric and biochemical blood profiles. In addition, SAT biopsies were performed for histologic and morphometric analyses. Statistical analysis was carried out with R Studio, using descriptive and inferential analysis, ANOVA test, and mixed-effect model (P < 0.05). HIV+ showed higher levels of very-low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides and lower levels of high-density lipoproteins at baseline than HIV– (P < 0.05). All groups showed improved aerobic and strength performances (P < 0.05). Both groups showed reduced adipocyte sizes after CT (P < 0.05). Lastly, HIV+ presented smaller adipocytes and higher elastic fiber deposition at baseline and decreased after training only in HIV+, similar to the HIV group. Thus, CT in PLWHA promoted a decrease in the size heterogeneity of adipocytes and elastic fiber deposition, remodeling the ECM, and improving the SAT fibrosis profile. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ensaiosclinicos.gov.br – UTN: U1111-1214-3022).Novelty: Adipose tissue fibrosis is improved by training in people living with HIV. Concurrent training remodels adipose tissue extracellular matrix.

Purpose Verify the effects of concurrent training on cytokines in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment. Methods This was a blinded, parallel-group, clinical trial, where 49 participants, divided in two groups, either control group or concurrent training group, took part in the intervention. The control group performed recreational activities and concurrent training group participated of 16-week, 3 times per week of heart rate guided-aerobic plus resistance training for major muscular groups. Cytokines (interleukins 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) were measured before and after 16-week experimental period using flow cytometry. Results From 49 participants who took part in the intervention, 28 completed the program and had data analyzed. There was a significant interaction for IL-8, which increased for control group: 7.1 ± 5.1 vs. 8.1 ± 6.0 and a decrease for concurrent training: 8.0 ± 4.4 vs. 5.4 ± 2.3. In addition, magnitude-based inference showed a likely beneficial effect for the training group when compared to the control group for IL-8, IL-5, and IL-10. The difference perceptual: mean and [CI 90%] between delta of difference within groups was −43.1 [−64.0 to −10.0] and -6.6 [−14.7 to 2.3], respectively. Conclusion Short-term exercise is able to decrease the levels of IL-5, IL-8, and IL-10 in HIV-infected people undergoing ART.

Background: Combined exercise (CE) has been recommended for individuals living with HIV/AIDS (ILWHA) under antiretroviral therapy. However, depending on the intensity and duration, physical exercise may occasionally increase inflammatory parameters and reduce immunological responses that if not reversed, cause health injury specifically in this population. Information about immunological and hormonal responses after CE in ILWHA has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, the aim is to verify the acute effects of CE on cortisol, testosterone, immunoglobulin A, and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines over 24 hours in ILWHA.Methods: Noninfected individuals and ILWHA undergone 5 sessions of CE prior to the acute assessment session. Seventy-two hours after the last session, the subjects were submitted to one session of CE (aerobic exercise: 25 min at 60–70% reserve heart rate and resistance exercise: 3 sets of 15 maximum repetitions of 6 exercises). Saliva samples were collected before, immediately, 6 and 24 hours after CE.Results: CE reduced cortisol (6 h: 2.54 [0.58] vs 0.65 [0.22] pg·mL−1;P = .02), increased testosterone (all moments) and immunoglobulin A levels (24 h: 255.3 [44.7] vs 349.2 [41.9] μm·mL−1;P = .01) without significant difference in cytokines levels in ILWHA.Conclusion: CE modulates cortisol, testosterone, and immunoglobulin A levels without the change in immunological parameters in ILWHA.

The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized clinical trial to assess the effects of 16 weeks of combined training on body composition, lipid profile, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leptin levels in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).Fifty-eight HIV-infected individuals were randomized into a training group (T) or a control group (C). Combined training consisted of aerobic and resistance exercises performed at the same training session, applied at a frequency of three times a week for a total of 16 weeks. Waist circumference, body mass, body fat percentage (%fat), fat mass, lipid profile, adiponectin, CRP, and leptin levels were measured pre- and post-training in both groups.Sixteen weeks of combined training decreased (P 0.05) body fat in different body segments in PLWHA. Lipodystrophic PLWHA experienced greater reduction in body fat in the android region than non-lipodystrophic PLWHA after combined training. Lipid profile and circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin, and CRP remained unchanged.Sixteen weeks of combined training was effective to reduce body fat in different body segments, without altering plasma lipid and cytokine levels.

