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1. O Custo Socioambiental da Destruição de Castanheiras (Bertholletia excelsa) no Estado do Pará

Author: Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, Ádina Lima de Santana, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Nilson Luiz Costa, and Marcos Antônio Souza dos Santos
Subjects: Externalidades, Valoração dos recursos naturais, Mercado de castanha-do-brasil, Reserva extrativista., Regional economics. Space in economics, HT388
Abstract: A destruição dos recursos naturais na Amazônia, causada pela abertura de estradas e da implantação de grandes projetos agropecuários, madeireiros, de extração mineral e produção de energia, não promoveram o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e ambiental nos locais onde foram implantados. As reservas de castanheiras no estado do Pará foram vítimas dessa política de desenvolvimento, em que a produção média entre os períodos 1970/73 e 2007/10 caiu de 27.663,5 ton. para 7.246,25 ton. e a sociedade não foi efetivamente compensada por essas externalidades. Nesse trabalho, estimou-se o sistema de equações de oferta e demanda de castanha-do-brasil por meio do método dos momentos generalizados, com vistas a analisar o mercado e determinar o custo socioambiental de sua destruição. Os resultados mostraram que a oferta de castanha tornou-se perfeitamente inelástica e a demanda mais elástica a preço e renda no período estudado. A abertura de estradas e o preço das terras de mata produziram impactos significativos, respectivamente, negativo e positivo na produção de castanha-do-brasil. Os benefícios socioambientais da produção e comercialização da castanha caíram de R$ 34,87 milhões para R$ 13,26 milhões, o que resultou no custo socioambiental de R$ 21,61 milhões por ano entre 1990 e 2010. Finalmente, o valor total da compensação pelos danos ambientais foi estimado em R$ 540,25 milhões.
Published: 2017
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2. Decline in Giant Tree Numbers: Status Report for Santa Catarina State and Perspectives for Brazil

Author: Marcelo Callegari Scipioni, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Alexander Christian Vibrans, and Heitor Felippe Uller
Subjects: ancient trees, large old trees, tree protection, forest inventory, conservation, Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract: ABSTRACT Loss of large trees due to indiscriminate timber cutting and opening of new areas for human use is a global problem. Brazil is well known for tree species richness within its extensive forested areas composed of various biomes. Giant trees are “key” to recognize the original forest structure. Decline of their populations in Brazil may be estimated by comparing data of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) with those of regional data and other surveys. In fact, Santa Catarina is the first state in Brazil to have currently completed its forest inventory. However, only few large trees were sampled systematically. Recognition of the maximum tree growth is important for their ecological management and tourism potential. Public policies for cataloging and management of these resources must be developed before it is too late.
Published: 2019
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3. Capoeira Class System: a proposal of classification system of successional stages of secondary forests for Pará state

Author: Antônio Cordeiro Santana, Silvio Brienza Júnior, Dário Dantas do Amaral, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, and Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: Classification of secondary forests, Discriminant analysis, Fallow vegetation, Successional stage of vegetation, Public policy, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: Brazilian law does not currently define the characteristics that should be used to distinguish different successional stages of second-growth forest. This lack of clarity poses difficulties for licensing the clearance, management and conservation of secondary native vegetation. The aim of this study was to propose an classification system of secondary vegetation by successional stage based on field-work covering three municipalities in Pará, in addition to existing literature. Inventories were made in 128 plots of 0.16 ha per study site and used 18 floristic-structural descriptors. Plots of the three stages were then subjected to a discriminant analysis, which allowed the separation of three stages of succession, based on 16 floristic and structural measures. However, only eight descriptors showed significant discrimination power among the three successional stages. These descriptors were used to develop a classification system termed Capoeira Class (CapClas). CapClass is a system composed of three equations that discriminate the successional stages with more than 70.3% accuracy. This work corroborates the assumption that there are three distinct successional stages with distinct structures, and that floristic-structural descriptors can be used in the implementation of a classification system of secondary vegetation.
Published: 2012

4. Phytosociological analysis of Tropical Rain Forest and determination of key-species to recovery of degraded area based through the importance value index

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Antônio Cordeiro Santana, Silvio Brienza Júnior, and Vitor Hugo Freitas Gomes
Subjects: Species selection, Dense tropical forest, Forest restoration, Bauxite mining, Multivariate analysis, Amazonia, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: In the National Forest of Saracá-Taquera, Para State, the bauxite mining is made in open pits. The mining operations involve since the complete removal of the tropical rain forest to the land restoration by heterogeneous reforestation where are employed on average 80 species. The objective of this paper is to provide an index of horizontal phytosociology dummy (IHP), calculated through the same variables used to obtain the importance value index (IVI), by ranking tree species sampled in the inventories of the tropical rain forest in ecologic categories of high, medium and low priorities. Thephytosociological inventories done in the Saracá plateau recorded 23,166 individuals, summing 796 species and 58 families. The adequacy of the factor analysis was determined by the tests of Bartlett, which evaluated the overall significance of the correlation matrix and shows that the correlations are significant to the 1% probability level, and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO), which shows that the variables are correlated and that the factor model has a good fitness to the data set. The statistical tests validated the data set for use of multivariate analysis technique, and therefore for the construction of the IHP, which selected 65 key species for use in forest restoration purposes, against only six indicated by the IVI.
Published: 2012

5. Similarity of tree species in relation to distance in a rain forest in the National Forest Saracá-Taquera, Pará

Author: Jorge Luis Gavina Pereira, Darley Calderaro Leal Matos, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, and Leandro Valle Ferreira
Subjects: Amazon, Distance, Rare species, Similarity of species, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: The distribution of species in tropical regions is very complex. Two principal models are commonly employed toexplain species distributions: the Neutral Theory, and the Niche Theory. The former predicts that species coexistenceis the result of a balance between immigration and extinction, while the Niche Theory predicts that natural resourcesare used differently among species. Studies carried out in tropical regions have demonstrated that species similaritydecreases with geographical distance. However, few studies have been done comparing changes in species similaritywith geographical distance on a local scale, where physical variables such as topography, altitude and soil type do notvary. The objective of this study is to test differences in species similarity with geographical distance from botanical plotson an Amazonian plateau in the Sacará-Taquera National Forest Reserve, in Pará, Brazil. 179 tree plots (10 x 250 m)were systematically distributed across the entire extent of the plateau, with a distance between plots varying between200 meters and 9 km. A total of 631 species of tree were identified across all plots. The species area curve showeda clear tendency to asymptote. The estimated species richness (using first and second order Jackknife estimators)suggested 720 and 733 species respectively. The majority of species were present in low frequencies in the sampledplots, a pattern typical for the Amazon region. From the total of 631 species, 442 (70%) occurred in less than 10%of all parcels. There was a negative correlation between species similarity and plot distances. The lowest Sörensensimilarity measures (ranging from 13% to 16%) were obtained from plots over 6 km apart, while the highest levels ofsimilarity (ranging from 55% to 62%) were found comparing plots less than one kilometer apart. In conclusion, thisstudy partially corroborates the Neutral Theory, where the similarity of species decreases with increasing geographicaldistances. However, the medium strength correlation between similarity and distance (r = -0.44) indicates that otherfactors are also important, and showing that the similarity of species in the tropical rain forests may be partly explainedby other biotic and abiotic factors, as well as geographical distance.
Published: 2011

6. Checklist of remnant forest fragments of the metropolitan area of Belém and historical value of the fragments, State of Pará, Brazil

Author: Dário Dantas do Amaral, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Samuel Soares de Almeida, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Antonio Sérgio Lima da Silva, and Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim
Subjects: Amazon, Floristic, Urban forests, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: In northern Brazil, the metropolitan area of Belém, Pará, harbors the largest urban population in the Amazon with more than two million inhabitants, and retains remnant primary forests occupying less than 400 km2, about 30% of the original coverage. These forests are fragments located on river islands and on continental areas with restricted access such as military bases, public schools and research institutions, and official forest reserves. This study aimed to survey the trees in six major forest fragments, varying in size from 2 to 15 ha, as well as to identify the species most vulnerable of disappearing in the region. These fragments were Amafrutas (15 ha), Trambioca Island (2 ha), city park “Bosque Rodrigues Alves” (15 ha), Combu Island (10 ha), Gunma reserve (10 ha), and Mocambo reserve (5 ha). Forest fragments were surveyed using fixed quadrates of 250 m2 with the inclusion of all trees with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm at 1,30 m from the soil. The forest inventories registered 759 tree species in 69 families, of which 12 are officially listed as endangered based on the 1992 Brazilian national list (Instruction of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources - IBAMA, September 2008) and the 2008 Pará state list (Decree nº. 802, de 20/02/2008). These species are: Aspidosperma desmanthum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. (Apocynaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Eschweilera piresii S.A. Mori (Lecythidaceae), Euxylophora paraensis Huber (Rutaceae), Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke (Leguminosae), Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier (Sapotaceae), Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae), Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez (Lauraceae) e Qualea caerulea Aubl. (Vochysiaceae).
Published: 2009

7. Density, structure and spatial distribution of Brazilnut trees (Bertholletia excelsa H. & B.) on two plateaus of moist evergreen forest in the northern Brazilian Amazon

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: Forest structure, Lecythidaceae, Brazilnut, Non-timber forest product, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: The Brazilnut tree (Bertholletia excelsa H. & B. - Lecythidaceae) is native to the Amazon River basin where it is found in non-flooding, upland forests. The nut is the best known non-timber forest product from the Amazon and has been firmly established in overseas trade for over a century as the only seed in international commerce that is collected solely from primary tropical forest. This study evaluates Brazilnut tree abundance, spatial distribution, diameter, height, and age in dense tropical rain forests on two plateaus in northern Brazilian Amazonia. The study sites, termed the Almeidas and Aviso plateaus, include forested areas of 763 and 1,365 ha, respectively, where forest inventories were made including all Brazilnut trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm. The two areas had 1,140 and seven Brazilnut trees, respectively, yielding densities of 1.5 trees/ha and 0.005 trees/ha. Percentages of young trees (dbh ≤ 60 cm) on the two plateaus were inversely related to Brazilnut tree abundense, that is 1.21% (19 trees) in higher density (Almeidas) and 71.4% (five trees) in the lower (Aviso), suggesting a recent colonization in Aviso plateau. The largest number of trees (64.1% of total) occurred within 90-160 cm of dbh, and 78 trees were recorded between 200-300 cm (6.8% in total). Today, it is rare to find Brazilnut trees with diameters up to 300 cm; the nine individuals recorded above this limit on the Almeidas plateau probably have several hundred years. The abundance of Brazilnut in Almeidas and Aviso plateaus is an intriguing question and difficult to unravel. There is the possibility to consider the anthropic origin of the Brazilnut trees in Almeidas plateau, which could be confirmed by further studies.
Published: 2009

8. Densidade, estrutura e distribuição espacial de castanheira-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa H. & B.) em dois platôs de floresta ombrófila densa na Amazônia setentrional brasileira

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: estrutura florestal, lecythidaceae, castanheira-do-brasil, produto florestal não madeireiro, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: A castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa H. & B. - Lecythidaceae) é uma espécie nativa da Amazônia que tem por habitat as terras não inundáveis (terra firme). O fruto da castanheira é o produto florestal não-madeireiro (PFNM) mais conhecido e solidamente estabelecido nos mercados doméstico e de exportação há mais de um século, constituindo-se na única colheita de sementes comercializada internacionalmente que é feita exclusivamente em florestas tropicais primárias. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a abundância, a distribuição espacial, a estrutura em diâmetro, altura e idade de castanheiras e sua distribuição espacial nos castanhais existentes na floresta pluvial tropical densa em dois platôs na Amazônia setentrional brasileira. Os locais de estudos, denominados platô Almeidas e Aviso, abrangem uma área de, respectivamente, 763 ha e 1.365 ha, onde foram feitos dois inventários, com 100% de intensidade, de todas as árvores de B. excelsa com DAP ≥ 10 cm, sendo registradas, respectivamente, 1.140 e sete árvores, ou seja, densidade de 1,5 árvore/ha e 0,005 árvore/ha. O percentual de árvores jovens (DAP ≤ 60 cm) registrado nos dois platôs estudados é inversamente proporcional à abundância, ou seja, 1,21% (19 árvores) no castanhal de maior densidade (Almeidas) e 71,4% (cinco árvores) no de menor, o que sugere uma colonização recente no platô Aviso. O maior número de árvores (64,1% do total) ocorreu no intervalo de 90-160 cm de diâmetro, entre 200-300 cm foram registradas 78 árvores (6,8% do total). Atualmente, é relativamente raro encontrar castanheiras com diâmetros acima de 300 cm; os nove indivíduos acima deste limite, registrados no platô Almeidas, muito provavelmente têm algumas centenas de anos. A abundância de castanheiras no platô Almeidas e Aviso é uma questão intrigante e difícil de desvendar. Existe a possibilidade de se considerar a origem antrópica dos castanhais do platô Almeidas, que poderá ou não ser confirmada por meio de futuros estudos.
Published: 2009
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9. As florestas de Belo Monte na grande curva do rio Xingu, Amazônia Oriental

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Chieno Suemitsu, Nélson de Araújo Rosa, Samuel Soares de Almeida, Dário Dantas do Amaral, and Moirah Paula Machado de Menezes
Subjects: floresta pluvial tropical, florística, estrutura, belo monte, fitofisionomia, etnobotânica, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: No intuito de se caracterizar a flora da região de Belo Monte ou Volta Grande do Xingu, efetuou-se uma análise da florística, fitossociologia, estrutura e etnobotânica nas fitofisionomias florestais na área de estudo que inclui os territórios de Altamira, Anapu, Senador José Porfírio e Vitória do Xingu, nas mesorregiões do baixo e médio Xingu, no estado do Pará. Nas quatro fitofisionomias florestais majoritárias (floresta ombrófila densa, floresta ombrófila aluvial, floresta ombrófila aberta com palmeira, floresta ombrófila aberta com cipó e palmeira), foram lançadas parcelas de estudos que abrangeram uma área total de 24,3 ha. Foram amostrados indivíduos em três categorias de diâmetros minímos de inclusão: DAP ≥ a 5, 10 e 30 cm. Registrou-se um total de 13.790 indivíduos compreendendo 662 espécies, distribuídas em 65 famílias botânicas. Comparando-se as fitofisionomias estudadas, concluiu-se que a floresta ombrófila densa tem a maior riqueza de espécies (433), seguindo-se a floresta ombrófila aberta com cipó e palmeira (264), a floresta ombrófila aluvial (203) e a floresta ombrófila aberta com palmeira (140). Com relação às espécies raras, a floresta ombrófila densa apresentou o maior número (141), em contraposição à floresta ombrófila aberta com palmeira, que apresentou o menor (63). Caesalpiniaceae foi a família que apresentou o maior índice de valor de importância (IVIF) e de cobertura (IVCF) em todas as fitofisionomias estudadas, à exceção da floresta ombrófila aberta com cipó e palmeira (Lecythidaceae). Alexa grandiflora e Voucapoua americana foram as espécies de maiores índices (IVI e IVC) em todas as fitofisionomias estudadas, exceto na floresta ombrófila aluvial (Pterocarpus amazonicus e Molia luscens). Estimou-se para todos os ecossistemas analisados um total de 92,68 km2 de cobertura florestal em toda a área de estudo. Estimou-se para esta área uma abundância total de 403.069.870 árvores com DAP ≥ 10 cm, volume total de madeira de 196.276.924 m3 e uma biomassa aérea viva de 198.503.191 t. Foram identificadas algumas espécies florestais de grande interesse para os programas de conservação da flora, como uma espécie arbórea praticamente extinta nas áreas onde é possível a penetração humana, o 'pau cravo' (Dicypellium caryophyllatum), uma Lauraceae muito cobiçada pela indústria perfumista; e uma outra espécie de difícil ocorrência (Sagotia brachysepala), uma Euphorbiaceae de dispersão muito restrita.
Published: 2007
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10. The forests of Belo Monte on the great curve of the Xingu River, Eastern Amazon

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Chieno Suemitsu, Nélson de Araújo Rosa, Samuel Soares de Almeida, Dário Dantas do Amaral, and Moirah Paula Machado de Menezes
Subjects: Tropical rain forest, Forest composition, Forest structure, Belo Monte, Phytophysionomy, Ethnobotany, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: In order to characterize the forests of the Belo Monte region at the ‘Volta Grande’ of the Xingu River, Brazil, a floristic, phytosociological, structural and ethno-botanical analysis was undertaken in forested areas of Altamira, Anapu, Senador José Porfírio, and Vitória do Xingu, in the Lower and Middle Xingu River regions of Pará. In the four most common forest formations (dense broadleaf forest, broadleaf flood forest, open broadleaf forest with palms, and broadleaf forest with lianas and palms) study plots were laid out that covered a total area of 24.3 ha. Surveys included individuals in three diameter size classes: DBH ≥ 5, 10, and 30 cm. A total of 13.790 individual plants was recorded, comprising 662 species distributed in 65 botanical families. In comparing the forest types, it is concluded that the dense broadleaf forest is the most species rich (433 spp.), followed by the open broadleaf forest with lianas and palms (264 spp.), the broadleaf flood forest (203 spp.), and the open broadleaf forest with palms (140 spp.). In relation to rare species, the dense broadleaf forest showed the greatest number (141 spp.), in contrast to the open broadleaf forest with palms that showed the least (63 spp.). Caesalpiniaceae was the family that had the greatest indices of economic importance (IVIF) and of total coverage (IVCF) in all of the studied forest types except for the open broadleaf forest with lianas and palms (Lecythidaceae). Alexa grandiflora and Voucapoua americana were the species with the greatest indices (economic importance and total coverage) in all the studied Forest formations, except in the broadleaf flood forest (Pterocarpus amazonicus and Molia luscens). It is estimated that these analyzed ecosystems have a combined area of 92,68 km² in the study area. A total abundance of 403,069,870 trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm is estimated, with a total wood volume of 196,276,924 m³ and a live aerial biomass of 198,503,191 metric tons. Forest species of great interest for floral conservation programs were identified, such as the practically extinct Amazon cinnamon tree ‘pau cravo’ (Dicypellium caryophyllatum), a member of the Lauraceae that is much sought-after by the perfume industry, and another rarely found species (Sagotia brachysepala), a member of the Euphorbiaceae with a very restricted geographical distribution.
Published: 2007

