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Popularly known as fungus gnats, Mycetophilidae are found in humid environments usually associated with mushrooms and decaying wood. Their immature forms often feed on fungus fruiting bodies. Similar to most bibionomorphans, mycetophilids need due attention concerning their taxonomy and information on their natural history, especially in the Neotropical region. This work describes Monoclona carambeiensis sp. nov., a new species of Monoclona Mik, and furnishes information on the morphology of adults and immatures, besides notes and photographs on the life cycle of the species. Immature forms present on a piece of decaying wood with lichens and fungi were collected from Carambeí, Paraná, and reared in the laboratory. The emerged adult male was fixed in 80% ethanol. This is the first study describing an immature of a Neotropical species of Monoclona, and also the first record of the genus in the state of Paraná, Brazil. This is the third Neotropical species of Mycetophilidae to have its life cycle described, for a fauna with over 1,100 known species.

Blue shining fungus gnats (Diptera) had been long reported in the Waitomo caves of New Zealand (Arachnocampa luminosa Skuse), in stream banks of the American Appalachian Mountains (Orfelia fultoni Fisher) in 1939 and in true spore eating Eurasiatic Keroplatus Bosc species. This current report observes that similar blue light emitting gnat larvae also occur nearby the Betary river in the buffer zone of High Ribeira River State Park (PETAR) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where the larvae were found when on fallen branches or trunks enveloped in their own secreted silk. The new species is named Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae: Keroplatini) based on a morphological analysis. Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. larvae emit blue bioluminescence that can be seen from their last abdominal segment and from two photophores located laterally on the first thoracic segment. When touched, the larvae can actively stop its luminescence, which returns when it is no longer being agitated. The in vitro bioluminescence spectrum of N. betaryiensis nov. sp. peaks at 472 nm, and cross-reactivity of hot and cold extracts with the luciferin-luciferase from Orfelia fultoni indicate significant similarity in both enzyme and substrate of the two species, and that the bioluminescence system in the subfamily Keroplatinae is conserved.

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Falaschi, Rafaela Lopes, Amaral, Edna Maria, Lamas, Carlos José Einicker (2020): Catalogue of Rangomaramidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) types housed in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Pauloı Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 60: 1-4, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.15

Following a recommendation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, this paper provides a catalogue of the type specimens of Anisopodidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) held in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP). Information on labels and type conditions, on 54 type specimens (including 21 primary types) of 24 Neotropical species are provided. Keywords: Nomenclature, Scientific collections, Taxonomy, Type material

Bioluminescence in Diptera is found in the family Keroplatidae, in the glowworms of the genera Arachnocampa, Orfelia and Keroplatus. Despite belonging to the same family, Arachnocampa spp. and Orfelia fultoni display morphologically and biochemically distinct bioluminescence systems: Arachnocampa spp. produce light by the terminal ends of Malpighian tubules using ATP, a luciferin and a luciferase, whereas Orfelia fultoni produces light by translucent areas associated with rows of black bodies in the anterior and posterior parts of the body, using a 140 kDa luciferase and a luciferin which do not cross-react with the Arachnocampa luciferin–luciferase system, and a substrate binding fraction (SBF) which apparently releases luciferin in the presence of reductants. While several other keroplatids are not luminescent, we recently discovered a non-luminescent web-constructing keroplatid larva living in the roofs of caves in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil, which noteworthily has a compound with Orfelia luciferin-like activity and its associated binding protein (SBF). Both the Neoditomyia luciferin-like compound and SBF cross-react with purified Orfelia luciferase to produce light in the same blue region of the Orfelia luciferin–luciferase system (479 nm). We also checked for the presence of Orfelia-type luciferin in Arachnocampa luminosa and Aedes aegytpi larval bodies, but no traces were found. Molecular studies indicate that Neoditomyia sp. is phylogenetically closer to Keroplatus and Orfelia than to Arachnocampa species. The presence of luciferin and its associated binding protein in this non-bioluminescent keroplatid larva indicates that luciferin may display another important biochemical function in keroplatid larvae and suggests that bioluminescence could be a recently evolved trait in Keroplatidae.

This paper provides a catalogue of the type specimens of Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) held in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP). Label information and type condition of the six type specimens (three holotypes and three paratypes) of four species are provided, along with high resolution images of the types and their labels.