RESUMO O treinamento físico é uma estratégia importante para a saúde de pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS; contudo, suas respostas a curto prazo ainda não foram amplamente estudadas, o que limita o entendimento dos efeitos e da segurança da prescrição do treinamento para essa população. Portanto, objetivou-se revisar sistematicamente as respostas agudas decorrentes do exercício físico em pessoas com HIV sobre variáveis fisiológicas e imunológicas. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática a partir de trabalhos indexados nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science e Science Direct. Os descritores utilizados foram: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV, AIDS, seropositive, acute session, short, physical activity, exercise, training. As buscas foram realizadas em fevereiro de 2015 e atualizadas em dezembro de 2015 e foram conduzidas sem restrição de datas de publicação ou idioma específico. Foram incluídos para esta revisão artigos que avaliaram as respostas agudas decorrentes de algum modelo de prescrição de treinamento físico envolvendo exercícios aeróbicos, com pesos ou combinados (exercícios aeróbicos e com pesos) relacionados com variáveis fisiológicas e imunológicas em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Foram encontrados 2.422 títulos, dos quais, após exclusão das duplicatas e a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados sete artigos para síntese qualitativa. De acordo com os resultados reportados pelos estudos há evidências de que, imediatamente após a realização do exercício físico, ocorre um aumento do número de células circulantes, incluindo leucócitos totais, neutrófilos, monócitos e linfócitos T CD8+ em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Além disso, também se observaram alterações significantes nas concentrações de lactato, triglicerídeos, epinefrina e norepinefrina imediatamente após a realização do treinamento aeróbico, independentemente do uso de TARV e/ou de hiperlactatemia. No entanto, não há evidências suficientes para afirmar que o treinamento físico seja totalmente seguro e eficaz para esta população. ABSTRACT Physical training is an important strategy for the health of people living with HIV/aids; however, its short-term responses have not yet been extensively studied, which limits the understanding of the effects and safety training prescription for this population. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the acute responses resulting from physical exercise in people with HIV on physiological and immunological variables. For this, a systematic review was carried out from works indexed in the following databases: Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science and Science Direct. The keywords used were acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV, AIDS, seropositive, acute session, short, physical activity, exercise, training. The searches were conducted in February 2015 and updated in December 2015 and were conducted without restriction of publication dates or specific language. We included for this review articles that evaluated the acute responses derived from some model of prescription of physical training involving aerobic, weight or combined exercises (aerobic and weight exercises) related to physiological and immunological variables in HIV infected individuals. We found 2,422 titles of which, after exclusion of the duplicates and the application of the eligibility criteria, seven articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. According to the results reported by the studies, there is evidence that immediately after physical exercise an increase in the number of circulating cells occurs, including total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and T CD8+ lymphocytes in HIV-infected people. Furthermore, significant changes in the concentrations of lactate, triglycerides, epinephrine and norepinephrine were also observed immediately after aerobic training regardless the use of HAART and/or hyperlactatemia. However, there is insufficient evidence to state that physical training is totally safe and effective for this population. RESUMEN El entrenamiento físico es una estrategia importante para la salud de las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. Sin embargo, sus respuestas a corto plazo no han sido ampliamente estudiadas, lo que limita la comprensión de los efectos y la seguridad de la prescripción de entrenamiento para esta población. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue revisar sistemáticamente las respuestas agudas al ejercicio en personas con VIH en las variables fisiológicas e inmunológicas. Para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos indexados en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science y Science Direct. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV, AIDS, seropositive, acute session, short, physical activity, exercise, training. Las búsquedas se realizaron en febrero de 2015 y fueron actualizadas en diciembre de 2015, siendo llevadas a cabo sin restricciones de fecha de publicación o idioma específico. Se seleccionaran en esta revisión los artículos que evaluaron las respuestas agudas de algún modelo de entrenamiento físico que implica la prescripción de ejercicios aeróbicos, con pesas o combinados (práctica de ejercicio aeróbico y pesas) relacionadas con variables fisiológicas e inmunológicas en las personas con VIH. Se encontraron 2.422 títulos, de los cuales, después de la exclusión de duplicados y la aplicación de los criterios de elegibilidad, se seleccionaron siete artículos para síntesis cualitativa. De acuerdo con los resultados reportados por estudios hay pruebas de que inmediatamente después del ejercicio hay un aumento en el número de células circulantes, incluyendo leucocitos totales, neutrófilos, monocitos y linfocitos T CD8+ en individuos infectados por el VIH. Además, se observaron cambios significativos en las concentraciones de lactato, triglicéridos, epinefrina y norepinefrina inmediatamente después del entrenamiento aeróbico, independientemente del uso de HAART y/o hiperlactatemia. Sin embargo, no hay pruebas suficientes para afirmar que el entrenamiento físico es completamente seguro y eficaz para esta población.