11. The role of Brazil nut trees in restoring degraded forest areas and as a source of food and income for northern Amazonian communities

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Nélson Araújo Rosa, Alexandre Castilho, and Kácio Andrey Câmara Morais
Subjects: Bertholletia excelsa, Brazil-nuts, Plantation nut trees, Rain forest, Amazonia, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: The role of Brasil nut in the restoring degraded Amazonian forest and supplementing local income - Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa H. & B. - Lecythidaceae) - are the largest girthed trees in Amazonian forests. Trees can range from 4.34 to 5.25 cm in dbh (diameter at breast high). There is evidence that some reproductive Brazil nut trees can be over 1,000 years old. The objectives of study is to examine the growth rate of Brazil nut trees in a multi-species reforestation system of areas degraded by mining activities and estimate the seed yield for local communities in the Sacará-Taqüera National Forest of Pará, Brazil. The study was carried out in an area of 19.4 ha being restored since 1994 with several species including 482 Brazil nut trees. To evaluate seed production, a pilot study will be used to quantify seed production from 2003 to 2007. The average for Brazil nut trees was 24,8 trees/ha. The lowest diameter was 2.1 cm and the largest was 61.6 cm (= 19.4 cm). This resulted in a mean increment of 0.11 to 3.24 cm/year. The variation in height ranged from 3m to 28m (= 14.7m) and height increment varied from 0.16 to 1.47m/year (= 0.77m/year). To estimate fruit production, 84 trees were selected at one site with a high tree density (= 14 trees/ha). In 2003, 74 trees produced fruits (= 29 fruits/tree) with a mean of 16 seeds per fruit. The mean production was 477 seeds per tree, which was considered low. Normally, the seed production in this region is 800 hectoliters (34,000 kg) which is equivalent to US$22,666.67. The total income derived from the seed harvest per individual is US$755.67 for a 3 month period or US$252/month, which was higher than the background average of US$100.00/month. The plantation of Brazil nut trees in a multi-species restoration system in Eastern Amazon is an excellent opportunity to both forest conservation and local revenues. The selection of highly productive trees can result in trees attaining 60 cm dbh and 28 m height in only 19 yrs. In the 2003, 74 trees in primary forest produced an average of 247 kg of seeds which is equivalent to US$164.72/tree in the local market.
Published: 2006

12. Castanheira-do-brasil recuperando áreas degradadas e provendo alimento e renda para comunidades da Amazônia Setentrional

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Nélson Araújo Rosa, Alexandre Castilho, and Kácio Andrey Câmara Morais
Subjects: bertholletia excelsa, castanha-do-brasil, plantios florestais, floresta tropical primária, amazônia, Mineralogy, QE351-399.2, Paleontology, QE701-760, Natural history (General), QH1-278.5, Life, QH501-531, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Botany, QK1-989, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: A castanheira-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa H. & B. - Lecythidaceae) é a espécie de maior diâmetro entre todas as demais da floresta amazônica. Árvores com 5,25 m e 4,34 m de diâmetro a 1,3 m do solo (DAP) já foram registradas, assim como a ocorrência, em um mesmo local, de mais de dez castanheiras com diâmetros superiores a 3 m. Existem fortes evidências de que alguns exemplares de castanheira possam ser milenares e ainda produtivos. Este trabalho objetivou informar como se comporta a castanheira no que tange aos crescimentos do diâmetro e da altura em reflorestamentos heterogêneos que visam a recuperar áreas degradadas pela atividade de mineração na Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taqüera, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) em Porto Trombetas, estado do Pará e, também, avaliar qual é a produção de um castanhal primitivo, em termos de safra e renda, para uma comunidade de castanheiros daquela região. Numa área de 19,4 ha, reflorestada em 1984 com diversas espécies florestais, foram registradas e medidas (diâmetro e altura) todas as 482 castanheiras ali plantadas. Para avaliar a safra de castanha foi implantado, numa Reserva de Castanheiras dentro da Flona, um estudo para quantificação e pesagem de ouriços e castanhas das safras de 2003 a 2007. Foram registradas 482 castanheiras (= 24,8 árvores/ha). O menor diâmetro foi de 2,1 cm e o maior de 61,6 cm (= 19,4 cm), gerando um incremento médio de 1,02 cm/ano; a amplitude do incremento variou de 0,11 cm/ano até 3,24 cm/ano; a menor altura total foi de 3 m e a maior de 28 m (= 14,7 m). Conseqüentemente, o incremento médio foi de 0,77 m/ano – mínimo de 0,16 m/ano e máximo de 1,47 m. Para estimação a produção de ouriços e castanhas foram avaliadas 84 árvores com diâmetros variando desde 48 cm até 226 cm (= 122 cm) e abundância de 14 castanheiras/ha, excepcionalmente altas. Na safra de castanha de 2003, 74 castanheiras produziram frutos (= 29 ouriços/castanheira). Cada ouriço tinha em média 16 castanhas (peso médio unitário de 7 g). A produção média foi de 477 castanhas/árvore, o que representou uma safra baixa. Uma safra normal na região produz 800 hectolitros, correspondentes a 34,000 kg, que comercializados rendem R$68.000,00 (US$22,666.67). Divididos pelos 30 coletores, resulta em R$2.267,00 (US$755.67) por trabalhador para os três meses de serviço (fevereiro, março e abril), ou R$756,00 (US$252.00) por mês para cada trabalhador se a divisão fosse igualitária, o que, é sabido, não acontece, pois deste valor mensal o coletor recebe menos de 40%, próximo de R$300,00/mês (US$100.00). A castanheira-do-brasil, plantada em áreas degradadas da Amazônia setentrional, através de reflorestamentos heterogêneos, é uma espécie de comprovada adaptabilidade e excelente crescimento. Uma seleção da matriz de sementes possibilita a obtenção de árvores com 60 cm de diâmetro e altura de 28 m aos 19 anos, ou seja, um incremento anual médio de crescimento do diâmetro de 3,24 cm/ano e da altura de 1,47 m/ano. No ano de 2003, num universo de 74 castanheiras em floresta primária, a produção total de castanha foi de 247,1 kg de castanhas (safra muito baixa), que renderia R$494,17 (US$164.72) no caso de o quilo ser comercializado ao preço de R$2,00 (US$0.67).
Published: 2006
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13. Dinâmica do sub-bosque e do estado arbóreo de floresta tropical primária fragmentada na Amazônia Oriental1

Author: Rafael de Paiva SALOMÃO, Aires Henriques de MATOS, and Nélson de Araújo ROSA
Subjects: Dinâmica florestal, Estrutura, Composição florística, Floresta tropical primária, Sub-bosque, Amazônia, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a dinâmica florestal, sobretudo da regeneração natural, em um fragmento de floresta tropical primária, entre 1998 c 1999, em Peixe-Boi (PA). Foram demarcadas três parcelas permanentes (1 ha cada) onde todos os indivíduos com DAP ≥ 10 cm foram registrados; os indivíduos com 10cm ≥ DAP ≥ 5cm foram amostrados em 6.000 m2, aqueles entre 5cm ≥ DAP ≥ 2cm em 2.400 m2 e com DAP ≤ 2cm em 240 m2. Foram estimados 143.000 indivíduos, desde plântulas até árvores pertencentes a 337 espécies e 76 famílias. Mimosaceae foi a família de maior riqueza (44 espécies); 14 famílias ocorreram com uma única espécie sendo que metade delas apresentaram também um único indivíduo. Independentemente da classe diamétrica verificou-se o egresso de 56 espécies versus o ingresso de 68, gerando um ganho líquido de 12 espécies. A dinâmica da composição e da abundância da regeneração natural foi muito intensa. Observou-se a saída de uma família face ao ingresso de outras 14, aumentando cm quase 30% o número de espécies. A maior mortalidade foi verificada em Bauhinia cf. rutilans e Mabea aff. speciosa (300 e 21 indivíduos). Rinorea negleta e Leçythis idatimon recrutaram 171 e 89 espécimes. A razão recrutamento/ mortalidade foi, em quaisquer das classes diamétricas, sempre superior a unidade. O estoque de mudas para se obter uma árvore, uma arvoreta e uma vara foi, respectivamente de 297, 160 e 48 mudas. O número de espécies e a abundância aumentaram no período, assim como a área basal e a biomassa.
Published: 2002
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14. Análise da vegetação de floresta pluvial tropical de terra firme, pelo método dos quadrantes: Serra Norte, Carajás, PA

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão and Nelson de Araújo Rosa
Subjects: floresta pluvial tropical, método dos quadrantes, florística, estrutura, fitos-sociologia, rainforest, point-centred quarter method, floristics, structure, phytossociology, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract: Aplicou-se o Método dos Quadrantes em uma floresta densa sobre mina de arenito em Serra Norte, PA. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos vivos ou mortos com DAP > 10 cm (um indivíduo por quadrante). Trinta e oito famílias, 85 gêneros e 110 espécies foram registrados nos 104 pontos (ou 416 indivíduos) amostrados. Sapotaceae (40,90), Leguminosae sensu latu (26,76) e Rutaceae (25,82) foram as famílias que apresentaram maior índice de valor de importância - VIF - (13,63%, 8,9% e 8,61% respectivamente). Erisma uncinatum Warm. (15,86) foi a espécie que apresentou maior índice de importância (IVI), as árvores mortas apresentaram o 2o. maior índice: 14,07. A densidade por área (DTA) calculada foi de 1065 indivíduos/ha. A área basal encontrada foi de 28,9057m² para os 416 indivíduos amostrados (74,0502 m²/ha). Tanto a densidade quanto a área basal por unidade de área (ha) estimadas foram consideradas muito altas para a região. A estrutura da vegetação foi também analisada: o diâmetro médio foi de 31,21 cm; as alturas médias do fuste, copa e total estimados foi de 12,4, 5,8 e 18,2 m, respectivamente. A vegetação do sub-bosque foi também descrita qualitativamente.The Quadrant Method was applied in dense forest on a sandstone mine in Serra Pará State. , All living or dead individuals with DBH 10 cm were sampled (one > individual per quadrant). In 104 points (or 416 individuals) sampled, 38 families, 85 genera and 110 species were registered. The families presenting the highest importance value index (VIF) were Sapotaceae (40,90), Leguminosae sensu latu (26,76) and Rutaceae (25,82). Erisma uncinatum Warm, was the species presenting the highest importance value index (15,86); as a group, dead trees presented the second highest index (14,07). The calculated density was 1 065 individuals/ha. The basal area was 28.9057m² for the 416 sampled individuals, or 74.0502m²/ha. The estimated density as well as the basal area per unit area (ha) were considered extremely high for the region. The structure of the vegetation was also analyzed: the mean diameter was 31,21 cm; the mean heigths of trunks and crowns were 12,4 m and 5,8 m respectively, giving a mean total of 18,2 m. The understory vegetation was also described qualitatively.
Published: 1988
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15. A Governança do Arranjo Produtivo Local da Castanha-do-Brasil na Região da Calha Norte, Pará

Author: Márcia Nágem Krag, Antonio Cordeiro de Santana, Rafael De Paiva Salomão, Cyntia Meireles Martins, and Sérgio Castro Gomes
Subjects: Brazil nut, social actors, governance structure, systemic competitiveness, local productive arrangement., Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract: Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as formas de governança do Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) da castanha-do-brasil (Berthollethia excelsa Bonpl.) na região da Calha Norte, do estado do Pará, caracterizando os fatores específicos que condicionam a governança. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário estruturado no padrão RedeSist, aplicados aos agentes da cadeia produtiva local, com ênfase nas empresas de beneficiamento de castanhas. A análise dos resultados foi desenvolvida com base nos índices de percepção dos entrevistados sobre a estrutura, a governança e as vantagens associadas ao ambiente local, fundamentada nas teorias das aglomerações produtivas, competitividade e governança. Os resultados mostram que pela grande concorrência existente entre as empresas, as transações comerciais realizadas localmente promovem internalização de conhecimento e aprendizagem de forma individual, não se desdobrando em geração de informação para o APL como um todo, em que os processos de cooperação e aprendizagem têm decorrido basicamente da experiência acumulada na produção e consequentes inovações incrementais em produtos e processos, caracterizando, assim, uma capacidade inovativa interna das empresas. Conclui-se que há baixa capacidade de gestão e governança nas ações cooperativas de forma sistêmica e, na ausência de estruturas de governança mais especializadas, predomina a governança de mercado no APL estudado.
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16. Influência da distância geográfica na riqueza e composição de espécies arbóreas em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa na Amazônia Oriental

Author: Darley C. Leal Matos, Leandro Valle Ferreira, and Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: complementarity, Tropical forest, Plateau, Neutral Theory, Niche Theory, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract: Duas teorias em ecologia explicam a distribuição de espécies em florestas tropicais: a Teoria Neutra e a Teoria do Nicho. Na primeira a distribuição de espécies está relacionada a processos como dispersão, enquanto a segunda prediz que é devido às interações competitivas entre as espécies. Estudos demonstram que a similaridade de espécies de uma comunidade vegetal diminui com a distância geográfica nas regiões tropicais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar se a distância influencia nos padrões de riqueza e composição de espécies de árvores dentro e entre seis platôs em uma floresta ombrófila densa na Floresta Nacional Sacará-Taquera, Pará, Brasil. Esses platôs são explorados para a extração da bauxita, onde a cobertura florestal é totalmente removida. O número de parcelas (10 × 250 m) analisadas nesse estudo, em cada platô variou de 18 a 22. Houve uma correlação negativa da similaridade de espécies em relação à distância, tanto dentro como entre os platôs. Não houve correlação da riqueza de espécies em relação à distância, dentro e entre os platôs, com exceção do platô Aramã. Os resultados desse estudo corroboram a Teoria Neutra e têm grandes implicações para a conservação.
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17. Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology

Author: Bruno Garcia Luize, Milton Tirado, Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Toby Pennington, Juliana Schietti, Aurora Levesley, Bianca Weiss Albuquerque, Lourens Poorter, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Juan David Cardenas Revilla, Egleé L. Zent, Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues, Everton José Almeida, Pascal Petronelli, Maria Aparecida Lopes, Diego Correa, William Milliken, Daniel Praia Portela de Aguiar, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Italo Mesones, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Edelcilio Marques Barbosa, Joost F. Duivenvoorden, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda, Corine Vriesendorp, Doug Daly, Katia Regina Casula, Luisa Fernanda Casas, Erika Berenguer, Dário Dantas do Amaral, Rafael L. Assis, Jens Kattge, Juliana Stropp, Edwin Pos, Henrik Balslev, Paul J. M. Maas, Ophelia Wang, José Ferreira Ramos, Jon Lloyd, Marcelino Carneiro Guedes, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Walter Palacios Cuenca, Vitor Hugo Freitas Gomes, Timothy R. Baker, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Nicolás Castaño Arboleda, Jérôme Chave, Carolina V. Castilho, María Natalia Umaña, Roosevelt García-Villacorta, George Pepe Gallardo Gonzales, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Hilda Paulette Dávila Doza, José Renan da Silva Guimarães, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Hans ter Steege, Hernán Castellanos, Nállarett Dávila, Lionel Hernández, Yuri Oliveira Feitosa, Julien Engel, Olaf Bánki, Ángela Cano, Luiz de Souza Coelho, Gerhard Boenisch, Priscila Souza, André Braga Junqueira, Jochen Schöngart, Juan Fernando Phillips, Cid Ferreira, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Kenneth R. Young, Agustín Rudas, Ademir Roberto Ruschel, Elvis H. Valderrama Sandoval, Cláudia Baider, Mariana Victória Irume, Terry W. Henkel, Márcia Cléia Vilela dos Santos, Marcelo Petratti Pansonato, Timothy J. Killeen, Daniel Villarroel, Neidiane Farias Costa Reis, Stanford Zent, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Georgia Pickavance, Daniela Pauletto, Karina Garcia-Cabrera, Rainiellen de Sá Carpanedo, Émile Fonty, Daniel Sabatier, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Janaina Barbosa Pedrosa Costa, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Maíra da Rocha, William E. Magnusson, Manuel Augusto Ahuite Reategui, Ricardo Zárate Gómez, Renato R. Hilário, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Alfredo F. Fuentes, Charles E. Zartman, Karina Melgaço, Layon Oreste Demarchi, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Diogenes de Andrade Lima Filho, Joseph E. Hawes, Janaina da Costa de Noronha, Maria Pires Martins, Larissa Cavalheiro, Miles R. Silman, Francisco Dallmeier, Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão Novo, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, Luiz Carlos de Matos Bonates, Jos Barlow, Milena Holmgren, Carlos A. Peres, William F. Laurance, Casimiro Mendoza, Roderick Zagt, Percy Núñez Vargas, Juan Carlos Licona, Sasha Cárdenas, John Terborgh, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Susamar Pansini, Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Ted R. Feldpausch, César I.A. Vela, Oliver L. Phillips, Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim, José Julio de Toledo, Therany Gonzales, Kenneth J. Feeley, Ana Andrade, Patricio von Hildebrand, Bonifacio Mostacedo, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Linder Felipe Mozombite Pinto, Reynaldo Linares-Palomino, Joice Ferreira, Jean-François Molino, Adriana Prieto, Christopher Baraloto, Jean-Louis Guillaumet, Luzmila Arroyo, Alvaro Duque, Alfonso Alonso, Yadvinder Malhi, Carlos Cerón, Anthony Di Fiore, J. Sebastián Tello, Luciane Ferreira Barbosa, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, José Leonardo Lima Magalhães, Carolina Levis, Rodrigo Sierra, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Iêda Leão do Amaral, William Farfan-Rios, Flávia Rodrigues Barbosa, C Gerardo Aymard, Natalino Silva, Hugo Mogollón, Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos, Paul V. A. Fine, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Adriano Costa Quaresma, Florian Wittmann, Vincent A. Vos, José Luís Camargo, Fernanda Carvalho, Tinde van Andel, Rogério Gribel, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Roel J. W. Brienen, Juan Carlos Montero, Alberto Vicentini, Freddie Draper, Marcos Ríos Paredes, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Adeilza Felipe Sampaio, Boris Eduardo Villa Zegarra, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, E. M. Jimenez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Bruce Hoffman, Dairon Cárdenas López, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eduardo Martins Venticinque, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, Helder Lima de Queiroz, John Ethan Householder, Gabriel Damasco, Bernardo M. Flores, Kyle G. Dexter, Pablo R. Stevenson, Miguel Alexiades, Aline Lopes, Alexandre S. Oliveira, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Flávia R. C. Costa, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, Emanuelle de Sousa Farias, Jose L. Pena, Marcelo F. Simon, Thaise Emilio, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Oliveira, Alexandre A [0000-0001-5526-8109], University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), ONF - Direction régionale de la Guyane [Cayenne], and Office national des forêts (ONF)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Geography & travel, Bioinformatics, Ecology (disciplines), Entropy, Forests, Information theory, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Computational biology, thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics, Econometrics, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Stabilizing selection, Relative abundance distribution, Ecosystem, ddc:910, Mathematics, MCC, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, GE, Ecology, Principle of maximum entropy, 3rd-DAS, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Plants, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Biosystematiek, Computational biology and bioinformatics, Complex dynamics, Quantitative analysis (finance), Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, FOS: Biological sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biosystematics, Probability distribution, Statistical physics, GE Environmental Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Funding: Floristic identification in plots in the RAINFOR forest monitoring network have been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grants NE/B503384/1, NE/ D01025X/1, NE/I02982X/1, NE/F005806/1, NE/D005590/1 and NE/I028122/1) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics. Publisher PDF
Published: 2023
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18. Socioeconomic and Environmental valuation of the Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of from Zoobotonical Park in Belém, Pará, Brazil