Falaschi, Rafaela Lopes, Johnson, Grant A., Stevani, Cassius Vinicius (2019): The new species Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from Neotropical Region. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59: 1-2, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.44, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.44

Checklist of the Bibionomorpha (Diptera) of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil . We provide in this paper a checklist of Bibionomorpha in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Only the families Anisopodidae, Sciaridae, Keroplatidae, and Mycetophilidae have been recorded from this state so far: one genus and one species of Anisopodidae; three genera and nine species of Sciaridae; fi ve genera and six species of Keroplatidae; and eight genera and 14 species of Mycetophilidae. A list of other species of Bibionomorpha families known from the Central-Western region of Brazil supposed to occur in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul is provided as well. This is a good example of the distance between real diversity of an important group as Diptera in a large area as the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, and the actual knowledge of the group.KEYWORDS. Diversity, taxonomy, distribution, Central-Western region, Biota-MS Program. RESUMO. Neste trabalho, e fornecida uma lista de especies de Bibionomorpha conhecidas para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Das familias dessa subordem de Diptera, apenas Anisopodidae, Sciaridae, Keroplatidae e Mycetophilidae foram registradas ate o momento para essa regiao. Anisopodidae e representada por um genero e uma especie, Sciaridae por tres generos e nove especies, Keroplatidae por cinco generos e seis especies, enquanto que Mycetophilidae e conhecida por oito generos e 14 especies. Sao elencadas possiveis especies das familias de Bibionomorpha ja conhecidas da regiao Centro-Oeste do Brasil cuja presenca e esperada no Mato Grosso do Sul. Este levantamento e bastante indicativo da enorme diferenca existente entre o conhecimento efetivo da biodiversidade de um grupo importante, como Diptera, em uma area grande, como o Mato Grosso do Sul, e a diversidade real do grupo em uma regiao do Brasil.PALAVRAS-CHAVE. Diversidade, taxonomia, distribuicao, Regiao Centro-Oeste, Programa Biota-MS.

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This small family of Diptera is poorly known in Colombia. In the present catalogue, we feature a single report for the country, of a species of the genus Eratomyia.

The Ditomyiidae are a family belonging to the suborder Bibionomorpha, until now without records to Colombia. This work reports the first record of the genera Rhipidita and Calliceratomyia for the Colombian region.

This considerably small family is poorly known in Colombia, with only two species reported for the genus Sylvicola Harris (1776) so far. We synonymize Neomesochria AmorimTozoni (1994) to Mycetobia Meigen (1818), hence transferring the Dominican amber species Neomesochria antillea (Grimaldi 1991) and N. cryptambra (Grimaldi 1991), and the recent Neotropical species N. limanda (Stone 1966) and N. stonei (Laned'Andretta 1958) back to the genus Mycetobia. This paper provides new records for Mycetobia and Olbiogaster Osten-Sacken (1886) for Colombia.

The Bibionidae are a family belonging to the suborder Bibionomorpha with four genera and 17 species known from Colombia. This work expands the distribution of these species to other localities in the country.

Currently, 86 genera are ascribed to the Keroplatidae, with about 950 known species. The family includes three subfamilies: Arachnocampinae, Macrocerinae, and Keroplatinae. Both Macrocerinae and Keroplatinae are found in Colombia, with five described species distributed in four genera. The available information about Colombian keroplatids is compiled, with new records for five genera.

We describe and illustrate a new species of biting midge belonging to the subgenus Forcipomyia (Microhelea), from the Estação Biológica de Boracéia, São Paulo State, Brazil. We include illustrations of the mouthparts, head, thorax, legs, abdominal setae, and habitus. The new species is similar to the few other recorded Neotropical species of biting midges, such as Forcipomyia (Microhelea) alleni, Forcipomyia (Microhelea) castneri, Forcipomyia (Microhelea) grandcolasi, and Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris. However, it can be distinguished by the combination of external characters, such as the number of plates on the maxilla, the number of denticles on the mandible, the size of the labellum, and the morphology of the palpus. The two female specimens examined were found biting on a female stick bug, Paraphasma paulense (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae), which was attracted to a light trap.