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is a major problem among people living with HIV/aids. The exercise training has been used for its treatment; however, the knowledge about benefits and safety still is emerging. The aim was systematically review the literature for physiological, metabolic, immunologic, and morphologic adaptations to aerobic, resistance, and concurrent training in people living with HALS. Evidence acquisition A search of the Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register Library and PEDro was performed. The study selection was performed by two blinded researchers follow screening of titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. Therefore, only randomised clinical trials, which investigated the effects of physical training in people with HALS, were included in the present review. The risk of bias was assessed using a Jadad's scale. Evidence synthesis From the electronic and manual searches, 332 studies were selected by title, 139 abstracts were read and 95 were excluded, leaving 44 studies, which were read in full. After full text examination only five studies were included in the qualitative analyses. The limitations were: heterogeneity in training prescription, nutritional recommendations, and diagnosis of lipodystrophy, small sample size, utilization of methods with questionable validity for assessments. Conclusions There is no effect of physical training on CD4 cell count. In addition, aerobic and concurrent training improve VO2max, likewise resistance and concurrent training improve muscular strength.

INTRODUÇÃO: A percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) é um método de fácil aplicação e de muita utilidade no contexto esportivo, sendo sugerido um período de 30 min após a sessão de treinamento para sua avaliação; no entanto, não existem dados empíricos que suportem essa sugestão.OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação e a concordância entre a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) média reportada durante sessões de treinamento com valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 e 30 min após o término das sessões de treinamento, em atletas de basquetebol de ambos os gêneros.MÉTODOS: Participaram desse estudo 11 atletas do sexo feminino e nove atletas do sexo masculino. A PSE foi avaliada através da escala de PSE CR-10 a cada 20 min durante a sessão de uma hora de treinamento (PSE média da sessão) e 5, 15 ou 30 min após o término. Dessa forma, a PSE média de cada sessão de treinamento foi comparada com os valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 e 30 min após as sessões.RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significante da PSE média entre as três sessões. As maiores correlações foram observadas entre PSE média das sessões 2 e 3 com a PSE reportada 15 e 30 min, após para homens (r = 0,92 - 0,91) e mulheres (r = 0,75 - 0,82). Os maiores valores de concordância foram verificados entre a PSE média das sessões 1 e 2 e as reportadas 15 min e 30 min após para ambos gêneros.CONCLUSÃO: Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que se evite reportar a PSE 5 min após o término da sessão. Além disso, recomendamos reportar a PSE no mínimo 15 min e, sobretudo, 30 min após o término da sessão. INTRODUCTION: The session rating perceived exertion (session-RPE) is an easily applied and very useful method in the sports context, a 30 minutes period after training session having been recommended for assessment; however, there are not empiric data supporting this suggestion.OBJECTIVE: To verify the relationship and the agreement between the average rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the session with RPE values reported 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the end of the sessions.METHODS: Eleven female and nine male basketball players took part at the study. The RPE was assessed by means of a CR-10 scale every 20 minutes during the session which had a duration of 1 h (average RPE session) and 5, 15 or 30 minutes after de end of the sessions. Thus, the average RPE of every session was compared with RPE values reported 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the respective session.RESULTS: There was no difference in average RPE among the three sessions. The higher correlations were observed between average RPE session during sessions 2 and 3 with RPE reported 15 and 30 minutes after the end of the session for men (r = 0.92 - 0.91) and women (r = 0.75 - 0.82). The higher agreement values were founded between average RPE session during the sessions 1 and 2 with the RPE reported 15 and 30 minutes after the end those sessions for both genders.CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we suggest avoiding reporting the RPE session 5 minutes after the end of the session. Furthermore, we suggest reporting the RPE at least 15 minutes, or rather 30 minutes after the end of the session. INTRODUCCIÓN: La percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo de la sesión (PSE de la sesión) es un método de fácil aplicación y de mucha utilidad en el contexto deportivo, siendo sugerido un período de 30 minutos tras la sesión de entrenamiento para su evaluación; sin embargo, no existen datos empíricos que apoyen esta sugerencia.OBJETIVO: Verificar la correlación y la concordancia entre la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) media reportada a lo largo de las sesiones de entrenamiento con valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 y 30 minutos tras el término de las sesiones de entrenamiento, en atletas de baloncesto de ambos sexos.MÉTODOS: Participaron en este estudio 11 atletas del sexo femenino y 9 atletas del sexo masculino. La PSE fue evaluada por medio de la escala de PSE CR-10 a cada 20 minutos a lo largo de la sesión de una hora de entrenamiento (PSE media de la sesión) y 5, 15 o 30 minutos después del término. De esta forma, la PSE media de cada sesión de entrenamiento fue comparada con los valores de PSE reportados 5, 15 y 30 minutos después de las sesiones.RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia significativa de la PSE media entre las 3 sesiones. Las mayores correlaciones fueron observadas entre PSE media de las sesiones 2 y 3 con PSE reportada 15 y 30 minutos, después para hombres (r=0,92-0,91) y mujeres (r = 0,75- 0,82). Los mayores valores de concordancia fueron verificados entre la PSE media de las sesiones 1 y 2 y las reportadas 15 y 30 minutos después para ambos sexos.CONCLUSIÓN: Con base en los resultados, sugerimos que se evite reportar la PSE 5 minutos tras el término de la sesión. Además, recomendamos reportar la PSE al mínimo 15 minutos e, sobre todo, 30 minutos tras el término de la sesión.

