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The Cooperative Spectrum sensing model is gaining importance among the cognitive radio network sharing groups. While the crowd-sensing model (technically the cooperative spectrum sensing) model has positive developments, one of the critical challenges plaguing the model is the false or manipulated crowd sensor data, which results in implications for the secondary user’s network. Considering the efficacy of the spectrum sensing by crowd-sensing model, it is vital to address the issues of falsifications and manipulations, by focusing on the conditions of more accurate determination models. Concerning this, a method of avoiding falsified crowd sensors from the process of crowd sensors centric cooperative spectrum sensing has portrayed in this article. The proposal is a protocol that selects affirmed crowd sensor under diversified factors of the decision credibility about spectrum availability. An experimental study is a simulation approach that evincing the competency of the proposal compared to the other contemporary models available in recent literature.

Vitamin C has long been recognized as an essential nutrient for maintaining overall health, and its potential benefits for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have gained considerable attention. This review examines the role of vitamin C as a game-changer in managing patients with T2DM dealing from skin issues. The aim is to explore the existing evidence and shed light on the potential therapeutic effects of vitamin C supplementation. Numerous studies have revealed lower levels of vitamin C among individuals with T2DM, suggesting a possible association with skin complications. The correlation between vitamin C intake and T2DM has been extensively studied, with most research highlighting a strong relationship. While dietary vitamin C intake alone does not entirely account for the decreased levels observed in T2DM patients, the need for vitamin C supplementation in this population has been proposed. This review highlights the potential game-changing role of vitamin C in managing individuals with T2DM and related skin issues. Vitamin C supplementation shows promise in improving skin health, potentially through its involvement in collagen synthesis, antioxidant defense, and wound healing.

Aims: This present study was conceived with two objectives. The first aim of the study is to establish the ultrastructural variation of normal rice grain collected from different market sources. Also, the study is aimed to investigate the fungal (Aspergillus spp.,) infection in stored rice grain and Ultrastructural variation patterns in rice due to fungal infection by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Further, the changes in selected visceral organs (Liver, Kidney and Intestines) of Wistar NIN Rat when they were fed on fungal inoculated rice. Study Design: The study was completed in to the two phases. First Phase: Collection of different rice samples, preparation of contaminated rice inoculated with Aspergillus sp., Ultrastructure analysis of rice samples by using SEM. Second Phase: Animal experiments, Analysis of biochemical estimations in blood serum by spectrophotometer and ultrastructural studies in the selected visceral organs viz., Liver, kidney and intestines of rat by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Histopathological changes by Light microscope in rats fed with inoculated rice powder with Aspergillus spp.,(treated) fungus. Control rats were fed with normal rice powder (control). Place and Duration of the Study: SEM Facility, Extension and Training division ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad. Telangana state, India. Duration from 2013 to 2015. Methodology: Animal experiments with albino white Wistar Rat (Rattus norvigecus) weighing about approximately 120-140 grams of each rat and six (6) of each for treated group and control were taken for experimental purpose. Six rats were fed on inoculated rice with fungus Aspergillus sp., and 6 were fed without fungus inoculated rice for control. These animals were maintained under standard procedure as per the protocol of animal ethics. After 28 days of feeding, all the rats were sacrificed as per the regulations animal ethical guidelines. Tissues like liver, kidney and intestines of rats (treated and control) were processed and examined for histopathological and ultrastructural changes by using light and electron microscope. Blood serum from the treated and control rats were collected and processed for biochemical investigations by spectrophotometer. Results: The hepatocytes in liver of the treatment group rats showed metachromatic granules (cytoplasmic) and nuclear pleomorphism (occurrence of more than one form of glycogen granules) existence in same species of more than one morphological type but it was absent in the control rats’ livers. In electron microscope studies, swollen mitochondria and well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were present in treated group rats as against normal mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in control rats were observed. The kidneys of treatment group showed patch like mononuclear cell infiltrations in the cortex including many apoptotic bodies in between the renal tubules. Intestines of treated group rat showed the damages in the inner walls of intestinal epithelium in between cells. TEM studies showed swollen mitochondria, absorptive cells of epithelium and endoplasmic reticulum tubules were highly expanded in the treated group rat intestines while normal appearance of the intestines with well developed epithelial cells of microvilli was observed in control rats. Conclusion: Improper storage of rice grains in food godowns would cause damage to the rice grains due to fungal infections. Although fungal infected grain apparently normal in appearance, from the food safety point of view the grains are not fit for human consumption. Hence, using SEM in quality control and assurance of food safety of rice grains to assess the quality to declare fitness for human consumption is required at this juncture.