Author: Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, Ádina Lima de Santana, Gilmara Maureline Teles da Silva de Oliveira, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Eder Silva de Oliveira, and Washington Aleksander Savaris dos Santos
Published: 2022
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19. Modelling the distribution of Amazonian tree species in response to long-term climate change during the Mid-Late Holocene

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Francis E. Mayle, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Vitor Hugo Freitas Gomes, William D. Gosling, Hans ter Steege, Systems Ecology, and Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI)
Subjects: Ecology, biology, Holocene, Amazon rainforest, Rainforest, Vegetation, Moraceae, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, distribution modelling, Urticaceae, Geography, climate change, tree species, Pollen, medicine, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Species richness, Amazonian rainforest, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Aim: To (a) assess the environmental suitability for rainforest tree species of Moraceae and Urticaceae across Amazonia during the Mid-Late Holocene and (b) determine the extent to which their distributions increased in response to long-term climate change over this period. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Tree species of Moraceae and Urticaceae. Methods: We used MaxEnt and inverse distance weighting interpolation to produce environmental suitability and relative abundance models at 0.5-degree resolution for tree species of Moraceae and Urticaceae, based on natural history collections and a large plot dataset. To test the response of the Amazon rainforest to long-term climate change, we quantified the increase in environmental suitability and modelled species richness for both families since the Mid-Holocene (past 6,000 years). To test the correlation between the relative abundance of these species in modern vegetation versus modern pollen assemblages, we analysed the surface pollen spectra from 46 previously published paleoecological sites. Results: We found that the mean environmental suitability in Amazonia for species of Moraceae and Urticaceae showed a slight increase (6.5%) over the past 6,000 years, although southern ecotonal Amazonia and the Guiana Shield showed much higher increases (up to 68%). The accompanied modelled mean species richness increased by as much as 120% throughout Amazonia. The mean relative abundance of Moraceae and Urticaceae correlated significantly with the modern pollen assemblages for these families. Main Conclusions: Increasing precipitation between the Mid- and Late Holocene expanded suitable environmental conditions for Amazonian humid rainforest tree species of Moraceae and Urticaceae, leading to rainforest expansion in ecotonal areas of Amazonia, consistent with previously published fossil pollen data.
Published: 2020
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20. Trajetória da restauração florestal de áreas mineradas ao longo de 17 anos em unidade de conservação na Amazônia

Author: Vanessa Gomes Sousa, Maricélia Gonçalves Barbosa, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Camila Fernandes Barra, André Luis Ferreira Hage, and Silvio Brienza Júnior
Subjects: Marketing, Pharmacology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Geography, Strategy and Management, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceutical Science
Published: 2020
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21. Predação de mudas de castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) em áreas sob restauração florestal na Amazônia

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Bruna Ingrid Araújo Silva, Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, André Luis Ferreira Hage, and Vanessa Gomes de Sousa
Subjects: Marketing, Pharmacology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Amazon rainforest, Strategy and Management, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceutical Science, Bertholletia, Forestry, Biology
Abstract: A taxa de sobrevivencia de mudas de castanha ( Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) pode ser fortemente ameacada pela predacao de roedores silvestres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a predacao de mudas de castanha por roedores em area de pastagem abandonados durante um intenso processo de restauracao florestal sob diferentes tratamentos silviculturais. Foram realizados tres tipos de tratamentos diferentes: tratamento 1 (T1) - tratamento silvicultural fisico; tratamento 2 (T2) - tratamentos silviculturais fisico e quimico; tratamento 3 (T3) - tratamentos silviculturais fisico e quimico com protecao de mudas (garrafa pet) como barreira fisica contra a predacao de roedores . Foi quantificado o numero de plantas danificadas e predadas por roedores, e por outros fatores. Os resultados dos tratamentos foram comparados com base nos testes de normalidade e t de Student a 1%. Encontramos diferencas significativas entre os tratamentos. A mortalidade causada por roedores no Tratamento 1 foi de 27,5% e para outros fatores foi de 25,1%. Nao encontramos predacao por roedores no Tratamento 2 e 3, e a mortalidade causada por outros fatores foi de 4,2% e 14,1%, respectivamente. Constatamos que a alta taxa de predacao no Tratamento 1 esta diretamente associada ao crescimento de gramineas forrageiras por falta de tratamento quimico, que proporcionam um ambiente seguro para os roedores, oferecendo menor risco para que os roedores em relacao aos seus predadores. A conclusao e que na restauracao de areas de pastagens abandonadas, o controle da forrageira pre-existente nos anos iniciais deve ser feito por capina quimica (herbicida), embora com custo mais elevado, para evitar o ataque de roedores, a competicao das mudas com o capim e, principalmente, o custo final da restauracao. Palavras-chave : restauracao produtiva, pastagem abandonada, herbicida, castanheira do brasil, predacao por roedores, custo da restauracao, Amazonia.
Published: 2020
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22. Ecological restoration as a strategy for mitigating and adapting to climate change: lessons and challenges from Brazil

Author: Giselda Durigan, Edson Eyji Sano, Joberto Freitas, Alba Orli de Oliveira, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, José Salomão Oliveira Silva, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Brienza Junior, Leonel Graça Generoso, Alexandre B. Sampaio, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Ane Alencar, Aldicir Scariot, Isabel Benedetti Figueiredo, Helena Carrascosa, Ana C. M. Malhado, Marcelo Tabarelli, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Daniel Luis Mascia, Iris Roitman, Rachel Biderman, Carlos A. Nobre, Aurélio Padovezi, Valério D. Pillar, José Alves Siqueira, Raul Valle, Edenise Garcia, Julia Z. Shimbo, and Annelise Vendramini
Subjects: REFLORESTAMENTO, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Public policy, Climate change, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Deforestation, Environmental impact assessment, 021108 energy, Business, Environmental planning, Restoration ecology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Climate change is a global phenomenon that affects biophysical systems and human well-being. The Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 2016 with the objective of strengthening the global response to climate change by keeping global temperature rise this century well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 °C. The agreement requires all Parties to submit their “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead. Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is an important strategy for mitigating climate change, particularly in developing countries with large forests. Extensive tropical forest loss and degradation have increased awareness at the international level of the need to undertake large-scale ecological restoration, highlighting the need to identify cases in which restoration strategies can contribute to mitigation and adaptation. Here we consider Brazil as a case study to evaluate the benefits and challenges of implementing large-scale restoration programs in developing countries. The Brazilian NDC included the target of restoring and reforesting 12 million hectares of forests for multiple uses by 2030. Restoration of native vegetation is one of the foundations of sustainable rural development in Brazil and should consider multiple purposes, from biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation to social and economic development. However, ecological restoration still presents substantial challenges for tropical and mega-diverse countries, including the need to develop plans that are technically and financially feasible, as well as public policies and monitoring instruments that can assess effectiveness. The planning, execution, and monitoring of restoration efforts strongly depend on the context and the diagnosis of the area with respect to reference ecosystems (e.g., forests, savannas, grasslands, wetlands). In addition, poor integration of climate change policies at the national and subnational levels and with other sectorial policies constrains the large-scale implementation of restoration programs. The case of Brazil shows that slowing deforestation is possible; however, this analysis highlights the need for increased national commitment and international support for actions that require large-scale transformations of the forest sector regarding ecosystem restoration efforts. Scaling up the ambitions and actions of the Paris Agreement implies the need for a global framework that recognizes landscape restoration as a cost-effective nature-based solution and that supports countries in addressing their remaining needs, challenges, and barriers.
Published: 2019
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23. Amazon tree dominance across forest strata

Author: Jérôme Chave, Katherine H Roucoux, Gregory P. Asner, Frederick C. Draper, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, C. E. Timothy Paine, Mauricio Sánchez Sáenz, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, J. Sebastián Tello, Julien Engel, Raquel Thomas, Dilys M. Vela, David W. Galbraith, Kenneth R. Young, Marcelo Petratti Pansonato, Timothy J. Killeen, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, José Luís Camargo, Jim Vega Arenas, Roosevelt Garcia Villacorta, Jean-François Molino, Francisco Dallmeier, Antonio S. Lima, Fernanda Carvalho, Luzmila Arroyo, Gerardo Aymard, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Germaine Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Jonathan Lloyd, Walter A. Palacios, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Tinde van Andel, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Narel Y.Paniagua Zambrana, Adriana Prieto, Marcos José Salgado Vital, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Gabriel Damasco, James A. Comiskey, Gabriel Arellano, Carlos A. Guerra, Oscar J.Valverde Barrantes, Klécia Gili Massi, Marcos Ríos Paredes, José Julio de Toledo, Gilberto E.Navarro Aguilar, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Victor Chama Moscoso, José Reyna Huaymacari, William E. Magnusson, Sandra Patiño, Renato R. Hilário, Guido Pardo, Manuel Flores, Paul E. Berry, Miguel Alexiades, Ricardo de Oliveira Perdiz, Hans ter Steege, Fredy R. Ramirez Arévalo, Nállarett Dávila, Adriane Esquivel Muelbert, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, Vincent A. Vos, Juliana Schietti, Erika Berenguer, Elvis Valderamma Sandoval, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Joost F. Duivenvoorden, Rodrigo Sierra, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Daniel Sabatier, Kyle G. Dexter, Ted R. Feldpausch, Jessica Soares Cravo, Claire Fortunel, Elodie Allie, Italo Mesones, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Carolina V. Castilho, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Leslie Cayola Pérez, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Ophelia Wang, Oliver L. Phillips, Pascal Petronelli, Flávia Delgado Santana, Roel J. W. Brienen, Alberto Vicentini, Alfredo F. Fuentes, Michelle Kalamandeen, Kalle Ruokolainen, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Cesar J.Cordova Oroche, Aurélie Dourdain, Marcos Silvera, Luisa Fernanda Casas, Niro Higuchi, Jacob B. Socolar, Susan G. Laurance, Ana C. Andrade, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Jason Vleminckx, Karina Melgaço, William F. Laurance, Jean Yves Goret, Sophie Fauset, John Pipoly, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Luis A. Torres Montenegro, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Ricardo Zárate Gómez, Mathias Disney, Paul V. A. Fine, Ana M. Aldana, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, André Braga Junqueira, Nayane C.C.S. Prestes, Christopher Baraloto, Sidney Araújo de Sousa, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Wenderson Castro, Alvaro Duque, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Yadvinder Malhi, Pablo Roberto Stevenson Diaz, Timothy R. Baker, Darcy F. Galiano Cabrera, Carlos Cerón, Manuel J. Macía, Peter M. Jørgensen, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, M. C. Peñuela, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Systems Ecology, Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-13-BSV7-0009,NEBEDIV,Le rôle des ennemis naturels dans la diversité béta des arbres tropicaux(2013), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), European Project: 291585,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110209,T-FORCES(2012), Florida International University, University of Leeds, Arizona State University, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Michigan, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vrije Universiteit, Lancaster University, University of Oxford, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Missouri Botanical Garden, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, University of California Berkeley, University of Turku, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Compensation International Progress S. A.—Ciprogress Greenlife, IRD, University of New England, Université de Guyane, UMR EcoFoG, Universidad de Las Américas, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS, University of Plymouth, Cornell University, University of Exeter, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Estación Biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, University of St Andrews, Federal University of Amapá, James Cook University, George Mason University, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, University of Cambridge, Laurentian University, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), University of Amsterdam, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, University of Minnesota, University College London, Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia), Universidade Federal do Acre, Duke University, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia—UFRA/CAPES, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Universidad de Los Andes, Universidad de los Andes, University of Washington, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Agteca-Amazonica, Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Broward County Parks and Recreation, Florida Atlantic University-Davie, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Washington University in St Louis, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Geoinformática & Sistemas (GeoIS), Northern Arizona University, University of Texas at Austin, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), University of Kent, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, University of Birmingham, Imperial College London, The Field Museum, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Research Institute Alexander von Humboldt, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, and University of St Andrews. Environmental Change Research Group
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Amazonian, Biodiversity, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, SD Forestry, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Humans, Dominance (ecology), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, SD, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, GE, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, DAS, Plant community, Understory, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Tropical ecology, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Brazil, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The forests of Amazonia are among the most biodiverse plant communities on Earth. Given the immediate threats posed by climate and land-use change, an improved understanding of how this extraordinary biodiversity is spatially organized is urgently required to develop effective conservation strategies. Most Amazonian tree species are extremely rare but a few are common across the region. Indeed, just 227 ‘hyperdominant’ species account for >50% of all individuals >10 cm diameter at 1.3 m in height. Yet, the degree to which the phenomenon of hyperdominance is sensitive to tree size, the extent to which the composition of dominant species changes with size class and how evolutionary history constrains tree hyperdominance, all remain unknown. Here, we use a large floristic dataset to show that, while hyperdominance is a universal phenomenon across forest strata, different species dominate the forest understory, midstory and canopy. We further find that, although species belonging to a range of phylogenetically dispersed lineages have become hyperdominant in small size classes, hyperdominants in large size classes are restricted to a few lineages. Our results demonstrate that it is essential to consider all forest strata to understand regional patterns of dominance and composition in Amazonia. More generally, through the lens of 654 hyperdominant species, we outline a tractable pathway for understanding the functioning of half of Amazonian forests across vertical strata and geographical locations. Institute of Environment Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University School of Geography University of Leeds Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science Arizona State University Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Naturalis Biodiversity Center Systems Ecology Vrije Universiteit Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Missouri Botanical Garden Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Department of Intergrative Biology University of California Berkeley Department of Biology University of Turku Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana UNELLEZ-Guanare Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) Compensation International Progress S. A.—Ciprogress Greenlife AMAP Université de Montpellier CIRAD CNRS INRAE IRD Environmental and Rural Science University of New England INRA UMR EcoFoG AgroParisTech CNRS CIRAD Université des Antilles Université de Guyane CIRAD UMR EcoFoG BIOMAS Universidad de Las Américas Instituto de Ecología Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Department of Geography University of Exeter Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana Estación Biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona School of Geography & Sustainable Development University of St Andrews Department of Environment and Development Federal University of Amapá Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service Smithsonian Institution Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Living with Lakes Centre Laurentian University DRGB Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) Herbarium Amazonense (AMAZ) Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana Department of Ecology Universidade de São Paulo Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade Universidade Federal de Roraima Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Department of Ecology Evolution and Behaviour University of Minnesota Department of Geography University College London Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia) Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza Universidade Federal do Acre Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia—UFRA/CAPES Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Fundación Natura Colombia Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Forestales Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana Institute of Research for Forestry Development Universidad de los Andes School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS) University of Washington Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam Agteca-Amazonica Universidad Autónoma del Beni Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones (IMANI) Universidad Nacional de Colombia Broward County Parks and Recreation Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University-Davie Museu Universitário Universidade Federal do Acre Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental Universidad Estatal Amazónica Department of Biology Washington University in St Louis National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Geoinformática & Sistemas (GeoIS) School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Northern Arizona University Department of Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Universidade Federal do Amazonas Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP) Universidad Central del Ecuador School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Science and Education The Field Museum Universidad Tecnica del Norte Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Research Institute Alexander von Humboldt Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia São Paulo State University (UNESP)
Published: 2021
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24. Evolutionary diversity in tropical tree communities peaks at intermediate precipitation