Summary Objective This study examined the direct validity of a repeated-sprint ability test (RSAT) in predicting match high-intensity running in young soccer players ( n = 15, 14 years). Methods Players’ RSAT performance (7 × 30 m with Results During the first half, players covered 3526 ± 527 m of which 14.9 ± 4.5% was performed at speed faster than 13 km/h (HIA). The RSA variables were significantly correlated with HIA, match HR and peak speed ( r from 0.59 to 0.82, P Conclusion This study's findings showed that RSAT was significantly related to match physical and physiological demands in youth soccer. These results support the direct validity of RSAT in predicting match high-intensity running in young soccer players.

Pedro, RE, Guariglia, DA, Okuno, NM, Deminice, R, Peres, SB, and Moraes, SMF. Effects of 16 weeks of concurrent training on resting heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness in people living with HIV/AIDS using antiretroviral therapy: a randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3494-3502, 2016-The study evaluated the effects of concurrent training on resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and cardiorespiratory fitness in people living with HIV/AIDS undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Fifty-eight participants were randomized into 2 groups (control and training group); however, only 33 were analyzed. The variables studied were HRVrest indices, submaximal values of oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2sub) and heart rate (HR5min), peak speed (Vpeak), and peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak). The training group performed concurrent training (15-20 minutes of aerobic exercise plus 40 minutes of resistance exercise), 3 times per week, for 16 weeks. Posttraining V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and Vpeak increased, and HR5min decreased. Resting heart rate variability indices did not present statistical differences posttraining; however, the magnitude-based inferences demonstrated a "possibly positive effect" for high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) plus high frequency (LF + HF) and a "likely positive effect" for R-Rmean posttraining. In conclusion, concurrent training was effective at improving cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance. Moreover, it led to probably a positive effect on HF and a likely positive effect on R-Rmean in people living with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART.

Summary Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV) after a session of resistance exercise and compare the responses to those obtained in a series of maximal and submaximal aerobic exercises. Methods Ten male volunteers with previous experience with resistance training were recruited. The participants underwent three exercise protocols, including a session of resistance exercise composed of 10 exercises. In different days, participants performed a progressive maximal intermittent test (30-15IFT) and a continuous submaximal test at an intensity of 45% of the final velocity attained in the maximal test (45%VIFT). The autonomic responses were analyzed during the 10 min following exercise, by HRV analysis and vagal reactivation indices. Results The time domain indices were lower for maximal aerobic exercise, followed by resistance exercise and by the submaximal aerobic exercise (standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN): 32 ± 15.4, 11 ± 3.7, 45.5 ± 15.3, P 0.05), and they were both slower than submaximal exercise (P Conclusion We may conclude that autonomic responses after resistance exercise remained higher than after maximal aerobic exercise.