Falaschi, Rafaela Lopes, Oliveira, Sarah Siqueira (2012): A catalogue of the types of Bolitophilidae and Ditomyiidae (Diptera, Bibionomorpha) in the collection of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Zoosystema 34 (3): 521-524, DOI: 10.5252/z2012n3a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n3a2

Both known Neotropical species of Nervijuncta – N. conjuncta (Freeman) and N. laffooni Lane – are redescribed and the male terminalia illustrated in detail. Specimens of N. laffooni, previously known only from the type-locality (São Paulo, Brazil), are reported from Nova Teutônia, and Urubici, both in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The females of both Neotropical species of the genus are described in detail and the genitalia illustrated for the first time. These redescriptions provide further information on the position of these two species within the genus.

Os Ditomyiidae, incluídos por alguns autores na família Mycetophilidae s.l. como uma subfamília, compõem um pequeno clado da infraordem Bibionomorpha, alocado dentro dos Mycetophiliformia.Este último grupo está relativamente bem representado no registro fossilífero do Jurássico, enquanto que os ditomídeos possuem o seu registro mais antigo datado do Eoceno, há 52 milhões de anos. Dentro dos Mycetophiliformia, os Ditomyiidae, segundo topologias recentes, formam um grupo monofilético com Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae e Keroplatidae. No momento, 15 gêneros são aceitos para a família, com cerca de 107 espécies descritas para todo o mundo, exceto para a região Afrotropical. Dentre esses gêneros, Melosymmerus Munroe apresenta distribuição exclusivamente neotropical, o qual, juntamente com Calosymmerus Munroe, tem como grupo-irmão Australosymmerus Freeman, de distribuição circum-antártica. Esse grupo de gêneros tem como grupo-irmão Symmerus Walker, de distribuição holártica, compondo os Symmerinae. Esse é um padrão bastante característico de grupos fragmentados pelo processo de tectônica de placas, gerando disjunção intercontinental por vicariância. Em Ditomyiinae, estão incluídos os gêneros Ditomyia,Asioditomyia, Nervijuncta, Rhipidita e Calliceratomyia, que apresentam o mesmo padrão de distribuição no mundo. Há dez espécies recentes descritas para Melosymmerus sete do Brasil, uma do Equador e duas do México. Oito novas espécies de Melosymmerus são descritas neste trabalho, obtidas através de coletas com armadilha Malaise ao longo da Floresta Atlântica. As espécies brasileiras são redescritas, uma chave para o gênero confeccionada e um catálogo organizado. Além das espécies novas, foram identificados espécimes de M. bororo em Salesópolis e Ribeirão Preto,no Estado de São Paulo, e de M. bisetosus nos Estados do Paraná e Minas Gerais, ampliando a distribuição conhecida dessas espécies. Em uma análise das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies do gênero, foi obtido o consenso estrito de nove cladogramas mais parcimoniosos. Diferentemente do proposto na literatura, em que Calosymmerus aparece como grupo-irmão de Melosymmerus, na análise realizada Melosymmerus é parafilético em relação a Calosymmerus. Isso sugere que Calosymmerus possa ser incluído como um sinônimo júnior subjetivo de Melosymmerus. Ditomyiidae, included by some authors in the family Mycetophilidae s.l. as a subfamily, is a small clade of the infraorder Bibionomorpha, placed within the Mycetophiliformia. Mycetophiliformia is relatively well represented in the fossil record of the Jurassic (144 million years ago), while the oldest record of ditomids is from the Eocene (52 million years ago). According to recent topologies, the Ditomyiidae form a monophyletic group with Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae and Keroplatidae.Fifteen genera are now accepted for the family, with about 107 species described for the world, except for Afrotropical region. Among those genera, Melosymmerus Munroe has an exclusively neotropical distribution, which, together with Calosymmerus Munroe, is genera sister to Australosymmerus Freeman, which has circum-antarctic distribution. The above mentioned have Symmerus Walker as sister-group, of holartic distribution, composing the Symmerinae. This is quite characteristic of groups fragmented by the process of tectonics of plates, generating intercontinental disjunction by vicariance. The Ditomyiinae include the following genera: Ditomyia, Asioditomyia, Nervijuncta, Rhipidita and Calliceratomyia, with a similar distribution in the world. There are ten described species for Melosymmerus seven of Brazil, one of Ecuador and two of Mexico. Eight new species of Melosymmerus are described in this work for the Neotropical region, collected with Malaise traps along the Atlantic Forest. Brazilian species are redescribed, a key for species of the genus handled and a catalog organized. Specimens of M. bororo were identified from Salesópolis and Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo, as well as specimens of M. bisetosus, in the states of Paraná and Minas Gerais. In a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships among the species of the genus, a strict consensus of nine cladograms more parciomonious is obtained. In the literature, Melosymmerus is accepted to be sister of Calosymmerus. In this analysis, Melosymmerus appeared paraphyletic in relation to Calosymmerus, suggesting that Calosymmerus can be considered a subjective junior synonym of Melosymmerus.