Author: Marcelo F. Simon, Aniceto Daza, Danilo M. Neves, Timothy R. Baker, Gwilym P. Lewis, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Ary Teixeira de Oliveira-Filho, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Daniel Villarroel, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, R. Toby Pennington, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Ricardo A. Segovia, Kyle G. Dexter, Carlos Reynel, Reynaldo Linares-Palomino, Geovane S. Siqueira, José Luis Marcelo-Peña, Luzmila Arroyo, G. Alexander Parada, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Leandro Valle Ferreira, DANILO M. NEVES, UFMG, KYLE G. DEXTER, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, UK, TIMOTHY R. BAKER, UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, UK, FERNANDA COELHO DE SOUZA, UNB, ARY T. OLIVEIRA-FILHO, UFMG, LUCIANO P. QUEIROZ, UEFS, HAROLDO C. LIMA, INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS JARDIM BOTÂNICO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, MARCELO FRAGOMENI SIMON, Cenargen, GWILYM P. LEWIS, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, UK, RICARDO A. SEGOVIA, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, CHILE, LUZMILA ARROYO, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA GABRIEL RENÉ MORENO, BOLIVIA, CARLOS REYNEL, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA, PERU, JOSÉ L. MARCELO-PEÑA, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA, PERU, ISAU HUAMANTUPA-CHUQUIMACO, INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS JARDIM BOTÂNICO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, DANIEL VILLARROEL, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA GABRIEL RENÉ MORENO, BOLIVIA, G. ALEXANDER PARADA, UNIVERSIDADE AUTÓNOMA GABRIEL RENÉ MORENO, BOLIVIA, ANICETO DAZA, UNIVERSIDADE NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA, PERU, REYNALDO LINARES-PALOMINO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA DA MOLINA, PERU, LEANDRO V. FERREIRA, MUSEU PARAENSE EMILIO GOELDI, RAFAEL P. SALOMÃO, MUSEU PARAENSE EMILIO GOELDI, GEOVANE S. SIQUEIRA, RESERVA NATURAL VALE, MARCELO T. NASCIMENTO, UENF, CLAUDIO N. FRAGA, INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS JARDIM BOTÂNICO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, and R. TOBY PENNINGTON, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN EDINBURGH, UK.
Subjects: Rainfall, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, Evolution, Climate Change, Rain, Biome, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Precipitation, Protected Areas, Conservation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Deforestation, lcsh:Science, Phylogeny, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Phylogenetic tree, Plant Dispersal, lcsh:R, Tropics, South America, 15. Life on land, Biological Evolution, Markov Chains, Phylogenetic diversity, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, lcsh:Q, Species Richness, Species richness, Protected area, Herbivores
Abstract: Global patterns of species and evolutionary diversity in plants are primarily determined by a temperature gradient, but precipitation gradients may be more important within the tropics, where plant species richness is positively associated with the amount of rainfall. The impact of precipitation on the distribution of evolutionary diversity, however, is largely unexplored. Here we detail how evolutionary diversity varies along precipitation gradients by bringing together a comprehensive database on the composition of angiosperm tree communities across lowland tropical South America (2,025 inventories from wet to arid biomes), and a new, large-scale phylogenetic hypothesis for the genera that occur in these ecosystems. We find a marked reduction in the evolutionary diversity of communities at low precipitation. However, unlike species richness, evolutionary diversity does not continually increase with rainfall. Rather, our results show that the greatest evolutionary diversity is found in intermediate precipitation regimes, and that there is a decline in evolutionary diversity above 1,490 mm of mean annual rainfall. If conservation is to prioritise evolutionary diversity, areas of intermediate precipitation that are found in the South American ‘arc of deforestation’, but which have been neglected in the design of protected area networks in the tropics, merit increased conservation attention.
Published: 2020
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25. Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests

Author: Javier Silva Espejo, Kuo-Jung Chao, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, René G. A. Boot, Lourens Poorter, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Ana Andrade, Ted R. Feldpausch, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Yadvinder Malhi, Jon Lloyd, Joey Talbot, Jérôme Chave, José Luís Camargo, Paulo S. Morandi, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Adriana Prieto, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Timothy R. Baker, Julio Serrano, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Haiyan Liu, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Marisol Toledo, Agustín Rudas, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Juliana Stropp, Christopher Baraloto, Luzmila Arroyo, Simon L. Lewis, Thomas A. M. Pugh, James Singh, Roderick Zagt, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Lilian Blanc, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Terry L. Erwin, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Anthony Di Fiore, Peter van der Hout, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Frans Bongers, Niro Higuchi, William F. Laurance, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Sophie Fauset, Hans ter Steege, Karina Liana Lisboa Melgaço Ladvocat, Emanuel Gloor, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Susan G. Laurance, Foster Brown, Marcos Silveira, Jorcely Barroso, Natalino Silva, Oliver L. Phillips, Clément Stahl, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Jeanne Houwing-Duistermaat, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Rafael Herrera, Victor Chama Moscoso, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Guido Pardo, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Wendeson Castro, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Carlos A. Quesada, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Pieter A. Zuidema, Aurora Levesley, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Vincent A. Vos, Roel J. W. Brienen, Julie Peacock, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Aurélie Dourdain, Georgia Pickavance, Casimiro Mendoza, Marielos Peña-Claros, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Maxime Rejou-Machain, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Benoit Burban, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Patrick Meir, Michel Baisie, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Timothy J. Killeen, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, John Pipoly, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Damien Bonal, and Esteban Alvarez Dávila
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, Vegetation, Amazon rainforest, Science, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Mode (statistics), General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, PE&RC, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Geography, Statistics, Life Science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Dead tree, Tree (set theory), Vegetatie
Abstract: The original version of this Article contained an error in Table 2, where the number of individuals in the “All Amazonia” row was reported as 11,6431 instead of 116,431. Also, the original version of this Article contained an error in the Methods, where the R2 for the proportion of broken/uprooted dead trees increase per year was reported as 0.12, the correct value being 0.06. The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Gerardo A. Aymard C. with UNELLEZGuanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress–Greenlife.
Published: 2021

26. The global abundance of tree palms

Author: Ekananda Paudel, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Erika Berenguer, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Xinghui Lu, Luciana F. Alves, Yves Laumonier, Matt Bradford, Keith C. Hamer, Heike Culmsee, Robert M. Ewers, Jan Reitsma, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Anne Mette Lykke, Kuswata Kartawinata, Michael J. Lawes, Géraldine Derroire, Martin Gilpin, Jean-François Bastin, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Laszlo Nagy, José Luís Camargo, Gabriella Fredriksson, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, Ida Theilade, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Bonaventure Sonké, Jefferson S. Hall, Naret Seuaturien, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Simon L. Lewis, Francesco Rovero, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Donald R. Drake, Agustín Rudas Lleras, Lee J. T. White, Gerardo A.Aymard Corredor, Damien Catchpole, Tariq Stévart, Samuel Almeida, Janet Franklin, Mohammad Shah Hussain, Nicholas J. Berry, Jon C. Lovett, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Onrizal Onrizal, Ted R. Feldpausch, Wannes Hubau, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, José Luís Marcelo Peña, Juliana Schietti, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Connie J. Clark, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, William E. Magnusson, Shengbin Chen, K. Anitha, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Flávia R. C. Costa, John R. Poulsen, Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Aurélie Dourdain, Irie Casimir Zo-Bi, Heriberto David-Higuita, Rahmad Zakaria, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Karina Melgaço, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Damien Bonal, Murray Collins, Jos Barlow, Emilio Vilanova, Yadvinder Malhi, Andes Hamuraby Rozak, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Badru Mugerwa, Terry L. Erwin, John Pipoly, Bruno Hérault, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, William F. Laurance, Luzmila Arroyo, Jean-Louis Doucet, Lilian Blanc, Henrik Balslev, Percival Cho, Priya Davidar, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, John Terborgh, Peter M. Umunay, Shijo Joseph, Robert Muscarella, Massiel Corrales Medina, Rueben Nilus, Robert Steinmetz, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Rhett D. Harrison, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Peter S. Ashton, Sophie Fauset, Adriana Prieto, Christelle Gonmadje, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Andreas Hemp, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, Markus Fischer, Hoang Van Sam, Ferry Slik, Jianwei Tang, Luiz Menini Neto, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Tran Van Do, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Aisha Sultana, Marc P. E. Parren, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Frans Bongers, Campbell O. Webb, Lan Qie, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, Justin Kassi, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Georgia Pickavance, Jérôme Millet, Joice Ferreira, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Manichanh Satdichanh, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Rodrigo Sierra, Oliver L. Phillips, Vianet Mihindou, William Milliken, Walter A. Palacios, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Charles E. Zartman, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, Eddy Nurtjahya, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Janvier Lisingo, Nobuo Imai, Asyraf Mansor, Kenneth R. Young, Serge A. Wich, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, Christine B. Schmitt, Simone Aparecida Vieira, D. Mohandass, Thaise Emilio, Gemma Rutten, Fabian Brambach, Steven W. Brewer, Timothy R. Baker, Carolina V. Castilho, Timothy J. Killeen, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Martin van de Bult, Feyera Senbeta, Eileen Larney, Bente B. Klitgård, Phourin Chhang, Hans ter Steege, Runguo Zang, Simon Willcock, Wendeson Castro, María Uriarte, Jean Philippe Puyravaud, Andrew R. Marshall, R. Toby Pennington, Jens-Christian Svenning, Jonathan Timberlake, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Douglas Sheil, Susan K. Wiser, Lila Nath Sharma, Raman Sukumar, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Andy Hector, Luis E.O.C. Aragao, Wanlop Chutipong, David Harris, Carlos A. Quesada, Thomas W. Gillespie, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Edmund V. J. Tanner, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, William J. Baker, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Nicolas Labrière, Paulo S. Morandi, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Edward L. Webb, Andreas Ensslin, David Campbell, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Robert M. Kooyman, Aurora Levesley, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Ophelia Wang, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Marc K. Steininger, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, Systems Ecology, Robert Muscarella, Uppsala University / Aarhus University, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, University of Montpellier, Luzmila Arroyo, Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, CENA-USP, Jos Barlow, Lancaster University, Jean-François Bastin, ETH Zürich, Natacha Nssi Bengone, National Agency of National Parks of Gabon, Erika Berenguer, Lancaster University / University of Oxford, Nicholas Berry, The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group, Lilian Blanc, CIRAD / University of Montpellier, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre / Goethe University, Damien Bonal, Université de Lorraine, Frans Bongers, Wageningen University & Research, Matt Bradford, CSIRO Land and Water, Percival Cho, Forest Department, Connie Clark, Duke University, Murray Collins, University of Edinburgh, James A. Comiskey, National Park Service / Smithsonian Institution, Flávia R. C. Costa, INPA, Géraldine Derroire, CIRAD, Anthony Di Fiore, University of Texas at Austin, Tran Van Do, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Jean-Louis Doucet, Liège University, Aurélie Dourdain, CIRAD, Andreas Ensslin, University of Bern, Terry Erwin, Smithsonian Institution, Corneille E. N. Ewango, University of Kisangani, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, David J. Harris, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Rhett D. Harrison, World Agroforestry, East and Southern Africa Region, Andrew Hector, University of Oxford, Wannes Hubau, University of Leeds / Royal Museum for Central Africa, Mohammad Shah Hussain, University of Delhi, Faridah-Hanum Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Nobuo Imai, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Carlos A. Joly, UNICAMP, Shijo Joseph, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Anitha K, Rainforest Traditions, Kuswata Kartawinata, The Field Museum of Natural History / Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Justin Kassi, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Timothy J. Killeen, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Kanehiro Kitayama, Kyoto University, Bente Bang Klitgård, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Michael J. Lawes, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Aurora Levesley, University of Leeds, Janvier Lisingo, Kisangani University, Thomas Lovejoy, George Mason University, Jon C. Lovett, University of Leeds / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Xinghui Lu, Liaocheng University, Anne Mette Lykke, Aarhus University, William E. Magnusson, INPA, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Vianet Mihindou, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Ministère de la Forêt et de l’Environnement, Jérôme Millet, French Agency for Biodiversity, William Milliken, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, D. Mohandass, Novel Research Academy, David A. Neill, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Luiz Menini Neto, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rueben Nilus, Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Eddy Nurtja, Universitas Bangka Belitung, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, INPA, Onrizal Onrizal, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Walter A. Palacios, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Marc Parren, Wageningen University & Research, Ekananda Paudel, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Paulo S. Morandi, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, R. Toby Pennington, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh / University of Exeter, Georgia Pickavance, University of Leeds, John J. Pipoly III, Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Field Museum, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Lourens Poorter, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, John R. Poulsen, Duke University, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, International Institute of Information Technology, Adriana Prieto, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud, Sigur Nature Trust, Lan Qie, University of Lincoln, Carlos A. Quesada, INPA, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, INDEFOR, Universidad de Los Andes, Ervan Rutishauser, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gemma Rutten, University of Bern, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, University of Peradeniya, Rafael P. Salomão, MPEG / UFRA, Hoang Van Sam, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Manichanh Satdichanh, hinese Academy of Sciences / World Agroforestry Centre, Juliana Schietti, INPA, Jianwei Tang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Edmund Tanner, University of Cambridge, Hans ter Steege, Naturalis Biodiversity Center / Systems Ecology, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Universidad Mayor Real and Pontifical de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Ophelia Wang, Northern Arizona University, Campbell O. Webb, University of Alaska, Edward L. Webb, National University of Singapore, Lee White, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale / University of Stirling, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, University of Minnesota, Serge Wich, Liverpool John Moores University / University of Amsterdam, Simon Willcock, Bangor University, Wanlop Chutipong, King Mongut's Institute of Technology Thonburi, Douglas Sheil, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Rodrigo Sierra, GeoIS, Andreas Hemp, University of Bayreuth, Bruno Herault, CIRAD / Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, IIAP, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, IIAP, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Aarhus University / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Jens-Christian Svenning, Aarhus University, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ghana Forestry Commission, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Everton C. de Almeida, UFOPA, Samuel S. de Almeida, MPEG, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, UFMT, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Luciana F. Alves, University of California, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Universidad de Antioquia, Ana Andrade, INPA, Luis E. O. C. Aragão, INPE / University of Exeter, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Peter S. Ashton, Harvard University, Gerardo A. Aymard Corredor, Compensation International Progress / UNELLEZ-Guanare, Timothy R. Baker, University of Leeds, Fabian Brambach, University of Goettingen, Francis Q. Brearley, Manchester Metropolitan University, Steven W. Brewer, Wild Earth Allies, Jose L. C. Camargo, INPA, David G. Campbell, Grinnell College, CAROLINA VOLKMER DE CASTILHO, CPAF-RR, Wendeson Castro, SOS Amazônia, Damien Catchpole, University of Tasmania, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Shengbin Chen, Chengdu University of Technology, Phourin Chhang, Forestry Administration, Massiel Nataly Corrales Medina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Heike Culmsee, German Federal Foundation for the Environment, Heriberto David-Higuita, Universidad de Antioquia, Priya Davidar, Sigur Nature Trust, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, IIAP, Robert M. Ewers, Imperial College London, Sophie Fauset, University of Plymouth, Ted R. Feldpausch, University of Exeter, Leandro Valle Ferreira, MPEG, Markus Fischer, University of Bern, Janet Franklin, University of California, Gabriella M. Fredriksson, Pro Natura Foundation, Thomas W. Gillespie, University of California, Martin Gilpin, University of Leeds, Christelle Gonmadje, University of Yaoundé / National Herbarium, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, University of Peradeniya, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, King Abdulaziz University, Jefferson S. Hall, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Keith C. Hamer, University of Leeds, Lila Nath Sharma, ForestAction Nepal, Robert Kooyman, Macquarie University / Royal Botanic Gardens, Nicolas Labrière, CNRS, Eileen Larney, TEAM / Zoological Society of London, Yves Laumonier, CIRAD, Susan G. Laurance, James Cook University, William F. Laurance, James Cook University, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yadvinder Malhi, University of Oxford, Asyraf Mansor, Universiti Sains Malaysia / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina / ESALQ-USP, Ben H. Marimon-Junior, UNEMAT, Andrew R. Marshall, University of the Sunshine Coast / University of York / Flamingo Land, Karina Melgaco, University of Leeds, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Badru Mugerwa, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Kyoto University, Laszlo Nagy, UNICAMP, Naret Seuaturien, WWF Thailand, Marcelo T. Nascimento, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, University of Fianarantsoa, Jan Meindert Reitsma, Bureau Waardenburg BV, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Universidad Continental, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Ecosystems Services and Climate Change (SECC) Group, COL-TREE Corporatio, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Anand Roopsind, Boise State University, Francesco Rovero, University of Florence / Museo delle Scienze, Andes Rozak, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Agustín Rudas Lleras, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Christine B. Schmitt, University of Bonn / University of Freiburg, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, UNEMAT, Feyera Senbeta, Addis Ababa University, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Universidad de La Serena, Marcos Silveira, UFAC, Bonaventure Sonké, University of Yaoundé, Robert Steinmetz, WWF Thailand, Tariq Stévart, Missouri Botanical Garden, Raman Sukumar, Indian Institute of Science, Aisha Sultana, University of Delhi, Terry C. H. Sunderland, University of British Columbia / CIFOR, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana Suresh, Indian Institute of Science, John W. Terborgh, University of Florida / James Cook University, Ida Theilade, University of Copenhagen, Jonathan Timberlake, Warren Lane, Armando Torres-Lezama, Universidad de Los Andes, Peter Umunay, Yale University, María Uriarte, Columbia University, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Martin van de Bult, Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Peter van der Hout, Van der Hout Förestry Consulting, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, MPEG, Simone A. Vieira, UNICAMP, Emilio Vilanova, University of California, Susan K. Wiser, Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research, Kenneth R. Young, University of Texas at Austin, Rahmad Zakaria, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Runguo Zang, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Charles E. Zartman, INPA, Irié Casimir Zo-Bi, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Henrik Balslev, Aarhus University., Donald R. Drake, University of Hawai'i at M?noa, Marc K. Steininger, University of Maryland, Thaise Emilio, UNICAMP / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Oliver L. Phillips, University of Leeds, Simon L. Lewis, University of Leeds / University College London, Ferry Slik, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Uppsala University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Rainforest Research Sdn Bhd
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, DIVERSITY, Biomasa, Biomassa, Arecaceae, AFRICAN, 580 Plants (Botany), 01 natural sciences, BIOMASS, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.02 [http], biomasse aérienne des arbres, Abundance (ecology), CARBON STORAGE, Floresta Tropical, Densité, Silvicultura, Biomass, Forêt tropicale humide, ALLOMETRY, above-ground biomass, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), GE, Condições abióticas locais, biology, Ecology, Inventaire forestier, abundance patterns, tropical, Facteur du milieu, wood density, PE&RC, Geography, Physical, 0501 Ecological Applications, Geography, Biogeografia, Physical Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biodiversité, C180 Ecology, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Variance génétique, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, pantropical biogeography, Neotropics, F40 - Écologie végétale, Zona tropical, Biogéographie, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Subtropics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Bois, local abiotic conditions, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Densidade da Madeira, Ekologi, Science & Technology, 0602 Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, QK, Diameter at breast height, Biology and Life Sciences, facteurs abiotiques, DIVERSIFICATION HISTORY, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, EVOLUTION, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, AMAZONIAN FOREST, Physical Geography, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, PATTERNS, tropical rainforest, Tropical rainforest
Abstract: Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.
Published: 2020
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27. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests

Author: Bruno Herault, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Jean-François Bastin, Aurora Levesley, Michael D. Swaine, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Martin Dančák, Matt Bradford, Frans Bongers, Stuart J. Davies, Reuben Nilus, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Lip Khoon Kho, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Joey Talbot, Richard F. Preziosi, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, James A. Comiskey, Thalès de Haulleville, José Luís Camargo, Terese B. Hart, Juliana Schietti, Peter S. Ashton, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ophelia Wang, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Amy C. Bennett, Janvier Lisingo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Jérôme Chave, Connie J. Clark, Christopher Baraloto, Gerardo Aymard, Serge K. Begne, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Timothy R. Baker, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Julie Peacock, Hermann Taedoumg, Simon L. Lewis, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Greta C. Dargie, Murielle Simo-Droissart, David Harris, Faizah Metali, Hans ter Steege, Richard Lowe, Géraldine Derroire, Benoit Burban, Camila Silva Valeria, Martin Svátek, Wannes Hubau, Sarah A. Batterman, Vincent A. Vos, Elizabeth Kearsley, Peter M. Umunay, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hans Verbeeck, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, John R. Poulsen, Simon Willcock, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Jean-Louis Doucet, Foster Brown, Yadvinder Malhi, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Ronald Vernimmen, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Martin Gilpin, Colin R. Maycock, Carlos Cerón, Radim Hédl, Oliver L. Phillips, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Jon C. Lovett, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Roderick Zagt, Ted R. Feldpausch, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Pascal Boeckx, Roel J. W. Brienen, Marcelo F. Simon, Keith C. Hamer, Alberto Vicentini, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Clément Stahl, Javier Silva Espejo, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Erika Berenguer, Pieter A. Zuidema, Vianet Mihindou, Murray Collins, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo, Terry Brncic, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Paulo S. Morandi, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, William E. Magnusson, Lilian Blanc, Terry L. Erwin, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nicholas J. Berry, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Luzmila Arroyo, Douglas Sheil, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Sean C. Thomas, Eric Arets, Ernest G. Foli, Lola da Costa, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Lan Qie, James Singh, Lise Zemagho, Agustín Rudas, Richard B. Primack, Jan Reitsma, Annette Hladik, Alexander K. Koch, Colin A. Pendry, Walter A. Palacios, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Nicolas Labrière, Fernando Elias, Eric Chezeaux, William Milliken, Manuel Gloor, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Jefferson S. Hall, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Susan G. Laurance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Marcos Silveira, Carolina V. Castilho, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Kamariah Abu Salim, Joeri A. Zwerts, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Jos Barlow, Georgia Pickavance, Joice Ferreira, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Jorcely Barroso, Andrew R. Marshall, Miguel Alexiades, Lindsay F. Banin, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Rafael Herrera, Hans Beeckman, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Michelle Kalamandeen, Adriana Prieto, Ben Hur Marimon, Casimiro Mendoza, Victor Chama Moscoso, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Vincent Droissart, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Hannah L. Mossman, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Aurélie Dourdain, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Kenneth R. Young, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Timothy J. Killeen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Bente B. Klitgaard, James Taplin, Damien Bonal, Karina Melgaço, William F. Laurance, Jason Vleminckx, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Verginia Wortel, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Sophie Fauset, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Toby R. Marthews, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, John T. Woods, David Taylor, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Andrew Ford, Niro Higuchi, Aida Cuni Sanchez, Aline Pontes Lopes, Laszlo Nagy, John Pipoly, Lee J. T. White, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, European Research Council, European Commission, Royal Society (UK), Leverhulme Trust, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Missouri Botanical Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Wildlife Conservation Society, National Geographic Society, Centre for International Forestry Research, Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux (Gabon), University of Leeds, Mensurat Unit, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers Training College (HTTC), Université deYaoundé I, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Edinburgh, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima University, University of Kent [Canterbury], Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Duke University [Durham], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), National Institute for Space Research [Sao José dos Campos] (INPE), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University [Bremen], Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Sch Geosci, Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Biodiversité et Paysage, Université de Liège - Gembloux, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Woods Hole Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Rougier Gabon, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana [Loreto, Perou] (UNAP), AgroParisTech, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Université de Liège, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Milieux Désordonnés et Hétérogènes (LMDH), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Commissariat général du Plan (CGP), Premier ministre, Instituto Nacional de Pequisas da Amazônia, Instituto National de Pequisas da Amazonia Brazil, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, BP 30 379 Libreville, Gabon, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kyoto University, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], James Cook University (JCU), Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement [Dijon] (LEAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Coordenac Bao de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), University of Mary Washington, Chercheur indépendant, Royal Botanic Garden , Kew, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Forest Research Centre (FRC), Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Bur Waarderburg, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, CarboForExpert, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), University of Yaoundé [Cameroun], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Université de Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Integrative Biology [Berkeley] (IB), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Stirling, Biol Sci, Liverpool John Moore University (ljmu), Biodiversity Department, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Animal Ecology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Animal Ecology, and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Tropical trees, Hot Temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth, Planet, Climate, Acclimatization, Tropical forest carbon stocks, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Growth, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Tropical climate, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Biomass, Photosynthesis, Hectare, Productivity, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Wood, Productivity (ecology), Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, C180 Ecology, Tree, Leaf Respiration, Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks, Climate Change, Climate change and forestry, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Global warming, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Carbon, CO₂ Fertilization, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Acclimation
Abstract: The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate., Our plot monitoring networks havebeen supported by multiple grants from a large number of funding bodies: European Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; European Union’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Framework Programme; Royal Society, Leverhulme Trust; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP); National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq); Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; Smithsonian Institution; Wildlife Conservation Society; National Geographic Society; Centre for International Forestry; and Gabon’s National Park Agency.
Published: 2020
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28. Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests

Author: Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Marisol Toledo, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, José Luís Camargo, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Georgia Pickavance, Pieter A. Zuidema, Christopher Baraloto, Javier Silva Espejo, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Simon L. Lewis, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Karina Liana Lisboa Melgaço Ladvocat, René G. A. Boot, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Lourens Poorter, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Benoit Burban, Carlos A. Quesada, Kuo-Jung Chao, Casimiro Mendoza, Hans ter Steege, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Paulo S. Morandi, Adriana Prieto, Juliana Stropp, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, James Singh, Jon Lloyd, Timothy R. Baker, Jérôme Chave, Ana Andrade, Patrick Meir, Roderick Zagt, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Joey Talbot, Marielos Peña-Claros, Luzmila Arroyo, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Frans Bongers, Michel Baisie, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Julio Serrano, Raquel Thomas, Aurora Levesley, Emanuel Gloor, Julie Peacock, David W. Galbraith, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Jeanne Houwing-Duistermaat, Timothy J. Killeen, Yadvinder Malhi, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Natalino Silva, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Jorcely Barroso, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, William F. Laurance, Guido Pardo, James A. Comiskey, Agustín Rudas, Sophie Fauset, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Rafael Herrera, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Victor Chama Moscoso, Ted R. Feldpausch, Aurélie Dourdain, Damien Bonal, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Terry L. Erwin, Lilian Blanc, Anthony Di Fiore, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Haiyan Liu, Vincent A. Vos, Foster Brown, Roel J. W. Brienen, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Oliver L. Phillips, Clément Stahl, Niro Higuchi, John Pipoly, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Maxime Rejou-Machain, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Peter van der Hout, University of Leeds, Plymouth University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), European Project: 291585,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110209,T-FORCES(2012), University of Plymouth, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Esquivel-Muelbert A., Phillips O.L., Brienen R.J.W., Fauset S., Sullivan M.J.P., Baker T.R., Chao K.-J., Feldpausch T.R., Gloor E., Higuchi N., Houwing-Duistermaat J., Lloyd J., Liu H., Malhi Y., Marimon B., Marimon Junior B.H., Monteagudo-Mendoza A., Poorter L., Silveira M., Torre E.V., Davila E.A., del Aguila Pasquel J., Almeida E., Loayza P.A., Andrade A., Aragao L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami A., Arets E., Arroyo L., Aymard C G.A., Baisie M., Baraloto C., Camargo P.B., Barroso J., Blanc L., Bonal D., Bongers F., Boot R., Brown F., Burban B., Camargo J.L., Castro W., Moscoso V.C., Chave J., Comiskey J., Valverde F.C., da Costa A.L., Cardozo N.D., Di Fiore A., Dourdain A., Erwin T., Llampazo G.F., Vieira I.C.G., Herrera R., Honorio Coronado E., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I., Jimenez-Rojas E., Killeen T., Laurance S., Laurance W., Levesley A., Lewis S.L., Ladvocat K.L.L.M., Lopez-Gonzalez G., Lovejoy T., Meir P., Mendoza C., Morandi P., Neill D., Nogueira Lima A.J., Vargas P.N., de Oliveira E.A., Camacho N.P., Pardo G., Peacock J., Pena-Claros M., Penuela-Mora M.C., Pickavance G., Pipoly J., Pitman N., Prieto A., Pugh T.A.M., Quesada C., Ramirez-Angulo H., de Almeida Reis S.M., Rejou-Machain M., Correa Z.R., Bayona L.R., Rudas A., Salomao R., Serrano J., Espejo J.S., Silva N., Singh J., Stahl C., Stropp J., Swamy V., Talbot J., ter Steege H., Terborgh J., Thomas R., Toledo M., Torres-Lezama A., Gamarra L.V., van der Heijden G., van der Meer P., van der Hout P., Martinez R.V., Vieira S.A., Cayo J.V., Vos V., Zagt R., Zuidema P., Galbraith D., University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Chemistry(all), Software_GENERAL, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, General Physics and Astronomy, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Amazonegebied, Carbon sink, Trees, Growth–survival trade-off, Risk Factors, Tropical climate, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Biomass, lcsh:Science, Biomass (ecology), GE, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, Bomen, Mortality rate, food and beverages, risk factors, mortality, trees, PE&RC, Tropical ecology, Tree (data structure), population characteristics, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, InformationSystems_MISCELLANEOUS, Brazil, geographic locations, GE Environmental Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Carbon Sequestration, Science, Physics and Astronomy(all), Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Tree mortality, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Amazonia, Tropische bossen, parasitic diseases, Forest ecology, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Author Correction, Vegetatie, Proportional Hazards Models, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), DAS, social sciences, General Chemistry, Carbon Dioxide, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Sterfte, lcsh:Q, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted—modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth–survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality., Tree mortality has been shown to be the dominant control on carbon storage in Amazon forests, but little is known of how and why Amazon forest trees die. Here the authors analyse a large Amazon-wide dataset, finding that fast-growing species face greater mortality risk, but that slower-growing individuals within a species are more likely to die, regardless of size.
Published: 2020
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29. Evolutionary diversity is associated with wood productivity in Amazonian forests

Author: Roderick Zagt, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Jorcely Barroso, Kyle G. Dexter, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Luis E.O.C. Aragao, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Rafael Herrera, José Luís Camargo, Adriana Prieto, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Martin J. P. Sullivan, David W. Galbraith, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Fernando Cornejo-Valverde, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ima Célia-Vieira, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Timothy J. Killeen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Freddy Ramirez, Hans ter Steege, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Jérôme Chave, Timothy R. Baker, Natalino Silva, Olaf Bánki, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, R. Toby Pennington, Georgia Pickavance, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, Ana Andrade, René G. A. Boot, Anand Roopsind, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Casimiro Mendoza, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Pipoly, John Terborgh, Yadvinder Malhi, Rodolfo Vasquez, William F. Laurance, Átila Alves, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Martin Gilpin, Wendeson Castro, Agustín Rudas, Emanuel Gloor, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Juliana Stropp, Ted R. Feldpausch, Lourens Poorter, Anthony Di Fiore, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Rosa C. Goodman, Danilo M. Neves, Foster Brown, Niro Higuchi, Oliver L. Phillips, Vincent A. Vos, James Singh, Álvaro Cogollo, Roel J. W. Brienen, Christopher Baraloto, Iêda Leão do Amaral, L. Arroyo, Chercheur indépendant, Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Projeto TEAM-Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of Biology, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Tropenbos International (TBI), Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jardín Botánico de Medellín, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], University of Edinburgh, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Dept Environm Sci & Policy, George Mason University, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Duke University [Durham], Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Missouri Botanical Garden, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, Forests, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Produccion, 03 medical and health sciences, Amazonía, Life Science, Ecosystem, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Vegetatie, 030304 developmental biology, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Diversidad, Tropical Climate, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Vegetation, Ecology, technology, industry, and agriculture, Species diversity, Edaphic, 15. Life on land, respiratory system, PE&RC, Bosque, Wood, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Madera, Phylogenetic diversity, Productivity (ecology), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Species richness, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, human activities
Abstract: Higher levels of taxonomic and evolutionary diversity are expected to maximize ecosystem function, yet their relative importance in driving variation in ecosystem function at large scales in diverse forests is unknown. Using 90 inventory plots across intact, lowland, terra firme, Amazonian forests and a new phylogeny including 526 angiosperm genera, we investigated the association between taxonomic and evolutionary metrics of diversity and two key measures of ecosystem function: aboveground wood productivity and biomass storage. While taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were not important predictors of variation in biomass, both emerged as independent predictors of wood productivity. Amazon forests that contain greater evolutionary diversity and a higher proportion of rare species have higher productivity. While climatic and edaphic variables are together the strongest predictors of productivity, our results show that the evolutionary diversity of tree species in diverse forest stands also influences productivity. As our models accounted for wood density and tree size, they also suggest that additional, unstudied, evolutionarily correlated traits have significant effects on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Overall, our pan-Amazonian analysis shows that greater phylogenetic diversity translates into higher levels of ecosystem function: tropical forest communities with more distantly related taxa have greater wood productivity.
Published: 2019
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30. Amazonian tree species threatened by deforestation and climate change

Author: Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Hans ter Steege, Vitor Hugo Freitas Gomes, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Amazon rainforest, Agroforestry, Amazonian, Deforestation and climate change, Climate change, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Geography, Deforestation, Threatened species, IUCN Red List, Species richness, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land
Abstract: Deforestation is currently the major threat to Amazonian tree species but climate change may surpass it in just a few decades. Here, we show that climate and deforestation combined could cause a decline of up to 58% in Amazon tree species richness, whilst deforestation alone may cause 19–36% and climate change 31–37% by 2050. Quantification is achieved by overlaying species distribution models for current and future climate change scenarios with historical and projected deforestation. Species may lose an average of 65% of their original environmentally suitable area, and a total of 53% may be threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria; however, Amazonian protected area networks reduce these impacts. The worst-case combined scenario—assuming no substantial climate or deforestation policy progress—suggests that by 2050 the Amazonian lowland rainforest may be cut into two blocks: one continuous block with 53% of the original area and another severely fragmented block. This outlook urges rapid progress to zero deforestation, which would help to mitigate climate change and foster biodiversity conservation.
Published: 2019
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31. Towards a dynamic list of Amazonian tree species

Author: Daniel Sabatier, Gerardo Aymard, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Alexandre Antonelli, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Hans ter Steege, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Sylvia Mota de Oliveira, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Free University of Amsterdam, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), University of Gothenburg (GU), The Field Museum, Universidad de Las Américas [Ecuador] (UDLA), Herbario Universitario PORT, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Rainforest, Amazonian, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Amazon region, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Article, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, lcsh:R, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 15. Life on land, Checklist, Tree (data structure), 030104 developmental biology, Taxon, Geography, lcsh:Q, Taxonomy (biology), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Brazil, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Tree species, Global biodiversity
Abstract: To provide an empirical foundation for estimates of the Amazonian tree diversity, we recently published a checklist of 11,675 tree species recorded to date in the region (ter Steege H, et al. (2016) The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Scientific Reports 6:29549). From this total of plant records compiled from public databases and literature, widely used in studies on the Amazonian plant diversity, only 6,727 tree species belong to the first taxonomically-vetted checklist published for the region (Cardoso D, et al. (2017) Amazon plant diversity revealed by a taxonomically verified species list. PNAS 114:10695-10700). The striking difference in these two numbers spurred us to evaluate both lists, in order to release an improved Amazonian tree list; to discuss species inclusion criteria; and to highlight the ecological importance of verifying the occurrence of “non-Amazonian” trees in the region through the localization and identification of specimens. A number of species in the 2016 checklist that are not trees, non-native, synonyms, or misspellings were removed and corresponded to about 23% of the names. Species not included in the taxonomically-vetted checklist but verified by taxonomists to occur in Amazonia as trees were retained. Further, the inclusion of recently recorded/new species (after 2016), and recent taxonomic changes added up to an updated checklist including 10,071 species recorded for the Amazon region and shows the dynamic nature of establishing an authoritative checklist of Amazonian tree species. Completing and improving this list is a long-term, high-value commitment that will require a collaborative approach involving ecologists, taxonomists, and practitioners.
Published: 2019
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32. Key species selection for forest restoration after bauxite mining in the Eastern Amazon