Purpose:The aim of this study was to verify the influence of aerobic fitness (VO2max) on internal training loads, as measured by the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method.Methods:Nine male professional outfeld futsal players were monitored for 4 wk of the in-season period with regards to the weekly accumulated session-RPE, while participating in the same training sessions. Single-session-RPE was obtained from the product of a 10-point RPE scale and the duration of exercise. Maximal oxygen consumption was determined during an incremental treadmill test.Results:The average training load throughout the 4 wk period varied between 2,876 and 5,035 arbitrary units. Technical-tactical sessions were the predominant source of loading. There was a significant correlation between VO2max (59.6 ± 2.5 mL·kg–1 ·min–1) and overall training load accumulated over the total period (r = –0.75).Conclusions:The VO2max plays a key role in determining the magnitude of an individual’s perceived exertion during futsal training sessions.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of number of players in small-sided games (SSG) on time-motion characteristics and physiological responses in young soccer players. Fourteen soccer players from a state-level youth soccer team (age 14.4 ± 0.5 years; body mass 56.2 ± 7.0 kg; height 1.7 ± 0.1 m; BMI 20.3 ± 1.4 kg∙m-2) performed two formats (3 vs. 3 e 7 vs. 7) of the SSG. Heart rate (HR), rating perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate ([La]) and physical demands were analyzed using a global positioning system (GPS). Although there were not statistical differences in distance covered at different zones between SSG formats, the total distance covered, distance covered at high-speed, the quantity of high-intensity activities and quantity of accelerations >; 1.0 m∙s-2 were higher (p < 0.05) during SSG 3 vs. 3 (1794 m; 885 m; 69; 87, respectively) than SSG 7 vs. 7 (1663 m; 712 m; 57; 68). The percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax), RPE and [La] were higher (p < 0.05) in the SSG 3 vs. 3 than in 7 vs. 7 (91.3%; 6.1 a.u.; 5.0 mmol∙L-1 vs. 85.1%; 5.1 a.u.; 2.1 mmol∙L-1, respectively). The results show that intensity is greater during SSG 3 vs. 3 than in 7 vs. 7; furthermore, the physical demand is influenced by the number of players per team, with higher total distance covered and distance at high-speed during SSG 3 vs. 3. The players also perform higher number of activities at high-intensity and accelerations during SSG 3 vs. 3. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito do número de jogadores em jogos com campo reduzido (JCRs) sobre a demanda física e as respostas fisiológicas em jogadores adolescentes de futebol. Para isso, 14 jogadores de uma equipe de nível estadual (idade 14,4 ± 0,5 anos; massa corporal 56,2 ± 7,0 kg; estatura 1,7 ± 0,1 m; IMC 20,3 ± 1,4 kg∙m-2) foram submetidos a dois formatos (3 vs 3 e 7 vs 7) de JCRs. Foram analisadas as repostas de frequência cardíaca (FC), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e lactato sanguíneo ([La]), além da demanda física por meio do sistema de posicionamento global (GPS). Embora não tenha havido diferença estatística nas distâncias percorridas em diferentes zonas de velocidade entre os formatos de JCRs, a distância total percorrida, a distância percorrida em alta velocidade, a quantidade de ações em alta intensidade e a quantidade de acelerações >; 1 m∙s-2 foram maiores (p < 0,05) no JCR 3 vs 3 (1794 m; 885 m; 69; 87, respectivamente) em relação ao JCR 7 vs 7 (1663 m; 712 m; 57; 68). O percentual da frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmáx), PSE e [La] foram superiores (p < 0,05) no JCR 3 vs 3 quando comparado ao 7 vs 7 (91,3%; 6,1 u.a.; 5,0 mmol∙L-1 vs 85,1%; 5,1 u.a.; 2,1 mmol∙L-1, respectivamente). Os resultados demonstram que a intensidade é maior durante o JCR 3 vs 3 do que no JCR 7 vs 7; além disso, a demanda física é influenciada pelo número de jogadores, com uma maior distância total e distância em alta velocidade, além de maior quantidade de atividades em alta intensidade e acelerações no JCR 3 vs 3.

