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Carl D Regillo,1 Lisa M Nijm,2 Diana L Shechtman,3 Peter K Kaiser,4 Paul M Karpecki,5 Edwin H Ryan,6 Michael S Ip,7 Elizabeth Yeu,8 Terry Kim,9 Mohammad R Rafieetary,10 Eric D Donnenfeld11 1Mid Atlantic Retina, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 2Warrenville Eye Care and LASIK Center, Warrenville, IL, USA; 3Eye Centers of South Florida, North Miami Beach, FL, USA; 4Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; 5Kentucky College of Optometry, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY, USA; 6Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, MN, USA; 7Doheny Eye Center UCLA, Pasadena, CA, USA; 8Virginia Eye Consultants, Norfolk, VA, USA; 9Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; 10Charles Retina Institute, Germantown, TN, USA; 11Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island, Garden City, NY, USACorrespondence: Carl D Regillo, Mid Atlantic Retina, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, 840 Walnut St # 1020, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA, Tel +1 (215) 928-3300, Email cregillo@midatlanticretina.comAbstract: Newly approved treatments for patients with geographic atrophy are changing the treatment paradigm, highlighting the need for eye care providers (ECPs) to have a set of recommendations on how to best manage GA patients. Here, we outline how to identify various stages of age-related macular degeneration including geographic atrophy (GA) by examining optimal management scenarios implicating various ECPs and reviewing treatment considerations for patients with GA. Early identification of GA will lead to optimal patient outcomes, while a standardized management scenario will reduce clinical burden among ECPs treating patients with GA.Keywords: age-related macular degeneration, patient care, retina, treatment

Background/aims: With a paradigm shift in geographic atrophy (GA) treatments now available, establishing consensus on the identification and diagnosis of the disease along with considerations for management of patients with GA will assist eye care professionals (ECP) in their day-to-day practices, leading to improved patient outcomes., Methods: A modified Delphi panel process (Geographic Atrophy Management Consensus) consisting of three total surveys and one virtual live meeting held between survey 2 and survey 3. Data were collected from July to October 2022. Participants included expert members of the eye care community that have demonstrated outstanding leadership among peers: a steering committee with three ECPs and a 15-member panel divided between five optometrists, five comprehensive ophthalmologists and five retina specialists. Consensus on statements related to the management of patients with GA was calculated using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method., Results: At the conclusion of the third survey, consensus was reached on 91% of the 77 statements. Critical consensus topics include: (1) optical coherence tomography as the favoured method to diagnose and monitor GA, (2) preferred practice patterns regarding referral of patients to retina specialists and (3) treatment criteria given the advent of emerging therapeutics for GA., Conclusions: Generating awareness of early signs of disease development, progression and identifying the best tools to evaluate GA establishes ideal management and referral strategies. Given the paradigm shift in GA management driven by approved therapies, coupled with the fact that the disease is progressive resulting in devastating vision loss, these strategies are critical to ensure best overall outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: PKK, CDR, YM, EY, TK, NK and MTD have served as consultants for IVERIC bio. CDR and MSI have received research support from IVERIC bio. JS and MRR have served on advisory boards for IVERIC bio., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The objective of this study is to describe the clinical utility and morphologic characteristics of peripheral vitreoretinal interface abnormalities with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A prospective imaging analysis of 43 patients with peripheral vitreoretinal interface abnormalities seen on binocular indirect examination with scleral indentation was done. SD-OCT was evaluated for image quality and structural findings. Laser retinopexy was performed to surround all retinal breaks containing a full-thickness component via SD-OCT. Acceptable image quality for inclusion was obtained in 39/43 (91%) patients. Mean age was 41 ± 22 years, and mean follow-up was 14 ± 1.6 months. Decision to treat was altered following SD-OCT in 5% of the patients. Two cases of previously diagnosed operculated holes were found on SD-OCT to be partial-thickness operculated breaks or focal operculated schisis. Peripheral SD-OCT is a reliable and useful technique to examine the structural features of vitreoretinal interface abnormalities in vivo . This imaging modality is useful in the clinical management of suspected retinal breaks identified with indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS) is a chorioretinal disorder with a distinct fundus appearance that is commonly found in regions endemic for Histoplasma capsulatum. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to OHS is considered one of the principal causes of central vision loss among young adults in endemic areas. Although there is no consensus regarding its pathogenesis, evidence points to Histoplasma capsulatum as the most probable etiology. Once considered an intractable hemorrhagic maculopathy, CNVs are now treatable. Extrafoveal CNVs are successfully treated with laser photocoagulation. Subfoveal and juxtafoveal CNVs are managed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both. Modern imaging technologies such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography have improved our diagnostic abilities, making it easier to monitor disease activity and CNV regression. We review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and current treatment of this disease., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To describe the spectral domain optical coherence tomography characteristics of retained subretinal perfluoro-n-octane (SR-PFO) after vitreoretinal surgery., Methods: Consecutive patients referred for retained SR-PFO after pars plana vitrectomy for retinal detachment were prospectively evaluated with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The clinical findings, fundus autofluorescence, spectral domain optical coherence tomography images, and anatomical outcomes, were reviewed., Results: Three consecutive patients presented to the vitreoretinal service with history of retinal detachment and pervious vitrectomy with intraoperative PFO. Subretinal PFO bubbles were observed on clinical examination and imaging studies, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Case 1 had subfoveal PFO removal and developed a postoperative choroidal neovascular membrane. Case 2 had multiple foci of SR-PFO after giant retinal tear repair. Case 3 had superotemporal SR-PFO that remained stable for several years without migration or other associated pathology., Conclusion: Subretinal PFO appears as a low-reflectance spherical mass, often with a pinpoint focus of hyperreflectance at the apex of the bubble. Optical coherence tomography details beneath subretinal PFO appear relatively hyperreflectant compared to adjacent tissue. Long-term observation revealed preferential absence of the outer retinal layers with no nerve fiber layer erosion, subretinal inflammatory precipitates, or proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Some evidence of retinal pigment epithelial disruption was observed but seemed to remain stable or improve with observation. The authors suggest management involving follow-up with close observation in SR-PFO unless present in the subfoveal region. Choroidal neovascular membrane can occur after SR-PFO removal and may be successfully managed with intravitreal bevacizumab.