Author: Gustavo Schwartz, Rodrigo de Souza Barbosa, Gizelia Ferreira Matos Pereira, Gracialda Ferreira Costa, Sabrina Santos Ribeiro, André Luiz Ferreria Hage, and Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: Biomass (ecology), Environmental Engineering, Climax, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Forest restoration, Geography, Abundance (ecology), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Dominance (ecology), Ecosystem, Species richness, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Bauxite mining has caused serious damage on local ecosystems and landscapes in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Considering these issues, the objectives of this study were to determine key species and their ecological characteristics that can contribute to forest restoration after bauxite mining. Key species are those with high frequency and abundance in different stages of vegetation succession. Data were obtained from forest inventories before forest slash down to extract bauxite and later subjected to factor analysis. The Phytosociological and Socioeconomic Index (PSI) was calculated with the following variables: abundance, frequency, dominance, live aerial biomass, commercial value of wood, and non-timber forest products of each species. The data comprised 24,600 individuals distributed in 462 species, 224 genera, and 62 families. Seventeen species, selected by PSI, were the most representative to restore areas after bauxite mining in the Eastern Amazon. The families with the highest richness were Lecytidaceae, Sapotaceae, and Fabaceae, representing 64.70% of the key species. Regarding abundance, the families Lecytidaceae, Urticaceae, and Fabaceae accounted for more than 75% of the individuals belonging to the key species. The 17 selected species belonged to the following ecological groups: late secondary (10), climax (5), initial secondary (1), and pioneer (1). The ecological knowledge of the selected species is important to plan and establish forest restoration projects, since ecological processes and functions can evolve n a more rapid and effective way.
Published: 2021
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33. Estimating species richness in hyper-diverse large tree communities

Author: Vitor Hugo Freitas Gomes, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Daniel Sabatier, Edwin Pos, William E. Magnusson, Sylvia Mota de Oliveira, Hans ter Steege, Jean-François Molino, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, ANR-10-LABX-0025, PVE–MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq/FAPs. Grant Number: 407232/2013-3, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Systems Ecology, and Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden]
Subjects: tropical forest, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, nonparametric estimators, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], forêt tropicale, logseries, Forests, tropicalforests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, biodiversité, 03 medical and health sciences, amazonie, Statistics, species richness, Amazon, amazonia, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Mathematics, tropical forests, Ecology, Nonparametric statistics, Amazon logseries nonparametric estimators species estimation species richness tropical forests, Estimator, Sampling (statistics), Species diversity, Biodiversity, Body size and species richness, 15. Life on land, Field (geography), Tree (data structure), 030104 developmental biology, Species richness, species estimation
Abstract: Species richness estimation is one of the most widely used analyses carried out by ecologists, and nonparametric estimators are probably the most used techniques to carry out such estimations. We tested the assumptions and results of nonparametric estimators and those of a logseries approach to species richness estimation for simulated tropical forests and five data sets from the field. We conclude that nonparametric estimators are not suitable to estimate species richness in tropical forests, where sampling intensity is usually low and richness is high, because the assumptions of the methods do not meet the sampling strategy used in most studies. The logseries, while also requiring substantial sampling, is much more effective in estimating species richness than commonly used nonparametric estimators, and its assumptions better match the way field data is being collected.
Published: 2017
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34. Amazon forest response to repeated droughts

Author: G. M. F. van der Heijden, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Timothy R. Baker, Tomas F. Domingues, Alfredo Alarcón, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Damien Bonal, Wendeson Castro, C. Mendoza Bautista, Juliana Stropp, William F. Laurance, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Sophie Fauset, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, Agustín Rudas, Carlos A. Quesada, David A. Neill, Vincent A. Vos, Ted R. Feldpausch, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Emilio Vilanova, V. Chama, Gustavo Saiz, Adriana Prieto, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Roel J. W. Brienen, John Terborgh, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, E. Alvarez Dávila, Emanuel Gloor, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Yadvinder Malhi, C. Oliveira dos Santos, Christopher Baraloto, R. Vásquez Martínez, Simon L. Lewis, N. C. Pallqui Camacho, Jon Lloyd, Jérôme Chave, Juan Carlos Licona, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, G. Pardo-Molina, E.N. Honorio Coronado, Jorcely Barroso, Fredy Ramírez, Nikée Groot, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Oliver L. Phillips, Ana Andrade, Luzmila Arroyo, and H. ter Steege
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Forest dynamics, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, fungi, food and beverages, Climate change, Rainforest, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Confidence interval, Liana, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Soil water, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin-wide losses of biomass. A drought of similar climatological magnitude occurred again in 2010; however, there has been no basin-wide ground-based evaluation of effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent the 2010 drought affected forest dynamics using ground-based observations of mortality and growth from an extensive forest plot network. We find that during the 2010 drought interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha−1, confidence interval (CI): −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies. This contrasted with a long-term biomass sink during the baseline pre-2010 drought period (1998 to pre-2010) of 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p
Published: 2016
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35. Challenges and opportunities for large-scale reforestation in the Eastern Amazon using native species

Author: Silvio Junio Ramos, Cecílio Frois Caldeira, José Oswaldo Siqueira, Daniel Valadão Silva, Mariana Cabral de Oliveira, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Sâmia Nunes, Rosane Barbosa Lopes Cavalcante, Pedro Walfir M. Souza-Filho, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, and Markus Gastauer
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, PLANTAS NATIVAS, Agroforestry, Amazon rainforest, Biodiversity, Reforestation, Forestry, Context (language use), Introduced species, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Forest restoration, Deforestation, Business, 010606 plant biology & botany, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Reforestation and forest restoration are recognized as an effective means of halting biodiversity loss and increasing the performance of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and the protection and maintenance of water resources. The objective of this review is to describe the main challenges and opportunities for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation using native species in the Amazon, focusing on Para state and the Itacaiunas watershed. Large-scale forest restoration and reforestation in the Eastern Amazon may contribute to meeting national and global restoration commitments and reducing/eliminating the actual forest deficit caused by noncompliance with the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law, concomitantly mitigating impacts on climate change, enhancing ecosystem services (e.g., protection of water resources and reduction of soil erosion) and maintaining biodiversity. The selection of active and passive reforestation approaches depends on land-use history, landscape context and reforestation targets, and the promotion of natural regeneration reduces implementation costs. To measure the ecological and socioeconomic success of forest restoration and reforestation, a large number of on-the-ground and remote indicators are available, and the use of a combination of both methods can reduce the monitoring cost. The socioeconomic benefits of reforestation include financial gains from restoration and carbon programs; furthermore, the commercialization of timber and non-timber products and their use for subsistence may improve livelihoods and farm incomes. Nevertheless, implementation of large-scale reforestation in the Eastern Amazon requires research regarding the selection and the nutritional demands of native species and the development of adequate soil management strategies that promote the growth of native species and yields. The insufficient availability of seeds and seedlings is a major bottleneck for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation with native species. Thus, increasing the availability, diversity and quality of seedlings and seeds of native species to supply the demand for planting activities, as well as the registration of producers in the National Register of Seeds and Seedlings, is necessary to achieve compliance with national legislation and international commitments. Competition between reforestation and the expansion of agricultural and cattle ranching frontiers combined with a lack of markets for commercial products from restored areas constrains the socioeconomic viability of large-scale reforestation. To outweigh deforestation incentives, regulation and effective implementation of markets and programs such as REDD+, CDM and PES is thus paramount. To enhance the integration of human well-being, socioeconomic enhancements and ecological functionality, forest and landscape restoration concepts offer promising tools for the region.
Published: 2020
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36. Decline in Giant Tree Numbers: Status Report for Santa Catarina State and Perspectives for Brazil

Author: Alexander Christian Vibrans, Marcelo Callegari Scipioni, Heitor Felippe Uller, and Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: Tree (data structure), Geography, tree protection, ancient trees, conservation, Forestry, State (functional analysis), forest inventory, SD1-669.5, large old trees, Status report
Abstract: Loss of large trees due to indiscriminate timber cutting and opening of new areas for human use is a global problem. Brazil is well known for tree species richness within its extensive forested areas composed of various biomes. Giant trees are “key” to recognize the original forest structure. Decline of their populations in Brazil may be estimated by comparing data of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) with those of regional data and other surveys. In fact, Santa Catarina is the first state in Brazil to have currently completed its forest inventory. However, only few large trees were sampled systematically. Recognition of the maximum tree growth is important for their ecological management and tourism potential. Public policies for cataloging and management of these resources must be developed before it is too late.
Published: 2019
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37. Species Distribution Modelling: Contrasting presence-only models with plot abundance data

Author: Ophelia Wang, José Ferreira Ramos, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Bruno Garcia Luize, Ana Andrade, Juan David Cardenas Revilla, Bonifacio Mostacedo, Bianca Weiss Albuquerque, Vincent A. Vos, Ángela Cano, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Linder Felipe Mozombite Pinto, James A. Comiskey, Kenneth J. Feeley, Dário Dantas do Amaral, Reynaldo Linares-Palomino, Egleé L. Zent, Jochen Schöngart, Juan Fernando Phillips, Stanford Zent, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Pascal Petronelli, Jean-François Molino, Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda, Luiz Carlos de Matos Bonates, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Rogério Gribel, Christopher Baraloto, Luzmila Arroyo, William Milliken, Timothy R. Baker, Corine Vriesendorp, Henrik Balslev, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, Juan Carlos Licona, Sasha Cárdenas, Percy Núñez Vargas, Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão Novo, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Paul J. M. Maas, Daniel Sabatier, Stéphanie D. Ijff, Roel J. W. Brienen, Juan Carlos Montero, Charles E. Zartman, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Alberto Vicentini, Manuel Augusto Ahuite Reategui, John Terborgh, Luisa Fernanda Casas, Layon Oreste Demarchi, Maria Pires Martins, José Luís Marcelo Peña, Toby Pennington, Juliana Schietti, Milton Tirado, José Renan da Silva Guimarães, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Lionel Hernández, Gabriel Damasco, Gerardo Aymard, Karina Garcia-Cabrera, Aline Lopes, Diogenes de Andrade Lima Filho, Maíra da Rocha, Rafael L. Assis, Edwin Pos, Olaf Bánki, Cláudia Baider, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Vitor Hugo Freitas Gomes, Marcos Ríos Paredes, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Cid Ferreira, Neidiane Farias Costa Reis, Jérôme Chave, Roosevelt García-Villacorta, Susamar Pansini, Ted R. Feldpausch, Flávia R. C. Costa, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Ricardo Zárate Gómez, Agustín Rudas, Casimiro Mendoza, Emanuelle de Sousa Farias, Italo Mesones, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, George Pepe Gallardo Gonzales, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Marcelo F. Simon, Alvaro Duque, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carlos Cerón, Hans ter Steege, Yadvinder Malhi, Jean Louis Guillaumet, Miles R. Silman, Pablo R. Stevenson, Daniel Praia, E. M. Jimenez, Adriano Costa Quaresma, Paul V. A. Fine, Rodolfo Vasquez, Bruce Hoffman, Mariana Victória Irume, Carolina V. Castilho, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Miguel Alexiades, Terry W. Henkel, William Farfan-Rios, Daniel Villarroel, Anthony Di Fiore, Dairon Cárdenas López, Roderick Zagt, Florian Wittmann, Niels Raes, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Julien Engel, Eduardo Martins Venticinque, Peter M. Jørgensen, Diego Correa, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Kenneth R. Young, Marcelo Petratti Pansonato, Timothy J. Killeen, Nállarett Dávila, Yuri Oliveira Feitosa, Hugo Mogollón, Thaise Emilio, Hernán Castellanos, Katia Regina Casula, Ben Hur Marimon, Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Francisco Dallmeier, Maria Natalia Umaña Medina, Therany Gonzales, Natalia Targhetta, Patricio von Hildebrand, Juliana Stropp, Boris Villa, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Daniela Pauletto, Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira, Nicolás Castaño Arboleda, Adriana Prieto, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Rodrigo Sierra, Priscila Souza, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, William F. Laurance, José Luís Camargo, Fernanda Carvalho, Tinde van Andel, Adeilza Felipe Sampaio, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, César I.A. Vela, Kyle G. Dexter, William E. Magnusson, Hilda Paulette Dávila Doza, Joana Ricardo, Alfonso Alonso, Luiz de Souza Coelho, Oliver L. Phillips, Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim, Edelcilio Marques Barbosa, Joost F. Duivenvoorden, Walter Palacios Cuenca, Doug Daly, Ademir Roberto Ruschel, Elvis H. Valderrama Sandoval, Natalino Silva, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Alfredo F. Fuentes, Carlos A. Peres, Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos, Carolina Levis, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), International Center for Tropical Botany, Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Marine and Coastal Management, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Instituto SINCHI, University of California, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, University of Leeds, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas Do Amapá - IEPA, Université de Montpellier, Field Museum, Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Nicholas School of the Environment, Santa Cruz, Universidade Do Estado de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana - IIAP, University of Exeter, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Agteca-Amazonica, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Santa Cruz, James Cook University, Fiocruz, IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva, Calle Chile, Universidad de Los Andes, University of Amsterdam, UNELLEZ-Guanare, Endangered Species Coalition, Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service, Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), University of Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Wageningen University and Research, Kew, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, University of Miami Coral, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Coral, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro, Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central, Florida International University, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Federal University of Alagoas, Universidade Federal Do Acre, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Univ Guyane, Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation, Humboldt State University, New York Botanical Garden, Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Universitario UMSA, Missouri Botanical Garden, University of East Anglia, UMR 5174 EDB, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina, Wake Forest University, University of Texas at Austin, Madre de Dios, Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ, Conservation University of Florida, Fundación Estación de Biología, Amazon Conservation Team, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), ACEER Foundation, Universidad Autónoma Del Beni José Ballivián, Centro de Investigación y Promoción Del Campesinado, Dyson Perrins Building, University of Queensland, University of Washington, University of Nottingham, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense, University of Maryland, GeoIS, Northern Arizona University, Manejo Forestal en Las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Mauritius Herbarium, Aarhus University, Conservation Biology Institute, Tropenbos International, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, University of Missouri, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, University of Kent, Universidad Técnica Del Norte, Utrecht University, Free University, Systems Ecology, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, History, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geography & travel, Physiology, QH301 Biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Species distribution, Biodiversity, DIVERSITY, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, biodiversité, Trees, Abundance (ecology), Statistics, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, IUCN Red List, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS, ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELS, lcsh:Science, Conservation Of Natural Resources, ddc:910, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Statistical Model, Species Distribution, MAXENT, Fabaceae, 3rd-DAS, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Écologie des populations, Sensitivity Analysis, BIAS, FLORESTAS TROPICAIS, Brazil, Tree, Human, Conservation of Natural Resources, Occupancy, Conservation, Distribution des populations, 010603 evolutionary biology, Plot (graphics), Article, Chrysobalanaceae, QH301, Écologie forestière, Inverse distance weighting, Pipeline, Statistics And Numerical Data, Life Science, Humans, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Species, Models, Statistical, Plant Dispersal, Brasil, lcsh:R, Information Processing, PERFORMANCE, Polygonaceae, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Environmental niche modelling, THRESHOLDS, PATTERN, Modélisation, ABSENCE DATA, Environmental science, peuplement forestier, lcsh:Q, Prediction, Environmental Protection
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:17:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Ministério da Educação Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology and conservation. Presence-only SDMs such as MaxEnt frequently use natural history collections (NHCs) as occurrence data, given their huge numbers and accessibility. NHCs are often spatially biased which may generate inaccuracies in SDMs. Here, we test how the distribution of NHCs and MaxEnt predictions relates to a spatial abundance model, based on a large plot dataset for Amazonian tree species, using inverse distance weighting (IDW). We also propose a new pipeline to deal with inconsistencies in NHCs and to limit the area of occupancy of the species. We found a significant but weak positive relationship between the distribution of NHCs and IDW for 66% of the species. The relationship between SDMs and IDW was also significant but weakly positive for 95% of the species, and sensitivity for both analyses was high. Furthermore, the pipeline removed half of the NHCs records. Presence-only SDM applications should consider this limitation, especially for large biodiversity assessments projects, when they are automatically generated without subsequent checking. Our pipeline provides a conservative estimate of a species' area of occupancy, within an area slightly larger than its extent of occurrence, compatible to e.g. IUCN red list assessments. Coordenação de Botânica Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais Universidade Federal Do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01 Biodiversity Dynamics Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Marine and Coastal Management, Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1 Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 EMBRAPA Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174 km 8, Distrito Industrial Herbario Amazónico Colombiano Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44 Department of Integrative Biology University of California Universidad San Francisco de Quito Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 School of Geography University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane Department of Wetland Ecology Institute of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr 1 Biogeochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1 Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas Do Amapá - IEPA Campus Do IEPA da Fazendinha, Rodovia JK Km 10 AMAP IRD Cirad CNRS INRA Université de Montpellier, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde Science and Education Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Jardín Botánico de Missouri Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Biociências - IB, Av. 24 A 1515 Centro de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho 3000 Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto - DSR Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas 1758 Herbario Vargas Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733 Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas - IGCe Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9.5 Center for Tropical Conservation Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - PPG-Bionorte Universidade Federal de Rondônia Campus Porto Velho, Km 9.5 Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal Santa Cruz, Av. 6 agosto 28 Km 14,Doble via La Guardia Casilla, 6204 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Do Estado de Mato Grosso Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana - IIAP, Av. A. Quiñones km 2.5 Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65 Agteca-Amazonica Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Santa Cruz Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia Embrapa Recursos Genéticos Biotecnologia Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane Fiocruz, Rua Terezina 476 Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Saúde Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva, Térreo Av. Brasil 4365 Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904 Programa de Ciencias Del Agro y El Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) UNELLEZ-Guanare Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd MAUA Working Group Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane Center for Conservation Education Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123 Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, P.O. Box 47 Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Ecosistemas Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral) Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Santa Cruz, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Postal 2489 Centro de Biociências Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte Campus Universitário Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Coral Instituto de Biociências Dept. Ecologia Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321 Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177 International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243 Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía Institute of Biological and Health Sciences Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n Museu Universitário Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal Do Acre Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna Cirad UMR Ecofog AgrosParisTech CNRS INRA Univ Guyane Campus Agronomique Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Jr. Independencia 405 Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299 School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS Université Paul Sabatier UMR 5174 EDB Department of Forestry Management Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina, Avenido La Molina, Apdo. 456 School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King's Buildings Biology Department Center for Energy Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program Madre de Dios Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales-COCIBA Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences-GAIAS Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ Department of Wildlife Ecology Conservation University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro S/no Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado, 7945 Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Jirón San Martín 451 Laboratory of Human Ecology Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632 Departement EV Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 16 rue Buffon Instituto de Ciência Agrárias Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501 PROTERRA Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2 5 ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco No 370 Universidad Autónoma Del Beni José Ballivián Campus Universitario Final, Av. Ejercito Regional Norte Amazónico Centro de Investigación y Promoción Del Campesinado, C/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra No 362 Environmental Change Institute Oxford University Centre for the Environment Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road School of Agriculture and Food Sciences ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions CEED University of Queensland Instituto de Investigaciones para El Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR) Universidad de Los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101 School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington University of Nottingham, University Park Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000 Department of Biology University of Maryland GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3o Piso Environmental Science and Policy Northern Arizona University FOMABO Manejo Forestal en Las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR) Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS) Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Mauritius Herbarium Department of Bioscience Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Medio Ambiente PLUSPRETOL Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability Smithsonian's National Zoo Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232 Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará Campus Tapajós, Rua Vera Paz Department of Biology University of Missouri Facultad de Biologia Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent, Marlowe Building Herbario Nacional Del Ecuador Universidad Técnica Del Norte Ecology and Biodiversity Group Utrecht University, Padualaan 8 Systems Ecology Free University, De Boelelaan 1087 Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Biociências - IB, Av. 24 A 1515 Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas - IGCe CAPES: 407232/2013-3-PVE CNPq: 407232/2013-3-PVE Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação: 407232/2013-3-PVE Ministério da Educação: 407232/2013-3-PVE
Published: 2018
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38. Correction to: Ecological restoration as a strategy for mitigating and adapting to climate change: lessons and challenges from Brazil