The aim of this study was to investigate the heart rate variability (HRV) after resistance training with and without vascular occlusion. It was hypothesized that low intensity (LI) with vascular occlusion (LIO) would elicit comparable postexercise HRV responses with that of high intensity (HI) without vascular occlusion. Nine subjects undertook 4 experimental sessions of leg press exercise on different days: (a) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test, (b) 4 sets of 8 repetitions + 1 set until exhaustion at 80% of 1RM without vascular occlusion (HI), (c) 4 sets of 16 repetitions + 1 set until exhaustion at 40% of 1RM with vascular occlusion (LIO), and (d) 4 sets of 16 repetitions + 1 set with the number of repetitions equal to the last set of LIO but at 40% of 1RM without vascular occlusion (LI). Heart rate variability was analyzed 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, and 24 hours after the HI, LIO, and LI sessions. The HI session increased the heart rate (HR) and reduced the root mean square of the successive difference of R-R intervals (RMSSD) and log-transformed high-frequency (lnHF) power during prolonged recovery (HR = 5 hours; RMSSD = 30 minutes; lnHF = 1 hour) at a greater magnitude when compared with LIO and LI. Despite the same intensity of exercise for LIO and LI, the occlusion delayed the recovery of HR and HRV variables. Postexercise blood lactate concentration was moderate to strongly correlated with peak HR (r = 0.87), RMSSD (r = -0.64), and lnHF (r = -0.68). This study has demonstrated that LIO was able to reduce cardiac autonomic stress when compared with HI.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) analisada no período inicial da pré-temporada de futebol apresenta relação com a melhora do desempenho físico ao longo deste período. Dez jogadores de futebol fizeram parte da amostra. O desempenho foi analisado através dos seguintes testes: Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), sprint de 30 m e salto vertical, aplicados antes e após seis semanas da pré-temporada. As medidas de VFC foram realizadas em repouso, na posição supina, durante dez minutos. O teste de Spearman foi usado para investigar as possíveis relações entre VFC e melhora no desempenho e o teste T de Student para verificar as mudanças no desempenho e na VFC. A inferência prática baseada em magnitudes (analise qualitativa) foi aplicada para verificar as chances dos valores encontrados serem positivos, irrelevantes e negativos. Houve melhora significante do desempenho para o Yo-Yo IR1 (P< 0,001) e Sprint de 30 m (P< 0,001). A análise qualitativa revelou que a mudança do desempenho no Yo-Yo IR1 foi "muito provavelmente positiva", para o Sprint de 30 m foi "quase certamente positiva" e para o salto vertical foi "inconclusiva". Houve forte correlação entre um índice parassimpático da VFC e a variação no desempenho [r = 0,85; P = 0,003 (IC95% =0,49 - 0,97)]. Em conclusão, esse estudo mostrou uma correlação forte entre índices parassimpáticos da VFC analisados antes do treinamento, com a melhora do desempenho no Yo-Yo IR1 durante a pré-temporada em atletas de futebol. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the heart rate variability (HRV), assessed at the beginning of a soccer preseason, reveals a correlation with the improvement of physical performance over this training period. Ten soccer players took part in the study. Their performance was evaluated by the following tests: the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, Level 1(Yo-Yo IR1); the 30-m sprint time, and the vertical jump; all were conducted before and after six weeks of pre-season. The HRV measurements were performed at rest in the supine position for ten minutes. The Spearman Rank Correlation test was used to investigate any possible relationship between HRV and improvements in performance, while the Student's t-test verified the changes in both performance and HRV. The Magnitude-Based Inferences approach (qualitative analysis) was applied to verify the possibilities of the observed values being positive, negative or inconclusive. There were significant improvements in Yo-Yo IR1 performance (P< 0.001) and in the 30-m sprint time (P< 0.001). The qualitative analysis revealed that the differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance were very likely positive, were almost certainly positive for the sprint, but were inconclusive for the vertical jump. There was a strong correlation between one parasympathetic index and the change in performance [r = 0.85 P = 0.003 (IC95% = 0.49 - 0.97)]. In conclusion, this study revealed a strong correlation between parasympathetic indices of HRV (analyzed before the training) with the performance improvement in Yo-Yo IR1 in football athletes during pre-season.

A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) da sessão tem se destacado dentre os métodos de quantificação de cargas de treinamento (QCT) em algumas modalidades, sobretudo pelo seu baixo custo e fácil aplicabilidade. No entanto, não há relatos na literatura de sua aplicação na modalidade de karate. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre o método PSE da sessão com BanisterTRIMP, EdwardsTL, LuciaTRIMP, StagnoTRIMP e LacTRIMP. Para tanto, oito atletas de ambos os sexos (21,6 ± 5,5 anos; 58,8 ± 13,8kg; 170,0 ± 0,11cm) realizaram uma sessão de treinamento com monitoramento constante da frequência cardíaca (FC), coleta de amostras sanguíneas a cada 10 minutos e aferição da PSE através da escala CR-10, 30 minutos após o término do treinamento, para posterior cálculo dos impulsos de treinamento. Significantes correlações (P < 0,05) foram encontradas entre PSE da sessão e BanisterTRIMP (r = 0,79), EdwardTL (r = 0,81), LuciaTRIMP (r = 0,71), StagnoTRIMP (r = 0,71) e LacTRIMP (r = 0,91). Dessa forma, os resultados deste estudo sugerem a PSE da sessão como um método eficiente para a QCT em atletas de karate estilo shotokan. The subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of the session have stood out among the methods of load training quantification (LTQ) in some modalities, mainly due to their low cost and easy applicability. However, there are no reports in the literature on their application in the karate modality. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between RPE session with Banister TRIMP , Edwards TL , Lucia TRIMP, Stagno TRIMP and Lac TRIMP. Eight well-trained athletes of both sexes (21.6 ± 5.5 years; 58.8 ± 13.8 weight; 170.0 ± 0.11 height) performed a single training session with continuous heart rate monitoring, blood lactate collections every 10 min and RPE quantification through the CR-10 scale, 30 min after the end of the training, for subsequent calculation of training impulse. Significant correlations (P