The present study is aimed to study and analyze the true and pseudo Cholinesterase levels in the subjects exposed to pesticides during short term by intentional or accidental intake and long term exposure due to their occupation were studied at Department of Biochemistry, SVS medical college and hospital mahbubnagar district. Whole blood cholinesterase levels and Pseudo cholinesterase levels were estimated. 150 people were taken as controls who had no medical illness and a total number of 300 cases of pesticide poisoning were selected, aged between 20 to 55 years, which consist of 150 acute poisoning and 150 chronic poisoning subjects in Mahbubnagar district, were taken as case study, the detailed case history and the type of organophosphorus pesticide taken were recorded. Mean and standard deviation (S.D) of all variables were calculated and compared with those of controls. Statistical significance was assessed and P-value

Purpose: Consumption of right diet during the adolescent phase is a critical issue among the adolescent population as their eating behavior is significantly influenced by the peers. Therefore, a study was carried out to educate the School going adolescent girls living in urban slums of Hyderabad, Telangana, India on right nutrition. Methods –The study was carried out in two randomly selected government schools after obtaining approval from the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC). About 200 girls each from eighth and ninth standards were recruited as study subjects. The age of the participants ranged from 13-15 years. After obtaining baseline data, intervention was carried out on 8 focal themes related to nutrition, health and family life education, by using well designed educational material. Results: A significant increment in the knowledge levels on all the focal themes was observed among the adolescent girls in the experimental school. After completion of the study, considering the ethical issues, the control group was also given education on 8 focal themes. Conclusions and Implications: It was observed that an integrated approach in communication methods such as combining print media like charts, folders with electronic media, using CD alongside interpersonal communication significantly improved the knowledge levels of these girls on nutrition and family-life education.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major public health problem. The overall ADR rate is estimated to be 6.5 and 28% of these are preventable.ADR incidence in Indian population ranges between 1.8-25% with 8% resulting in hospitalization. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study the pattern of reported adverse drug reactions with reference to specific drug class and organ system in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried to analyse the ADRs reported over a period of one year (January-December 2019). Individual case safety reports (ICSRs) of all patients of suspected adverse drug reactions seen in various out-patient departments and admitted in the wards of the hospital were included in the study. The ICSRs were analysed for patient demography, causality, severity and with reference to specific drug class and organ system.Results: Among 382 reported ADRs, 27.2% of the ADRs were reported as serious. The most common therapeutic class of drugs causing ADRs where Antimicrobial agents (36.07%). The skin is the most common affected organ system (25.39%).Conclusions: A coordinated system of identifying the ADRs early in the course of treatment and recognizing the preventable ADRs is required by the health care system. The coordination of prescribing physicians and pharmacovigilance personnel can produce better trend of reporting the ADRs.

Background: Newspapers are an important form of Mass media which plays significant role in health promotion, and is crucial for social development. Studies revealed that newspaper reports lacked consistency in presenting nutrition research results to the readers. A study was conducted with a hypothesis “Newspapers often highlight nutrition research findings disproportionately in order to draw reader’s attention”. Objective: To assess presentation of nutrition research findings/ outcomes by newspapers as compared to the original research papers on which they are based. Method: The top six popular newspapers in India were selected for the study. A scale was evolved based on 10 parameters for gauging accuracy of the reports. Results: A total of 214 reports were identified as based or claimed on nutrition research in all the above six newspapers. One-fourth of the newspaper reports did not conveyed nutrition research results properly. Few reports were found as contrary to the original findings on which they were based on. Almost one-fifth of the reports have no mention of the source, which denies access to the reader for the original report. Usually, any research or scientific study has its own limitations. But, this vital aspect is missing in the newspapers reports on nutrition research. Conclusions: With emphasis on short, "newsworthy" pieces, the media often only report the results of single studies, and many stories are chosen simply because the results run contrary to current health recommendations. Scientists need to help translate their research for consumers. Key words:, Print media, Nutrition, Research translation, Health communication. Key words: Newspapers, Nutrition, Research translation, Health communication.

Androgens in breast cancer have been studied alone and in correlation with estrogens as estrogen to testosterone ratio. 5-α-reductase is one of the important enzymes participating in androgen metabolism, which affects androgen activity by affecting conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in the SRD5A2 gene (encoding 5-α-reductase) may affect breast cancer risk by affecting total androgen activity. Complete coding region of the SRD5A2 gene was sequenced in a group of 628 patients and 244 control samples from three southern states (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka) of India. We observed three common polymorphisms in this gene; namely, A49T, V89L, and (TA)n repeats. A49T locus was monomorphic in the study population, but V89L showed a strong correlation with breast cancer (P = 0.03, OR = 1.40, CI = 1.02-1.91). (TA)0/(TA)9 and (TA)9/(TA)9 genotypes were at a lower risk of breast cancer (P = 0.01, OR = 0.64, CI = 0.46-0.90). We conclude that SRD5A2 genotypes significantly affect breast cancer risk in the South Indian populations.