A new genus of Mythicomyiidae, Amydrostylus triadicophallus gen. nov. et sp. nov., is described from the Chaco of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The type-series was collected by Malaise traps during the development of the SISBIOTA–Brasil project. Amydrostylus is closely related to the genus Acridophagus Evenhuis in the subfamily Psiloderoidinae, but it is distinguished by the minute apical stylus and the same length of br and bm cells. The species is described and illustrated in detail, including the male terminalia and female spermathecae. This is the first record of the subfamily Psiloderoidinae in South America.

We describe and illustrate a new species of biting midge belonging to the subgenus Forcipomyia (Microhelea), from the Estacao Biologica de Boraceia, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. We include illustrations of the mouthparts, head, thorax, legs, abdominal setae, and habitus. The new species is similar to the few other recorded Neotropical species of biting midges, such as Forcipomyia (Microhelea) alleni, Forcipomyia (Microhelea) castneri, Forcipomyia (Microhelea) grandcolasi, and Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris. However, it can be distinguished by the combination of external characters, such as the number of plates on the maxilla, the number of denticles on the mandible, the size of the labellum, and the morphology of the palpus. The two female specimens examined were found biting on a female stick bug, Paraphasma paulense (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae), which was attracted to a light trap.

A second species of the genus Eratomyia Amorim & Rindal —E. risaralda, sp. n.— is described from Risaralda, Colombia, based on one male and three females. The female of Eratomyia is described for the first time. A number of striking modifications in the female terminalia shared with Chiletricha Chandler support the hypothesis that they are sister genera within the Rangomaramidae. The position of Chiletricha and Eratomyia within the Chiletrichinae is discussed.

Recently a new species of bombyliid fly, Marleyimyia xylocopae, was described by Marshall & Evenhuis (2015) based on two photographs taken during fieldwork in the Republic of South Africa. This species has no preserved holotype. The paper generated some buzz, especially among dipterists, because in most cases photographs taken in the field provide insufficient information for properly diagnosing and documenting species of Diptera. Fil: Amorim, Dalton S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Santos, Charles Morphy D.. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Krell, Frank Thorsten. Denver Museum of Nature & Science; Estados Unidos Fil: Dubois, Alain. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Nihei, Silvio S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Oliveira, Otto M.P.. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Pont, Adrian. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Song, Hojun. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos Fil: Verdade, Vanessa K.. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Fachin, Diego A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Klassa, Bruna. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Lamas, Carlos José E.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Oliveira, Sarah S.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasil Fil: De Carvalho, Claudio J. B.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Mello-Patiu, Cátia A.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Hajdu, Eduardo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Couri, Márcia S.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Silva, Vera C.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Capellari, Renato S.. Federal Institute Of Triângulo Mineiro; Brasil Fil: Falaschi, Rafaela L.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Feitosa, Rodrigo M.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Prendini, Lorenzo. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Pombal, José P.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Fernández, Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Rocha, Rosana M.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Lattke, John E.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Caramaschi, Ulisses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Duarte, Marcelo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Marques, Antonio Carlos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Reis, Roberto E.. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Kurina, Olavi. Estonian University Of Life Sciences; Estonia Fil: Takiya, Daniela M.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Tavares, Marcos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Fernandes, Daniel Silva. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Franco, Francisco Luís. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Cuezzo, Fabiana del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; Argentina Fil: Paulson, Dennis. University Of Puget Sound; Estados Unidos Fil: Guénard, Benoit. The University Of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Fil: Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C.. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Arthofer, Wolfgang. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Steiner, Florian M.. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Fisher, Brian L.. California Academy Of Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Johnson, Robert A.. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Delsinne, Thibaut Dominique. Société d'Histoire Naturelle Alcide d'Orbigny; Francia Fil: Donoso, David A.. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; Ecuador Fil: Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Patitucci, Luciano Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Carpenter, James M.. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Herman, Lee. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Grimaldi, David. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos

Bombyliidae é uma das maiores famílias de Diptera com mais de 4822 espécies descritas ao redor do mundo, divididas em 16 subfamílias e 18 tribos. A tribo Exoprosopini dividem-se em 11 gêneros, dos quais Exoprosopa e Ligyra tem distribuição cosmopolita. O gênero Ligyra Newman s.l. objeto deste estudo, possui 109 espécies, das quais 20 têm sido descritas no Novo Mundo. Uma revisão taxonômica das espécies neárticas e neotropicais de Ligyra é feita no presente estudo, incluindo redescrições e registros fotográficos das mesmas. Após a revisão taxonômica, quatro espécies foram sinonimizadas (L. fenestella syn. nov. e L. maracaensis syn. nov. são consideradas sinônimos júnior de Gen. nov. harpyia; L. guerinii syn. nov. foi considerado sinônimo júnior de Gen. nov. latreilli; L. klugii syn. nov. foi considerado sinônimo júnior de Gen. nov. proserpina e a subespécie Ligyra cerberus trifigurata foi considerada sinônimo júnior de Gen. nov. cerberus). Uma chave para identificação destas espécies, baseada em caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos, de fácil observação, também é apresentada. Além da revisão taxonômica uma análise cladística de Ligyra no Novo Mundo foi feita a fim de testar se essas espécies, que atualmente estão incluídas no gênero, pertencem, de fato, a este grupo ou se precisam ser realocadas em algum outro gênero de Exoprosopini ou ainda em um novo gênero. Para tal, neste estudo foi utilizada uma matriz de caracteres morfológicos disponível em literatura, que já vem sendo utilizada para inferir a filogenia dos Exoprosopini. A análise cladística contou com 92 táxons terminais e 207 caracteres morfológicos obtendo-se como resultado, após análise com algoritmos de novas tecnologias a partir do software TNT, 12 árvores mais parcimoniosas cujo consenso estrito possui L=3089, CI: 15 e RI: 49. Os resultados apontam que Ligyra s.l. forma um grupo monofilético composto pelos gêneros: Ligyra s. str. (spp. Australianas), Euligyra (spp. Afrotropicais) e Gênero novo (spp. do Novo Mundo). As espécies de Ligyra s.l. no Novo Mundo foram realocadas em um gênero novo suportado por uma sinapomorfia e quatro homoplasias. Bombyliidae is one of the largest families of Diptera with more than 4800 species, known worldwide, divided in 16 subfamilies and 18 tribes. The tribe Exoprosopini is divided into 11 genera, of which Exoprosopa Macquart and Ligyra Newman has cosmopolitan distribution. The genus Ligyra s.l., main subject of this study, has 109 species, of which 20 were described to the New World. A taxonomic review of the Nearctic and Neotropical species of Ligyra is implemented in this study, including redescription and photographic records of them. After the taxonomic review, four species were synonymized (L. fenestella syn. nov.and L. maracaensis syn. nov. are considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. harpyia; L. guerinii syn. nov. is considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. latreilli; L. klugii syn. nov .is considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. proserpina and the subspecies Ligyra Cerberus trifigurata is considered junior synonym of Gen. nov. cerberus). An identification key for these species, based on morphological diagnostic characters, easily seen, is also presented. Besides the taxonomic revision a cladistics analysis of the New Worlds Ligyra is implemented in order to test whether these species, which are currently included in the genus, belong, in fact, to this group or if they need to be relocated at some other genus of Exoprosopini or even to a new genus. For this purpose, we used a matrix of morphological characters available in the literature, which is already being used to infer the phylogeny of Exoprosopini. The cladistic analysis included 92 terminal taxa and 207 morphological characters. After analysis with algorithms of new technologies from the software TNT, 12 more parsimonious trees, whose strict consensus has L = 3089, CI 15 and RI: 49, are obtained. The results show that Ligyra s.l. constitutes a monophyletic group composed by the following genera: Ligyra s. str. (Australian spp.), Euligyra (Afrotropical spp.) and New Genus (New World spp.). The species of Ligyra s.l. in the New World are relocated into a new genus, which monophyly is supported by one synapomorphy and four homoplasies.