As respostas fisiológicas dos jogos com campo reduzido (JCRs) têm sido amplamente demonstradas. Em relação às características cinemáticas de deslocamento, os estudos têm demonstrado que os JCRs não simulam as demandas de esforço em alta intensidade e em sprints exigidas durante partidas de futebol. Dessa forma, existe a necessidade de propor alternativas para aumentar a demanda física durante JCRs. Sendo assim, os objetivos do estudo foram comparar as respostas fisiológicas agudas e as características cinemáticas de deslocamento entre dois modelos de JCRs (JCR convencional [JCRcon] e JCR modificado [JCRmod]) com as respostas registradas durante um jogo de futebol de campo e relacioná-las com a capacidade física e com o nível maturacional dos atletas. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 15 jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-15 (14,3 ± 0,5 anos; 55,6 ± 7,1 kg; 1,66 ± 0,1 m). Os atletas realizaram Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRTL1) e o teste de Repeated Sprint Ability (RSATeste), além de quatro sessões de JCRs (2 JCRcon e 2 JCRmod) e um jogo coletivo. Os JCRs foram realizados em dois formatos 3 vs 3 com mini gol e 7 vs 7 com gol com dimensões oficiais e com goleiros. Ambos os formatos foram realizados em 4 séries com duração de 4 min cada, com 3 min de recuperação passiva entre as séries. Durante os JCRmod os atletas realizaram quatro sprints em cada série, os quais foram escolhidos através de sorteio, com o intervalo entre cada sprint superior a 20 s. Frequência cardíaca (FC), concentração sanguínea de lactato ([La]) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foram monitoradas em todas as sessões de treinamento. As características cinemáticas de deslocamento foram analisadas através de um Global Positioning System (GPS) com frequência de amostragem de 15 Hz. Resultados: A distância total percorrida e a distância percorrida em alta intensidade e em sprints foram significantemente superiores (P < 0,05) nos JCRs 3 vs 3sp e 7 vs 7sp em relação aos JCRs 3 vs 3 e 7 vs 7. A distância percorrida em alta intensidade e o tempo despendido em sprint foram significantemente maiores (P < 0,05) nos JCRmod e no jogo em relação ao JCRcon em ambos os formatos (3 vs 3 e 7 vs 7). Não houve diferença significante nas respostas fisiológicas entre os JCRs 3 vs 3 e 3 vs 3sp. Entretanto, a intensidade durante o JCR 7 vs 7sp foi significativamente superior (P < 0,05) ao JCR 7 vs 7. Não houve correlações significantes (P > 0,05) entre os testes de desempenho e as características cinemáticas durante as sessões de treinamento, no entanto, houve correlação positiva (P < 0,05) entre a razão da idade esquelética pela idade cronológica (IE/IC) e a distância percorrida em sprint (>18,1 km.h-1) durante os JCRs 3 vs 3sp, 7 vs 7 e durante o jogo (r = 0,596; r = 0,605; r = 0,686, respectivamente) e correlação com a distância percorrida em alta intensidade (>13,1 km.h-1) no JCR 3 vs 3sp (r = 0,620). Dessa forma, conclui-se que a modificação na estrutura dos JCRs (JCRmod) ocasionou em uma maior demanda física nos atletas durante os JCRs (3 vs 3sp e 7 vs 7sp), a qual foi similar a demanda física do jogo coletivo, que não é suprida com a utilização de JCRcon. Acute physiological responses during small-sided games (SSG) have been extensively shown. Regarding, time-motion characteristics studies have shown that SSG not present the same effort demand of high-intensity and sprints required during soccer match. Therefore, there is needing provide alternative to increase physical demand during SSG. Thus, the aims of this study was to compare the physiological responses and time-motion characteristics at two models of SSG (SSG conventional [SSGcon] and SSG modified [SSGmod]) with one friendly soccer game and correlate to them with physical fitness and maturational level. Methods: Fifteen soccer players under-15 composed the sample (14.3 ± 0.5 years; 55.6 ± 7.1 kg; 1.66 ± 0.1 m). The subjects performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRTL1) and Repeated Sprint Ability test (RSATest), four SSG (2 SSGcon and 2 SSGmod) and one friendly soccer game. The SSG were performed at two designs (3 vs 3 without goalkeeper and 7 vs 7 plus goalkeeper). Each SSG were performed in four bouts of 4. min duration with 3. min of passive recovery between bouts. During the SSG, the players should perform 4 sprints in each set, in which they were randomly allocated during the set with interval between each sprint of at least 20 s. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate ([La]) and rating perceived exertion (RPE) were measured in the all training sessions. The time-motion characteristics was analyzed by Global Positioning System (GPS) technology at a sampling frequency of 15 Hz. Results: Total distance covered, distance covered in high intensity and in sprints were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SSG 3 vs 3sp and 7 vs 7sp than 3 vs 3 and 7 vs 7. Distance covered in high intensity and time spent in sprint was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at SSGmod and soccer game than SSGcon in both formats (3 vs 3 e 7 vs 7). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) at acute physiological responses between SSG 3 vs 3 and 3 vs 3sp. However, during 7 vs. 7sp intensity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than SSG 7 vs. 7. There was not relationship (P > 0.05) between performance at the tests and time-motion characteristics during training sessions. However, there was significant correlation (P < 0.05) between player’s skeletal age and sprints distance (>18.0 km.h-1) during SSG 3 vs 3sp, 7 vs 7 and friendly soccer game (r = 0.596; r = 0.605; r = 0.686, respectively) and between distance covered in high intensity (>13.1 km.h-1) in the SSG 3 vs. 3sp (r = 0.620). Thus, the modification in the SSG structure (SSGmod) presented higher time-motion demands at two formats of SSG (3 vs. 3sp e 7 vs. 7sp), showing that SSGmod was similar to friendly soccer game, which is not provide by SSGcon.