Author: Rachel Biderman, Alba Orli de Oliveira, Carlos A. Nobre, Edson Eyji Sano, Raul Valle, Aurélio Padovezi, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Giselda Durigan, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Ane Alencar, Helena Carrascosa, Isabel Benedetti Figueiredo, José Salomão Oliveira Silva, Valério D. Pillar, Annelise Vendramini, Aldicir Scariot, Ana C. M. Malhado, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira, Alexandre B. Sampaio, Joberto Freitas, Julia Z. Shimbo, Edenise Garcia, Leonel Graça Generoso, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Brienza Junior, Iris Roitman, José Alves Siqueira, and Marcelo Tabarelli
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Environmental science, Climate change, Environmental planning, Restoration ecology
Published: 2019
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39. Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change

Author: Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Georgia Pickavance, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Wendeson Castro, Julie Peacock, Emilio Vilanova, Julien Engel, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Raquel Thomas, José Luís Camargo, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, David W. Galbraith, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Lan Qie, Jon Lloyd, Carlos A. Quesada, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Jérôme Chave, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, William F. Laurance, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Sophie Fauset, Hans ter Steege, Vincent A. Vos, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Pascal Petronelli, Damien Bonal, Roel J. W. Brienen, César I.A. Vela, Christopher Baraloto, Javier Silva Espejo, Niro Higuchi, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Simon L. Lewis, Timothy R. Baker, Fernando Elias, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Marielos Peña-Claros, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Wannes Hubau, Adriana Prieto, Ted R. Feldpausch, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Natalino Silva, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Yadvinder Malhi, Jorcely Barroso, Kyle G. Dexter, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Marisol Toledo, Terry L. Erwin, Anthony Di Fiore, Victor Chama Moscoso, Oliver L. Phillips, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Clément Stahl, Jos Barlow, Bruno Hérault, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Pieter A. Zuidema, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Peter van der Hout, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Paulo S. Morandi, Guido Pardo, René G. A. Boot, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, James Singh, Agustín Rudas, Luzmila Arroyo, Peter J. van de Meer, Lourens Poorter, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Frans Bongers, Emanuel Gloor, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Juliana Stropp, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, University of Leeds, School of Geography [Leeds], Imperial College London, Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, Fundación Con-Vida, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, The Royal Society, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropical forests, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, adaptation aux changements climatiques, forêt tropicale, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, traits, CARBON STORAGE, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Climate change, Primary Research Article, functional traits, skin and connective tissue diseases, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, GE, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, PE&RC, Geography, climate change, NEOTROPICAL FOREST, GROWTH, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Functional traits, Communauté végétale, GE Environmental Sciences, VEGETATION DYNAMICS, F40 - Écologie végétale, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, bioclimatic niches, DROUGHT SENSITIVITY, Tropical Forest, Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Temporal Variation, Bois tropical, Vegetatie, Changement climatique, Science & Technology, Bioclimatic niches, Composition botanique, Brasil, Water, 15. Life on land, 06 Biological Sciences, Floristics, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, biodiversité forestière, functional, Season, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Physiology, WOOD DENSITY, Biodiversity & Conservation, 05 Environmental Sciences, DIVERSITY, Bibliomatic niches, Tropic Climate, Trees, Environmental Science(all), Dry season, Tropical climate, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Lowland Environment, Tropial forests, tropical forests, Bioclimatology, PERVASIVE ALTERATION, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Funtional traits, Classification, Biodiversity Conservation, Seasons, TREE COMMUNITIES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Brazil, Tree, Temporal trends, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Amazonia, Niche, Environmental Chemistry, Forest, Compositional shifts, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Tropics, DAS, Carbon Dioxide, Primary Research Articles, Climatic change, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, sense organs, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Dioxyde de carbone, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Funding Information: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Grant/Award Number: NE/ N004655/1; NERC Consortium Grants “AMAZONICA”; BIO‐RED; European Research Council (ERC); The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, Grant/ Award Number: 282664; Royal Society, Grant/Award Number: CH160091; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change. Publisher PDF
Published: 2018
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40. O valor econômico da savana metalófita da Floresta Nacional de Carajás, estado do Pará: uma contribuição teórica e metodológica

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Sérgio Castro Gomes, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, and Alexandre F. Castilho
Subjects: Geriatrics and Gerontology
Abstract: O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar o valor econômico da vegetação de canga da Flona de Carajás, que inclui espécies raras e endêmicas. Utilizou-se uma abordagem econômica e ecológica na escolha das variáveis explanatórias do modelo integrado de avaliação contingente (MIAC), especificado pelas equações de disposição a pagar (DAP), pela preservação de disposição a receber (DAR) e pela indenização da canga. Os valores médios da DAP e da DAR foram, respectivamente, de R$ 4.073,84/ha e R$ 4.415,56/ha. A diferença entre esses valores médios foi de apenas 8,39% em função do esclarecimento feito aos entrevistados sobre as características e as potencialidades econômicas e ecológicas da canga. Os valores da DAP e da DAR foram compostos pelas dimensões econômica de 52,1% e de 59,5%, sociodemográfica de 11,7% e 10,2%, de serviços ecossistêmicos de 20,05% e 16,8% e a tácita de 15,7% e 13,6%.
Published: 2017
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41. O Custo Socioambiental da Destruição de Castanheiras (Bertholletia excelsa) no Estado do Pará

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Nilson Luiz Costa, Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, Marcos Antônio Souza dos Santos, Ádina L. Santana, and Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa, Extensão e Ensino em Ciências Agrárias - FUNPEA
Subjects: Economia, mercado e comercialização, Economia dos recursos naturais, Métodos quantitativos em economia, Externalidades, Valoração dos recursos naturais, Mercado de castanha-do-brasil, Reserva extrativista, General Engineering, lcsh:Regional economics. Space in economics, lcsh:HT388
Abstract: A destruição dos recursos naturais na Amazônia, causada pela abertura de estradas e da implantação de grandes projetos agropecuários, madeireiros, de extração mineral e produção de energia, não promoveram o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e ambiental nos locais onde foram implantados. As reservas de castanheiras no estado do Pará foram vítimas dessa política de desenvolvimento, em que a produção média entre os períodos 1970/73 e 2007/10 caiu de 27.663,5 ton. para 7.246,25 ton. e a sociedade não foi efetivamente compensada por essas externalidades. Nesse trabalho, estimou-se o sistema de equações de oferta e demanda de castanha-do-brasil por meio do método dos momentos generalizados, com vistas a analisar o mercado e determinar o custo socioambiental de sua destruição. Os resultados mostraram que a oferta de castanha tornou-se perfeitamente inelástica e a demanda mais elástica a preço e renda no período estudado. A abertura de estradas e o preço das terras de mata produziram impactos significativos, respectivamente, negativo e positivo na produção de castanha-do-brasil. Os benefícios socioambientais da produção e comercialização da castanha caíram de R$ 34,87 milhões para R$ 13,26 milhões, o que resultou no custo socioambiental de R$ 21,61 milhões por ano entre 1990 e 2010. Finalmente, o valor total da compensação pelos danos ambientais foi estimado em R$ 540,25 milhões.
Published: 2017

42. Fast demographic traits promote high diversification rates of Amazonian trees

Author: Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Ademir Roberto Ruschel, William F. Laurance, Jérôme Chave, Kyle G. Dexter, Hans ter Steege, Miguel Alexiades, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Iêda Leão do Amaral, J. Natalino M. Silva, Oliver L. Phillips, Adriana Prieto, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Yadvinder Malhi, Alejandro Araujo, Fredy Ramírez, Marisol Toledo, Marcelo F. Simon, Carlos A. Quesada, Rodolfo Vasquez, Susan G. Laurance, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Marcos Silveira, Agustín Rudas, R. Toby Pennington, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Emanuel Gloor, Hirma Ramírez Angulo, Eduardo Schmidt Eler, Timothy R. Baker, Ana Andrade, Simon L. Lewis, Gerardo Aymard, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Vincent A. Vos, Isau Huamantupa, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Luzmila Arroyo, Roel J. W. Brienen, Esteban Álvarez, Damien Bonal, Euridice Honorio, Claudio Leaño, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Susana Magallón, Timothy J. Killeen, Niro Higuchi, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Ted R. Feldpausch, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Anthony Di Fiore, Wilson Roberto Spironello, Emilio Vilanova, John Terborgh, University of Leeds, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), James Cook University (JCU), University of Kent [Canterbury], Universidad del Tolima, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Herbario Universitario PORT, Projeto TEAM-Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama., Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Conservation International, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Oxford [Oxford], Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Universidade federal rural da Amazonia, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Universiteit Utrecht, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado [Bolivie], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Missouri Botanical Garden, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Environmental Research Council [NE/I028122/1, NE/F005806/1], European Commission [282664, 283080], Royal Society, National Geographic Society, Tropenbos International, European Commission, NASA Longterm Biosphere-Atmosphere Project in Amazonia (LBA), Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [558069/2009-6], projeto INCT Processo [574008/2008-0], National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Brazil, Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration among Conservation International, Smithsonian Institution, Wildlife Conservation Society, French ANR [CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025, TULIP: ANR-10-LABX-0041], European Research Council project 'Tropical Forests in the Changing Earth System', Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, and Ecology and Biodiversity
Subjects: tropical forest, Canopy, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Amazonian, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, generation time, Biology, Models, Biological, diversity, Trees, traits, Models, evolution, Tropical climate, Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate, Forest and Landscape Ecology, patterns, Letters, species richness, Clade, climate, Vegetatie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, forests, Tropical Climate, Diversity, Vegetation, Ecology, clades, life-history, turnover, South America, 15. Life on land, Biological, divergence times, Trait, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Species richness, Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat, ecological limits
Abstract: International audience; The Amazon rain forest sustains the world's highest tree diversity, but it remains unclear why some clades of trees are hyperdiverse, whereas others are not. Using dated phylogenies, estimates of current species richness and trait and demographic data from a large network of forest plots, we show that fast demographic traits - short turnover times - are associated with high diversification rates across 51 clades of canopy trees. This relationship is robust to assuming that diversification rates are either constant or decline over time, and occurs in a wide range of Neotropical tree lineages. This finding reveals the crucial role of intrinsic, ecological variation among clades for understanding the origin of the remarkable diversity of Amazonian trees and forests.
Published: 2014
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43. Reforestation dynamics in areas of restoration after mining in unit of forest conservation in the Amazon

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Silvio Brienza Júnior, Nelson de Araújo Rosa, RAFAEL PAIVA SALOMÃO, MPEG, SILVIO BRIENZA JUNIOR, CPATU, and NELSON ARAUJO ROSA, MPEG.
Subjects: Topsoil, biology, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, Saraca, Sowing, Reforestation, Forestry, biology.organism_classification, Restauração de área minerada, Forest restoration, Soil management, Tree mortality, Environmental science, Restoration of mined area, Mortalidade de árvores, lcsh:SD1-669.5, National forest, lcsh:Forestry, CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::BOTANICA [CNPQ], Crescimento em diâmetro e altura, Height and diameter growth
Abstract: Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a densidade de plantio, a mortalidade e o incremento periódico anual (IPA) do crescimento em diâmetro e em altura das espécies empregadas no reflorestamento de áreas de restauração florestal, após a lavra de minério em unidade de conservação na Amazônia. Foram também analisadas as práticas edáficas nas áreas de plantio. O monitoramento abrangeu um período de 13 anos (1996 a 2009), na Floresta Nacional de Saracá Taquera, em Porto Trombetas, PA. As espécies foram distribuídas em classes de mortalidade e de incrementos em diâmetro e em altura. Foi analisada a aptidão ecológica baseada na mortalidade e nos incrementos do crescimento, em diâmetro e em altura, das espécies do ecossistema artificial sob restauração. O incremento periódico anual do diâmetro foi classificado como de graus ótimo, alto, baixo e muito baixo, envolvendo, respectivamente, 7, 17, 44 e 1 espécies. Analogamente, quanto à altura, foram classificadas 7, 33, 20 e 9 espécies, respectivamente. A aptidão ecológica das 69 espécies presentes, durante os 13 anos do monitoramento, identificou 24 espécies classificadas como inaptas, 21 como de baixa, 25 como regular, 16 como boa e apenas três como de ótima adaptabilidade. As práticas de caráter edáfico devem ser revistas, por apresentar indícios de estarem influenciando fortemente a mortalidade e desenvolvimento das árvores plantadas nas áreas de restauração. The objective of this paper was to evaluate density of planting, of mortality and annual periodic increment (API) of growth in diameter and height of species used in reforestation in areas of forest restoration after mining in conservation units in Amazonia. It was also analyzed the soil management practices in plantation areas. The monitoring covered a period of 13 years (1996-2009), at the National Forest Saracá Taquera, in Porto Trombetas, Pará State, Brazil. The species were distributed in classes of mortality. We analyzed the size and the ecological suitability, based on mortality and growth increments (diameter and height) of the species in the artificial ecosystem restored. The annual periodic increment of diameter considering the studied species allowed the following classification: excellent (7 species), high (33), low (20) and very low (9) and similarly, the grow of tree height it was found: excellent (9 species), superior (20), low (31) and very low (9). The ecological aptitude of 69 species in the study area, based on mortality and the increments in diameter and height, allowed the identification of the following groups of species aptitude: excellent (3), good (16), regular (25), low (21); improper (20) and inept (5). The use of soil practices during the activities of restoration should be reviewed due to strong evidence of mortality and growing of planted trees being influenced by soil storage time, the amount of top soil spread superficially, the acidity and fertility of soil and the top soil depth and the distance of transport to the target areas.
Published: 2014

44. Niche modelling for twelve plant species (six timber species and six palm trees) in the Amazon region, using collection and field survey data

Author: Valdenice Moscoso, Ana Luisa Albernaz, and Rafael de Paiva Salomão
Subjects: Jaccard index, biology, Ecology, business.industry, Amazon rainforest, Niche, Distribution (economics), Forestry, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, biology.organism_classification, Field (geography), Astrocaryum murumuru, Herbarium, Geography, Swietenia macrophylla, Physical geography, business, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Knowledge of the distribution of plant species is essential for planning management and conservation actions, especially for economically important species. Available data on plant species in the Amazon usually do not represent their whole area of occurrence. The most widely used approach to infer predictions on species occurrence is niche modelling, which consists of correlating records of species with environmental conditions in their occurrence areas, generating maps with the potential distribution based on a combination of environmental features suitable for each species. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of modelling to improve knowledge on the distribution of six timber species and six palm trees in the Amazon, and whether these models can benefit from using data from field surveys added to those of biological collections. Models were generated using the Maxent algorithm. All models generated showed a low extrinsic omission rate (TOE) and AUC above 0.75. Areas predicted for timber species were more consistent with empirical knowledge than those predicted for palm trees, probably due to the greater amount of occurrence sites available for timber species, especially after adding data from field surveys. The extent of the predicted area and the Jaccard index were used to compare the maps after insertion of field survey data. There was a large difference in extent just for two species, one timber and one palm, and a reduction in the predicted area for one species, Swietenia macrophylla. The application of the Jaccard index resulted in values between 0.41 and 0.65 for timber species, reinforcing that the inclusion of field survey data changed predicted areas. For palms, the similar extent of predicted areas and Jaccard values above 0.80, indicated a subtle difference between maps generated before and after the inclusion of field survey records, probably due to the addition of fewer records. The exception was Astrocaryum murumuru, for which the new records increased the extent of the predicted area. The niche models associated with field studies can contribute enormously to increase knowledge concerning the current distribution of species, but new field surveys should be carefully designed to cover wide and undersampled areas. However, it is necessary to consider that this strategy can only be adopted for species with clearly distinctive features, for which field identifications are reliable.
Published: 2013
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45. Seleção de espécies da floresta ombrófila densa e indicação da densidade de plantio na restauração florestal de áreas degradadas na Amazônia