Cecidomyiidae é uma das famílias mais diversificadas da Ordem Diptera, com 6203 espécies conhecidas e está organizada em seis subfamílias: Catotrichinae, Lestremiinae, Micromyinae, Winnertziinae, Porricondylinae e Cecidomyiinae. O hábito micófago, presente desde a base de Sciaroidea, superfamília que inclui os Cecidomyiidae, permanece nas subfamílias basais e em algumas supertribos de Cecidomyiinae, como Stomatosematidi, Brachineuridi e Lasiopteridi. Stomatosematidi possui dois gêneros descritos com 22 espécies viventes, Didactylomyia e Stomatosema. Embora as espécies não galhadoras representem 25% da riqueza de espécies da família Cecidomyiidae, não há estudos taxonômicos anteriores sobre elas na região Neotropical. Neste trabalho é realizada a primeira análise filogenética da supertribo Stomatosematidi incluindo exame de espécimes-tipo e material identificado das espécies descritas e dez espécies novas para a região Neotropical, todos coletados no Mato Grosso do Sul, entre os anos de 2011 e 2012, no âmbito do projeto Sisbiota-Diptera. A análise da matriz de 24 terminais e 52 caracteres resultou em uma única árvore com comprimento 86,336 passos, índice de consistência de 0,629 e índice de retenção de 0,696. A árvore resultante corrobora o monofiletismo da supertribo Stomatosematidi, dos gêneros Didactylomyia e Stomatosema, além de conferir suporte para a ereção de dois gêneros novos. Em decorrência da inclusão de espécies neotropicais no gênero Stomatosema, alguns caracteres morfológicos foram adicionados às diagnoses dos gêneros conhecidos. Este trabalho contribui para o aumento do conhecimento da diversidade de espécies neotropicais de Cecidomyiidae e das relações de parentesco na supertribo Stomatosematidi. Cecidomyiidae is one of the most diversified families in the order Diptera, with 6203 known species and is organized into six subfamilies: Catotrichinae, Lestremiinae, Micromyinae, Winnertziinae, Porricondylinae and Cecidomyiinae. The micetophagy habit, present since the base of Sciaroidea, superfamily which includes Cecidomyiidae, remains in the basal subfamilies and in some supertribes of the Cecidomyiinae: Stomatosematidi, Brachineuridi and Lasiopteridi. Stomatosematidi has two described genera with 22 living species, Didactylomyia and Stomatosema. Although non-galling species account for 25% of the species richness of the Cecidomyiidae family, there are no previous taxonomic studies about them in the Neotropical region. In this work, the first phylogenetic analysis of the Stomatosematidi supertribe was carried out, including specimens of the described species and ten new species for the Neotropical region, all collected in Mato Grosso do Sul between 2011 and 2012, under the program Sisbiota-Diptera. The analysis of the matrix with 24 terminals and 52 characters resulted in a single tree with length of 86,336 steps, consistency index of 0.629 and retention index of 0.696. The resulting tree corroborates the monophyletism of the supertribe Stomatosematidi, of the genera Didactylomyia and Stomatosema, and has resulted in two new genera. As a result of the inclusion of neotropical species in the genus Stomatosema, some morphological characters were added to the diagnoses of the known genera. This work contributes to an increase in the knowledge of the richness of Neotropical Cecidomyiidae species and of the kinship relations in the Stomatosematidi supertribe.