We tested the hypothesis that maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold (VT), and their respective speeds (SV[Combining Dot Above]O2max and SVT) could discriminate the competitive level of futsal players. The outfield players of a high-level Brazilian professional futsal team (N = 9; age 22.6 ± 4.2 years; body mass 70.6 ± 6.4 kg; height 174.3 ± 6.0 cm), and a semiprofessional team (N = 11; age 17.2 ± 0.8 years; body mass 70.4 ± 6.5 kg; height 175.0 ± 4.0 cm), volunteered for participation in this study. Subsequently, they were evaluated during an incremental treadmill test for the determination of cardiorespiratory variables, SV[Combining Dot Above]O2max, and SVT. Both teams exhibited a similar body mass and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (p = 0.542 and p = 0.427), whereas the SV[Combining Dot Above]O2max and the SVT were significantly higher in the professional team (p = 0.001 and p = 0.030, respectively). Additionally, the professional team exhibited both lower HR at VT (p = 0.046) and HRmax (p = 0.002). However, the %HRmax at VT did not differ between groups (p = 0.912). These results remained similar after adjusting for the age differences between groups (p = 0.106). It was concluded that both SV[Combining Dot Above]O2max and SVT were sensitive for detecting differences in the competitive level of futsal players, whereas V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and VT were not.

Frequency domain analyses of changes in electromyographic (EMG) signals over time are frequently used to assess muscle fatigue. Fourier based approaches are typically used in these analyses, yet Fourier analysis assumes signal stationarity, which is unlikely during dynamic contractions. Wavelet based methods of signal analysis do not assume stationarity and may be more appropriate for joint time-frequency domain analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) in assessing muscle fatigue in supramaximal constant load dynamic exercise (110% VO2peak). The results of this study indicate that CWT and STFT analyses give similar fatigue estimates (slope of median frequency) in supramaximal constant load dynamic exercise (P>0.05). However, the results of the variance was significantly lower for at least one of the muscles studied in CWT compared to STFT (P

Objective The objective of this study was to compare these methods Fourier (STFT) and Wavelet (WT) transforms to assess muscle fatigue during supramaximal exercise. Methods Twenty five subjects of both genders (13 men, age = 28.2 ± 2.7 years and 12 women, age = 23.2 ± 2.7 years) performed the Wingate test, during which the electromyographic responses of the superficial muscles of the quadriceps were examined. For analysis we used the STFT and WT transforms, which provided the following variables: median frequency (MF), slope and variance. Results The results showed no differences (P > 0.05) in MF and slope. However, there were differences for the variance between the analysis (P Conclusion It seems that both analyzes provide the same physiological parameters, however, the WT transform shows less variance between the results.