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, and Silvio Brienza Júnior
Subjects: lcsh:Agriculture, análise multivariada, espécie-chave, lcsh:S, lcsh:SD1-669.5, Forestry, seleção de espécies arbóreas, lcsh:Forestry, restauração florestal
Abstract: http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988448A identificação de espécies-chave que influenciam a ocorrência das demais espécies associadas é de fundamental importância para o sucesso da restauração florestal em áreas degradadas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho apresentar um índice fitossociológico e socioeconômico (IFSE), obtido por técnicas de análise fatorial, cujo modelo envolveu seis variáveis quantitativas (abundância, frequência, dominância, biomassa, valor comercial da madeira e quantidade de produtos florestais não madeireiros) e igual número de variáveis qualitativas, cuja variável dummy assumiu valor igual a 1 para aquelas espécies cujos maiores valores acumulados equivaleram a 50 % do total para cada uma das variáveis quantitativas analisadas. A amostra para o inventário florestal em 407 ha de floresta ombrófila densa foi composta por 80 parcelas de 0,25 ha (4,91 % de intensidade amostral) onde todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo (DAP) ≥ 10 cm foram identificados e mensurados. Foram registrados 10.105 indivíduos, distribuídos em 493 espécies, abrangendo 58 famílias. As espécies foram ranqueadas através do índice proposto em três categorias de prioridade fitossociológica e socioeconômica (alta, média e baixa). A adequação da análise fatorial foi determinada pelos testes Bartlett e KMO. O teste de Bartlett avaliou a significância geral da matriz de correlação indicando que as correlações, em geral, são significantes ao nível de 1 % de probabilidade. O teste KMO, indicou que as variáveis estão correlacionadas e o modelo fatorial apresentou um nível muito bom de adequação aos dados. Estes resultados respaldaram o emprego da análise fatorial para a extração de fatores e a estimação dos escores fatoriais. Os resultados foram estatisticamente validados para a construção do IFSE e, 25 espécies foram selecionadas como prioritárias (espécies-chave). Recomendou-se a densidade de plantio para essas espécies florestais na recuperação de áreas degradadas na Amazônia.
Published: 2013

46. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author: Connie J. Clark, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Lan Qie, Timothy R. Baker, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Lise Zemagho, Yadvinder Malhi, Javier Silva Espejo, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Lindsay F. Banin, Jefferson S. Hall, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, H. Priyadi, Jérôme Chave, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Peter M. Umunay, J. W. Ferry Slik, Martin Gilpin, Ana Andrade, Andrew R. Marshall, Alvaro Cogollo Pacheco, Bonaventure Sonké, Rodrigo Sierra, Jan Bogaert, Emanuel Gloor, Christopher Baraloto, Guido Pardo, Nicholas J. Berry, Simon L. Lewis, Georgia Pickavance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Vincent A. Vos, Carlos Cerón, Jean-Louis Doucet, Peter S. Ashton, William F. Laurance, Wannes Hubau, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Eric Chezeaux, Zorayda Restrepo, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Kanehiro Kitayama, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Sophie Fauset, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Jan Reitsma, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Percy Núñez Vargas, Hans ter Steege, John Terborgh, Roel J. W. Brienen, Jean-François Bastin, Kamariah Abu Salim, Jon C. Lovett, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Simon Willcock, Marisol Toledo, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Serge K. Begne, Greta C. Dargie, Carlos A. Quesada, Terese B. Hart, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Terry Sunderland, Ted R. Feldpausch, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Stuart J. Davies, Lera Miles, Sean C. Thomas, Lip Khoon Kho, Lisa Steel, Jaques Mukinzi, Marie Noel Djuikouo K., Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Terry L. Erwin, Ervan Rutishauser, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Rafael Herrera, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Faustin Mpanya Lukasu, Damien Bonal, Sylvester Tan, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Marielos Peña-Claros, José Luís Camargo, Lee J. T. White, James A. Comiskey, Hermann Taedoumg, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Pascal Petronelli, Jean-Remy Makana, Ophelia Wang, Richard B. Primack, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Charles De Cannière, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Leandro Maracahipes, Kuswata Kartawinata, Michael Balinga, Victor Chama Moscoso, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, David Harris, Miguel E. Leal, Paulo S. Morandi, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Frans Bongers, Joey Talbot, Douglas Sheil, Reuben Nilus, John R. Poulsen, Oliver L. Phillips, Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Dept Geog, University College of London [London] (UCL), Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Université de Yaoundé, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Coll Marine & Environm Sci, James Cook University, Leiden University, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux du Gabon, Ecole de Terrain en Ecologie Tropicale (ECOTROP), Mensurat Unit, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima University, Inst Biodiversidade & Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Ctr Trop Conservat, Duke University [Durham], Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Coll Life & Environm Sci, University of Exeter, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Harvard University [Cambridge], Programa Ciencias Agro & Mar, Herbario Universitario PORT, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dept Biol Sci, Int Ctr Trop Bot, Florida International University (FIU), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 BSEF), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Sch Geosci, University of Edinburgh, Biodivers & Landscape Unit, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Projeto Dinam Biol Fragmentos Florestais, Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Rougier Gabon, Nicholas Sch Environm, Duke University, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Landscape Ecol & Vegetal Prod Syst Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Dept Bot & Plant Physiol, Fac Sci, University of Buea, Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestière (CEFRECOF), Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Ctr Ecol, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Inst Geog & Reg Forsch, University of Vienna, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Lukuru Wildlife Res Fdn, Div Vertebrate Zool, National Museum of Natural History, Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Integrat Res Ctr, Field Museum of Natural History [Chicago, USA], Trop Peat Res Inst, Biol Res Div, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kyoto University, Ctr Trop Environm & Sustainabil Sci, Coll Sci & Engn, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, George Mason University, Fac Sci Agron, University of Kisangani, Sch Geog & Environm, University of Oxford, Universidade Federal de Goiás [Goiânia] (UFG), Flamingo Land LTD, Dept Environm, CIRCLE, University of York, Salonga Natl Pk, sabah Parks, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Inst Boliviano Invest Forestal, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Southern Swedish Forest Res Ctr, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Bur Waarderburg, Fundación Con-Vida, CarboForExpert, Fac Sci, Environm & Life Sci, University of Brunei Darussalam (Biology Department), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Geoinformática y Sistemas , Cia. Ltda (GeoIS), Museu Univ, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), World Wide Fund for Nature, CTFS AA Asia Program, Fac Forestry, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, Yale University [New Haven], Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado Norte Amazónico, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Biol Sci, Liverpool John Moore University (ljmu), Sch Environm Nat Resources & Geog, Bangor University, European Research Council (ERC), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, European Union's Seventh Framework Programme 283080, 282664, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency Grants, NERC Consortium Grant 'AMAZONICA' NE/F005806/1, NERC Consortium Grant 'TROBIT' NE/D005590/1, NERC Consortium Grant 'BIO-RED' NE/N012542/1, NERC New Investigators Grant, Royal Society, Centre for International Forestry (CIFOR), Gabon's National Parks Agency (ANPN), NERC PhD Studentship, UNEP-WCMC, NERC research fellowship NE/I021160/1, Royal Society University Research Fellowship ERC Advanced Grant (T-FORCES), Phillip Leverhulme Prize, Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, NERC studentship, RGS-IBG Henrietta Hutton Grant, National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) PELD/403725/2012-7, CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0, National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) Productivity Grant, Leverhulme Trust under the Valuing the Arc project, Missouri Botanical Garden, Sullivan, Martin J. P., Université de Yaoundé I, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of Vienna [Vienna], Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), University of Oxford [Oxford], Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Université de Toulouse (UT), James Cook University (JCU), Universiteit Leiden, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux du Gabon (ANPN), Harvard University, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), and Royal Botanic Garden [Edinburgh]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, INCREASES, ALPHA-DIVERSITY, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, Biodiversity, COMPLEMENTARITY, forêt tropicale, Forests, 01 natural sciences, AMAZONIAN FORESTS, Tropic Climate, biodiversité, biomasse aérienne des arbres, conservation des forêts, Tropical climate, stockage du carbone, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, PRODUCTIVITY, Agroforestry, Ecology, Plants, PE&RC, Classification, Tropical ecology, Chemistry, séquestration du carbone, biome, diversité variétale, protection de la forêt, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS, tropical forest, Asia, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, TREE ALPHA-DIVERSITY, forêt amazonienne, CONSERVATION, 010603 evolutionary biology, Article, Ecology and Environment, Phénomènes atmosphériques, Forest ecology, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Forest, AFRICAN RAIN-FORESTS, WOOD PRODUCTION, BIODIVERSITY, CLIMATE, K70 - Dégâts causés aux forêts et leur protection, atténuation des effets du changement climatique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Western Hemisphere, TREE SPECIES RICHNESS, Tropics, Plant, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Carbon, biodiversité forestière, DOMINANCE, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Africa, Alpha diversity, Americas, structure de la canopée
Abstract: Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2017
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47. O valor econômico total da área de savana matalófita, ou 'canga', da floresta nacional de Carajás, estado do Pará: uma contribuição teórica e metodológica da avaliação contingente (Paper 361)

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, Ádamo Lima de Santana, and Alexandre F. Castilho
Subjects: General Medicine
Abstract: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar o valor economico total da compensacao a ser pago pela Vale do Rio Doce pela supressao da vegetacao de canga da Flona de Carajas, que inclui especies raras, endemicas e paisagens cenicas. Utilizou-se uma abordagem socioeconomica e ecologica na escolha das variaveis explanatorias do modelo integrado de avaliacao contingente (MIAC), especificado pelas equacoes de disposicao a pagar ( DAP ) pela preservacao e de disposicao a receber ( DAR ) pela indenizacao da canga. Os valores medios e desvios padrao da DAP e DAR foram, respectivamente, de R$ 4.073,84/ha ± R$ 477,78/ha e R$ 4.415,56/ha ± R$ 755,10/ha. Os valores da DAP e DAR foram compostos pelas contribuicoes, respectivamente, das dimensoes economica de 52,1% e 59,5%, sociodemografica de 11,7% e 10,2%, servicos ecossistemicos de 20,05% e 16,8% e a dimensao tacita de 15,7% e 13,6%. Apenas a dimensao economica apresentou maior peso na determinacao do valor da DAR relativamente ao valor da DAP . A diferenca entre seus valores medios foi de apenas 8,39%, em funcao do esclarecimento feito aos entrevistados sobre as caracteristicas e potencialidades da canga e dos precos das terras de floresta nativa e manejada, cerrado, agricultura e pastagens disponibilizados para subsidiar suas decisoes. Palavras-chave: Capital natural. Servicos ecossistemicos. Economia ambiental. Unidade de conservacao. Amazonia.
Published: 2016

48. Análise da florística e estrutura de floresta primária visando a seleção de espécies-chave, através de análise multivariada, para a restauração de áreas mineradas em unidades de conservação

Author: Antônio Cordeiro de Santana, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Silvio Brienza Júnior, Rafael Paiva Salomão, MPEG, SILVIO BRIENZA JUNIOR, CPATU, and Antônio Cordeiro Santana, UFRA.
Subjects: Floresta primária, Espécie-chave, lcsh:SD1-669.5, Análise multivariada, Forestry, lcsh:Forestry, Restauração florestal de áreas degradadas, Restauração florestal
Abstract: Na Amazônia, vários empreendimentos minerários estão situados em unidades de conservação. A restauração ecológica após a lavra do minério abrange vários atributos. Entre esses, destaca-se a necessidade de o ecossistema restaurado conter um conjunto de espécies-chave de ocorrência no ecossistema de referência e, dessa forma, proporcionar estrutura apropriada de comunidade, além de ser constituído do maior número possível de espécies nativas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, analisar um índice fitossociológico e socioeconômico (IFSE), obtido por técnicas de análise multivariada. O modelo envolveu seis variáveis quantitativas (abundância, frequência, dominância, biomassa, valor comercial da madeira e quantidade de produtos florestais não madeireiros) e igual número de variáveis qualitativas. Em uma área de floresta ombrófila de 1.321 ha, foram amostradas 315 parcelas de 0,25 ha, em que todos os indivíduos com DAP > 10 cm foram identificados e mensurados. Foram registrados 36.298 indivíduos, distribuídos em 898 espécies, abrangendo 62 famílias. As espécies foram ranqueadas através do índice proposto em três categorias de prioridade fitossociológica e socioeconômica (alta, média e baixa). A adequação da análise fatorial foi determinada pelos testes de Bartlett e KMO. O teste de Bartlett avaliou a significância geral da matriz de correlação a 1% de probabilidade. O teste KMO indicou que as variáveis estão correlacionadas, e o modelo fatorial apresentou nível muito bom de adequação aos dados. O uso de análise multivariada foi estatisticamente validado para o emprego do IFSE. Entre as 898 espécies analisadas, 25 foram selecionadas como prioritárias (categorias alta e média), sendo reconhecidas como espécies-chave. Foi estimada a densidade de plantio dessas espécies para recuperação de áreas mineradas na Amazônia, com condições biológicas e ambientais semelhantes às relatadas neste estudo. A distribuição diamétrica das espécies-chave foi analisada e comparada com a da floresta inventariada. O estágio sucessional das espécies-chave foi também analisado.
Published: 2012
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49. The status of conservation of urban forests in eastern Amazonia

Author: Rafael de Paiva Salomão, S. Almeida, D. D. do Amaral, Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim, and Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, Manilkara huberi, State of Pará, Endangered species, Qualea, Trees, lcsh:Botany, lcsh:Zoology, lcsh:QL1-991, Belém, lcsh:Science, lcsh:QH301-705.5, forest fragmentation, geography, Mezilaurus itauba, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, forest remnants, Forestry, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, Old-growth forest, lcsh:QK1-989, Cedrela odorata, lcsh:Biology (General), Eschweilera, lcsh:Q, Species richness, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Brazil, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: This study aims to identify the remnant tree flora in six forest fragments in the metropolitan area of Belém and to analyze these fragments in terms of biological conservation, species richness and diversity in the local urban landscape. The fragments and their respective sampling areas were as follows: Amafrutas reserve (15 ha), Trambioca Is. reserve (2 ha), Bosque Rodrigues Alves city park (15 ha), Combu Is. reserve (10 ha), Gunma Park reserve (10 ha) and Mocambo reserve (5 ha). Inventories were built from lineal plots of 250 m² and included trees with DBH equal to or greater than 10 cm at a height of 1.3 m above ground. Sixty-nine families and 759 species, of which eight were officially listed as endangered (Brazilian National Flora: Ministry of Environment, Normative Instruction of September, 2008; Pará State Flora: Decree Nº. 802 of February 2008) were recorded. These endangered species are: Aspidosperma desmanthum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. (Apocynaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Eschweilera piresii S.A Mori (Lecythidaceae), Euxylophora paraensis Huber (Rutaceae), Hymenolobium excelsum Ducke (Leguminosae), Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier (Sapotaceae), Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae), Mezilaurus itauba (Meisn.) Taub. ex Mez (Lauraceae) and Qualea coerulea Aubl. (Vochysiaceae). Emergency actions such as implementing management plans for already existing Conservation Units, the creation of new such units in areas of primary forest fragments (as in the case of the Amafrutas reserve), as well as the intensification of actions of surveillance and monitoring, should be undertaken by Federal, State, and Municipal environmental agencies so as to ensure the conservation of these last primary forest remnants in the metropolitan area of Belém.
Published: 2012
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50. Are compound leaves an adaptation to seasonal drought or to rapid growth? Evidence from the Amazon rain forest

Author: Ana C. M. Malhado, L. Arroyo, Timothy R. Baker, Timothy J. Killeen, Richard J. Ladle, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Hans ter Steege, William F. Laurance, Yadvinder Malhi, Abel Monteagudo, Samuel Almeida, Robert J. Whittaker, Adriana Prieto, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Niro Higuchi, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Oliver L. Phillips, Rodolfo Vásquez-Martínez, and Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, Tropics, Regression analysis, Rainforest, Fabaceae, Seasonality, Biology, medicine.disease, Plant morphology, Tropical climate, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Aim To assess the hypotheses that compound leaves of trees in the Amazon forest are an adaptation to drought and/or rapid growth. Location Amazon rain forest, South America. Methods Genera from 137 permanent forest plots spread across Amazonia were classified into those with compound leaves and those with simple leaves. Metrics of compound leaf prevalence were then calculated for each plot and regression models that accounted for spatial autocorrelation were used to identify associations between climate variables and compound leaf structure. We also tested for associations between compound leaf structure and a variety of ecological variables related to life history and growth strategies, including wood density, annual increase in diameter and maximum height. Results One plant family, Fabaceae, accounts for 53% of compound-leaved individuals in the dataset, and has a geographical distribution strongly centred on north-east Amazonia. On exclusion of Fabaceae from the analysis we found no significant support for the seasonal drought hypothesis. However, we found evidence supporting the rapid growth hypothesis, with possession of compound leaves being associated with faster diameter growth rates and lower wood densities. Main conclusion This study provides evidence that possession of compound leaves constitutes one of a suite of traits and life-history strategies that promote rapid growth in rain forest trees. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the geographical distribution of dominant taxa and spatial clustering of data points when inferring ecological causation from environment–trait associations.
Published: 2010
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