O gênero Heliura Butler contava, no início deste trabalho, com 53 nomes e 40 espécies válidas. Foi realizada uma análise cladística com o intuito de testar o monofiletismo do gênero e construir uma hipótese de relações filogenéticas entre suas espécies. A análise mostrou que o conceito prévio de Heliura era polifilético, o que também se revelou verdadeiro para todos os gêneros estudados que tiveram mais de uma espécie incluída nas análises. Este gênero, como aqui redefinido, é composto por 66 espécies no sensu stricto, dentre as quais 16 são espécies novas, e 76 no sensu lato (incluindo as espécies incertae sedis). Tal rearranjo conta com dois novos sinônimos para Heliura, Ptychotricos Schaus, sin. nov. e Mesocerea Hampson, sin. nov. Todas as espécies que pertencem a Heliura no senso revisado foram redescritas e ilustradas, e tiveram sua distribuição geográfica mapeada. As demais foram realocadas de acordo com o que foi possível apurar a respeito de suas relações filogenéticas. Dentre as que foram realocadas com sucesso, estão Eucereon baleris Dyar, comb. nov. e Pseudaethria cosmosomodes Dognin, comb. nov. Dois gêneros novos são criados para realocar outras espécies que não pertencem a Heliura: Bus, gen. nov. e Dus, gen. nov. Entretanto, não foi possível realocar todas elas, de modo que as demais receberam o status de incertae sedis. Onze novos sinônimos foram descobertos: Heliura cadroe Schaus (= Acridopsis lucis Butler), Pseudaethria cessogae Schaus (= Heliura cosmosomodes Dognin), Pseudohyaleucerea manicorensis Rego Barros & Machado (= Heliura quadriflavata Kaye), Delphyre nilammon Schaus (= Eucereon inconspícua Kaye), Heliura klagesi meridionalis Rothschild, Delphyre lemoulti Draudt (= Neacerea rhodocrypta Druce), Automolis oviplaga Rothschild (= Delphyre subapicalis Dukinfield-Jones), Theages quadricolor Walker, Eucereon quadricolor boreale Rothschild e E. quadricolor meridionale Rothschild (estes três = Chelonia punctata Guérin-Meneville) e Eucereon tigrisoma Rothschild (= Galethalea pica Walker). Outras duas espécies também tratadas aqui em Heliura, H. pierus Cramer e H. dares Cramer, são declaradas species inquirendae. Heliura distincta Rothschild passa a ser conhecida como Heliura rothschildi nom. nov., uma vez que ,Teucer distincta Rothschild, um ano mais antiga, também passa a fazer parte de Heliura. A combinação nova Heliura elongata (Schaus), comb. nov. é mais antiga que H. elongata Rothschild, e, portanto, este último nome passa a ser conhecido como H. umbrimaculodes nom. nov. São apresentadas notas sobre Delphyre Walker e Eucereon Hübner, com a revalidação de alguns de seus sinônimos (Neacerea Druce, gen. revalid. e Erithales Poey, gen. revalid.), além da criação de um gênero novo, Aus, gen. nov., para algumas espécies previamente alocadas em Delphyre. As identidades de Eucereon archias e E. punctatum são discutidas à luz de novas descobertas. Novas combinações são propostas em Galethalea Butler, Pseudohyaleucerea Rego Barros & Machado, Diabaena Felder, Pseudopharus Hampson, Eucereon Hübner e Rhipha Walker. Outras duas espécies novas são descritas, em Delphyre e Erithales. Lectótipos foram designados quando apropriado para todos os nomes descritos ou presumivelmente descritos a partir de mais de um espécime The genus Heliura Butler had 53 names and 40 valid species at the beginning of this study. A cladistic analysis was performed to test its monophyletism, which results showed that it is polyphyletic, as well as all other genera included in the analysis and represented by more than one taxon. Heliura, as defined here, comprises 66 species in its sensu stricto, 16 of which are new, and 76 in its sensu lato (which includes incertae sedis species). This arrangement counts with two new synonyms for Heliura, Ptychotricos Schaus, sin. nov. e Mesocerea Hampson, sin. nov. All the species belonging to Heliura in the sense here defended were redescribed, illustrated and mapped. The other ones were rearranged according to the results obtained at the analysis. Among those successfully placed in genera already described are Eucereon baleris Dyar, comb. nov. and Pseudaethria cosmosomodes Dognin, comb. nov. Two new genera were created to place other species that do not belong in Heliura: Bus, gen. nov. and Dusi, gen. nov. However, it was not possible to place confidently all the species that do not belong in Heliura, and those which phylogenetic positions remain a mistery were given the status of incertae sedis. Eleven new synonyms were discovered: Heliura cadroe Schaus (= Acridopsis lucis Butler), Pseudohyaleucerea manicorensis Rego Barros & Machado (= Heliura quadriflavata Kaye), Delphyre nilammon Schaus (= Eucereon inconspicua Kaye), Heliura klagesi meridionalis Rothschild, Delphyre lemoulti Draudt (= Neacerea rhodocrypta Druce), Automolis oviplaga Rothschild (= Delphyre subapicalis Dukinfield-Jones), Theages quadricolor Walker, Eucereon quadricolor boreale Rothschild e E. quadricolor meridionale Rothschild (these three = Chelonia punctata Guérin-Meneville), and Eucereon tigrisoma Rothschild (= Galethalea pica Walker). Two other species here treated in Heliura were declared species inquirendae: H. Pierus Cramer and H. Dares Cramer. Heliura distinct Rothschild received a new name, Heliura rothschildi, nom. nov., because Teucer distinct Rothschild, which is one year older, is now also part of Heliura. At last, notes on Delphyre Walker and Eucereon Hübner are provided, with the revalidation of some of its synonyms (Neacerea Druce, gen. revalid. and Erithales Poey, gen. revalid.), plus the creation of a new genus, Aus, gen. nov., for some species previously placed in Delphyre. The identities of Eucereon archias and E. Punctatum are discussed based on new evidence. New combinations are proposed in Galethalea Butler, Pseudohyaleucerea Rego Barros & Machado, Diabaena Felder, Pseudopharus Hampson, Eucereon Hübner, and