Aim: To synthesize a series of novel compounds namely, 4-(3-((substituted)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl-methylsulphonyl)-5-((3,5,6-trichloro-pyridin-2-yl-oxymethyl)-[1,2,4]triazol%u20134%u2013yl-methyl)-morpholine (8a-g) and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Material and Method: The chemical structures of newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis data. Their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococus aureus NCCS 2079, Bacillus Cereus, NCCS 2106, Escherichia coli NCCS 2065, Pseudomanas aeruginos NCCS 2200, Aspergillus niger NCCS 1196 and Candida albicans NCCS 2106 were investigated by employing disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was found out by broth dilution method. Results: Elemental analysis of the compounds indicated that the values found by the experiments were very close to theoretically calculated values. IR and 1H NMR spectral assignments of critical functional groups were indicated in each case. Mass spectral fragmentation confirmed the formation of the final product to be screened for antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of each of the compounds were evaluated and presented. Each member of the series of compounds was found to be active against tested microbes in particular, the derivative %u20188C%u2019 was found exhibit better antimicrobial activity. Discussion: The compounds demonstrated significant antifungal activity once again evidencing the basic trait of 1,2,4-triazoles.

An area-and speed efficient multipliers is proposed in the thesis. the proposed booth and Wallace multipliers shows the tradeoff in the performance evaluation for the fir filter applications. For implementation of fir filter in this paper the adders introduced are carry save adder and carry skip adder. For evaluating the fir filter performance the tested combinations are booth carry save , booth carry skip , Wallace carry save , Wallace carry skip.

Automotive industry uses CAN as the in-vehicle network (IVN) for the engine management, the body electronics like door and roof control, air conditioning, and lightning, as well as for the entertainment control. The American and the Far East passenger car manufacturers have also started implementing CAN-based car automation. CAN networks used in engine management connect several electronic control units (ECUs). Most of the passengers cars are equipped with CAN-based multiplex systems connecting body electronic ECUs. These multiplex networks link door and roof control units as well as lighting control units and seat control units. The different CAN-based IVNs are connected via gateways1. In many system designs, the gateway functionality is implemented in the dashboard. The dashboard itself may equipped with a local CAN network connecting the different displays and instruments.

Mass media should be considered as a tool that may influence behaviour of the community. How far mass media, particularly the print media in India is catering the needs of the readers with health and nutrition information? Is the quantity of the health and nutrition information is same or varies between English and regional newspapers? To answer these ques- tions, a quantitative analysis was conducted on English (The Hindu) and Telugu (Eenadu) newspapers pertaining to nutrition and health messages during the month of February, 2010. The percentage of space occupied by health topics in both the newspapers put together was 2.30%. For nutrition topics even less than 1% space was provided. Indian print media's con- tribution in dissemination of health and nutrition information is meager. Quantity of health and nutrition information catered by regional language daily is less than the English newspaper. Regional language newspaper readers are mostly consist of economically backward and prone to undernutrition. This segment was not supplied with adequate amount of information on nutrition. Regularity to be followed in publishing health and nutrition news in regional newspapers.

Background: Impaired and aberrant wound healing imposes a huge financial burden and places an enormous drain in health care resources in the developed world and an insurmountable problem in the developing countries too. In this study, authors have compared the wound healing effect of topical application of Acacia catechu extract with silver sulfadiazine in excisional wound model in guinea pigs.Methods: Twelve guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups (n=6). The wound healing was observed in excision model. The standard group is treated with silver sulfadiazine (group 1) and the test group with Acacia catechu extract (group 2). The mean wound size expressed in mm2 and the mean percentage of the wound healed was measured on day 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 19. Biopsy was done on day 21 for histopathological examination (HPE).Results: Statistical analysis was done by using unpaired t test for between the groups comparison and by using paired t test for within the group comparison. The mean percentage of the wound healed with-in the groups was found to be statistically highly significant (p value 0.05). A comparable increase in collagen content and granulation tissue was found on HPE in both the groups on day 21.Conclusions: Wound healing effect of the Acacia catechu extract is equal to and comparable with that of silver sulfadiazine.