A subtribo Pericopina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) compreende 37 gêneros com distribuição exclusivamente Neotropical. Estudos acerca da taxonomia e relações filogenéticas para esse grupo são escassos. Entre os gêneros arrolados em Pericopina, Dysschema Hübner, 1818 é o mais especioso. O gênero é representado por 146 nomes válidos e 88 espécies, conta com 12 sinonímias genéricas e não há um consenso sobre o número de espécies que o compõem, uma vez que há suspeita por parte de alguns autores (WATSON & GOODGER 1986; LAMAS & GRADOS 1996) de que alguns nomes atualmente válidos para algumas espécies sejam, de fato, sinonímias. Recentemente Becker (2013) estabeleceu uma série de sinônimos, e o gênero passou a somar 59 espécies. O presente trabalho propõe, através do levantamento de caracteres morfológicos de adultos, analisar as relações filogenéticas de Pericopina e das espécies arroladas em Dysschema, atualizar a distribuição das espécies atualmente arroladas no gênero, além de uma melhor delimitação taxonômica. A análise cladística baseada em 156 caracteres morfológicos não corroborou a monofilia da subtribo Pericopina; o gênero Scearctia Hering se mostrou morfologicamente associado à Lithosiini e o gênero Pteroodes Butler se mostrou morfologicamente associado à Phaegopterina. Esses gêneros são realocados nos grupos supragenéricos anteriormente citados, com os quais mostraram maior afinidade filogenética, como taxonomicamente incertae sedis. Adicionalmente o gênero Seileria Dognin é aqui considerado sinônimo junior subjetivo de Thyrgis Walker A monofilia de Dysschema é corroborada apenas com a inclusão dos gêneros monotípicos Sermyla Walker e Are Walker. São descritas quatro novas espécies em Dysschema, 14 novos sinônimos estabelecidos, nove espécies revalidadas, oito sinônimos revalidados e duas combinações novas. Pericopis thyridia é um nome novo proposto em substituição a Pericopis fenestrata Butler, 1872, homônimo júnior de Coborisa fenestrata Walker, 1855. Para garantir a estabilidade taxonômica dos nomes arrolados em Dysschema foram designados 67 lectótipos e fixados 19 holótipos por evidência de monotipia Pericopina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) comprises 37 genera distributed exclusively in the Neotropical region. Studies on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships for the species included in this group are scarce. Among the genera enrolled in Pericopina, Dysschema Hübner, 1818 is the most specious genus. The genus is represented by 146 valid names and 88 species, Dysschema has 12 generic synonyms and there is no consensus on the number of species that compose it, as it is suspected by some authors (Watson & Goodger 1986; Lamas & Grados1996) based on that currently valid names for some species are, in fact, synonyms. Recently Becker (2013) introduced several synonyms and the genus currently has 59 species . The present study proposes, through a survey of morphological characters of adults, to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of Pericopina and of the species enrolled in Dysschema, to update the distribution of the species currently enrolled in this genus, and a better taxonomic delimitation. A cladistic analysis based on 156 morphological characters did not corroborate the monophyly of Pericopina. Scearctia Hering is morphologicaly associated to the Lithosiini and Pteroodes Butler is morphologicaly associated to the Phaegopterina. These genera are enrroled in the supra-generic groups which their share phylogenetics afinities as taxonomically incertae sedis. Aditionally, Seileria Dognin is a junior subjective synonym of Thyrgis Walker. The monophyly of Dysschema was supported only with the inclusion of the monotypic genera Sermyla Walker and Are Walker. Four new species are described in Dysschema, 14 new synonyms are established, nine species are revalidated, eight synonyms are revalidated and two new combinations are established. Additionally, Pericopis thyridia is a new name proposed to replace the Pericopis fenestrata Butler, 1872, a junior homonym of Coborisa fenestrata Walker, 1855. In order to assure the estability of the names enrroled in Dysschema 67 lectotypes were designated and 19 holotypes were fixed by evidence of monotypy