A study on identification of critical control points in two export processing units indicated the contamination (cfu/g) of raw prawns with pathogenic fecal coliforms was

Whereas much attention is paid to the conservation and management of threatened species of primates, little work is reported on the species that are at lower risk. We report data on demography and population dynamics in commensal bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata radiata) sharing human habitats in Intensive Cultivation, Dry Cultivation and Scrub Forest zones around the city of Mysore, south India. We also compare the data with the previous data collected in 1989 and 1998 on the same groups by our research team. The population has suffered an overall decline of 21.3% (at an intrinsic rate (r) of −0.017) with Dry Cultivation habitat alone recording over 41% decline (r=−0.038) in 14 years. The Dry Cultivation habitat has also shown increased population fragmentation due to increased distance among groups, and decreased numbers of individuals per subpopulation. In Dry Cultivation areas, the number of small groups has been increasing, whereas the number of medium and large groups has been decreasing. We discuss such trends in the context of human-monkey conflict for shared resources. We propose that effective conservation strategies for lower risk species, especially if they are by-and-large commensal, must be planned now before they become threatened. We further propose that Scrub Forests with places of worship, and with the least human-monkey conflict but otherwise close to intensively used human habitats, are the most suitable and stable habitats for conservation of bonnet macaques.

Patients above 65yrs of age often present with multiple diseases requiring treatment with more number of drugs which is referred to as polypharmacy. Due to age related changes in the pharmacokinetic & pharmacodyamic parameters, elderly patients may present with adverse drug events, drug interactions and hospitalization resulting in increased morbidity. The aim of our study is to assess the various causes and effects of multiple medications and find measures to reduce and manage polypharmacy. Materials for this review were gathered from medline database. The causes for polypharmacy include multiple comorbidities, multiple hospital visits, consuming over the counter medications and herbal products. Risk of falls is found to increase with polypharmacy and treatment with cardiovascular and psychoactive drugs. With increase in the number of drugs the risk of adverse drug reactions and drug interactions is more. Increase in the medical expenditure and non adherence with the drugs has been associated with polypharmacy. Hence there is a need to evaluate polypharmacy by following various criteria or tools and manage treating the elderly in an effective manner Key words : polypharmacy, multiple medications, elderly adults, geriatric Language: en

Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumal - An Ancient Industrial Centre in Tamil Nadu

Guttur - An Iron Age Industrial Centre in Dharmapuri District

Technology of Forge Welding Adopted at Mallappadi - An Iron Age Site in Tamil Nadu

Archaeo Metallurgical Study on Select Pallava Coins

We studied the cross-resistance to three highly toxic Bacillus sphaericus strains, IAB-59 (serotype H6), IAB-881 (serotype H3), and IAB-872 (serotype H48), of four colonies of the Culex pipiens complex resistant to B. sphaericus 2362 and 1593, both of which are serotype H5a5b strains. Two field-selected highly resistant colonies originating from India (KOCHI, 17,000-fold resistance) and France (SPHAE, 23,000-fold resistance) and a highly resistant laboratory-selected colony from California (GeoR, 36,000-fold resistance) showed strong cross-resistance to strains IAB-881 and IAB-872 but significantly weaker cross-resistance to IAB-59 (3- to 43-fold resistance). In contrast, a laboratory-selected California colony with low-level resistance (JRMM-R, 5-fold resistance) displayed similar levels of resistance (5- to 10-fold) to all of the B. sphaericus strains tested. Thus, among the mosquitocidal strains of B. sphaericus we identified a strain, IAB-59, which was toxic to several Culex colonies that were highly resistant to commercial strains 2362 and 1593. Our analysis also indicated that strain IAB-59 may possess other larvicidal factors. These results could have important implications for the development of resistance management strategies for area-wide mosquito control programs based on the use of B. sphaericus preparations.

Summary Two series of bis pyrazolones (one with 3-methyl substituent and the other one with 3-amino substituent on the pyrazolone ring) were synthesized by the cyclization reaction between various hydrazides with esters/cyano esters in ethanolic medium. Structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data. These compounds were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The compounds of series 3 with amino substituent demonstrated better activity than the compounds of series 2 with methyl substituent on the pyrazolone ring. Compounds “e, f, c and d” showed higher antimicrobial activity than the compounds “b and a”. The antimicrobial potentials of the synthesized compounds were compared with that of standards.

The m.10398G>A polymorphism in the MT-ND3 gene has been linked to the manifestation of several neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. Several research groups have analyzed the association between m.10398G>A polymorphism and breast cancer; however, the results do not follow a consensus. We have studied this polymorphism in three Dravidian populations from South India. Analysis on 716 cases and 724 controls found no association between m.10398G>A polymorphism and breast cancer [OR = 0.916 (0.743-1.128); P = 0.409]. Menopausal stratification also revealed no significant association in either pre-menopausal or post-menopausal breast cancer groups. In addition, we undertook a meta-analysis on 16 study groups, comprising a total of 7202 cases and 7490 controls. The pooled odds ratio suggested no significant association of m.10398G>A substitution with breast cancer [OR = 1.016 (0.85-1.22); P = 0.86]. In conclusion, there is no evidence of association between m.10398G>A polymorphism and breast cancer risk among South Indian women. Meta-analysis suggested no overall correlation between this polymorphism and breast cancer risk.