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Background: Literature supports that for overall development of mental as well as physical health and academic success, working memory is an important necessity. Low childhood Socioeconomic status (SES) negatively affects the development of cognitive functions. Right nostril yoga breathing(RNB) and alternate nose breathing (ANB) are fairly simple and children can be taught to do this with practice easily. Material and Methods: It was a randomized pre -post study with a total of 48 students (25 boys & 23 girls) in an age group between 10 to 14 years. Each group comprising of 24 students were assigned to do RNB and ANB for 30 days. Model based on The Wechsler Intelligence scale for children in native language was used to test the working memory of the students before and after 30 days intervention. Results: Average age of the students was 13.10 years. Modified B. G. Prasad was used to define socioeconomic status and all fitted in to the Lower Socioeconomic class. There was an improvement in all the three subsets of working memory in the post test score of both the group. Using Cohen's D analysis, the effect size was large for Digi Span Forward with both RNB and ANB intervention (1.12 vs 1.16) Both practices showed a medium effect size on Digi Span Backward assessment (1.41 vs 1.20). In the more complex Letter Number Sequencing assessment, the effect size was larger after practicing ANB and medium after practicing RNB (1.16 vs 0.91). Conclusions: Support in the form of this inexpensive, simple intervention like yogic breathing techniques might help to improve the working memory skills among these impoverished children who have too many environmental and social stressors hampering their cognition.

In December 2019 an outbreak of emerging COVID-19 due to the SARS CoV-2 infection started in Wuhan, China and rapidly spread throughout the world. WHO declared COVID-19 as PANDEMIC on 12th March 2020. Various drugs were introduced to treat and prevent this pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine gained widespread attention due to its antiviral action and inhibitory effect. HCQ was preferred which has antiviral effect similar to that of Chloroquine. ICMR and FDA has advocated their use in severe COVID-19 disease. There are uncertain and limited data to support the beneficial effect of this drug. Our study was aimed to investigate the adverse drug reaction of HCQ given prophylactically for COVID-19 to the health care professional. After taking ethical committee approval, a study was conducted among the health care professional from 1st April 2020 to 31st May 2020. The participants were given an online pretested, validated questionnaire to ascertain the adverse effects while taking HCQ. Due to the nature of COVID-19 and restrictions on personal interview and examination, only online symptom questionnaire for adverse effects was given. 183 participants were involved in the study who were working as a health care professional in COVID-19. Out of these 9 participants were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. 73 adverse drug reaction were found in 56 participants. Most common and frequent side effects were headache, nausea, loose stools and dizziness. Almost 22 participants required some painkillers to treat the adverse effects. Data was entered in MS Excel and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. Almost 32.18% reported adverse effects. So utmost care should be taken before using HCQ prophylactically in health care professionals working in COVID-19. Keywords Adverse Drug Reaction, Preexposure Prophylaxis, COVID 19, Hydroxychloroquine, Health Care Professionals

We successfully synthesized a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives with high yields in our current research study. The synthesis procedure involved condensing Ethyl 3-[[3-amino-4-(treiethylamino) benzoyl] (pyridine-5-yl) amino]-propanoate with various aromatic carboxylic acids, using EDC.HCl and a small amount of DMAP as catalysts. The resulting compounds underwent cyclization through coupling in the presence of acetic acid under reflux conditions. Notably, both the coupling and cyclization reactions were efficiently achieved, with the former occurring at room temperature and the latter at reflux temperature. Our synthesis method is both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. To characterize the synthesized compounds, we employed modern spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The compound 4i shown the most potent in vitro anticancer activity. The compound 4e and 4f were also found to have good in vitro anticancer activity compared to other synthesized compounds. The result of in vitro anticancer activity says that the combination of pyridine, benzimidazole and thiophene ring best apposite for the development of novel anticancer agent. The other derivatives have also shown good activity such as compounds 4b, 4c, 4 h and 4j with electron withdrawing group on phenyl ring.

Background: HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) is a serious global health problem, with estimated more than 550,000 new cases and 300,000 deaths annually. More than 90% of these malignancies are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Patients selected were asked to fill the detailed structured case history proforma and thorough clinical examination, structured, pre-designed, pre-evaluated (UW-QOL) UW Questionnaire version 4 on quality of life (QOL) of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients containing thirteen subjective questionnaires and three global questionnaires. All the patients of OSCC after one month (1 month) of radiation and chemotherapy were assessed for quality of life by questionnaire. Result: Post-treatment QOL assessment of OSCC patients reveals a number of problems such as chewing, swallowing, saliva, lack of activity, and mood disturbances. Preoperative clinical features including tumor site, tumor stage, and extent of mouth opening have a significant impact on post-treatment problems in different ways. Conclusion: The need to balance clinician's need and use of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) data against patient's burden should be considered in the selection process.

A variant of neural network for processing with images is a convolutional neural network (CNN). This type of neural network receives input from an image and extracts features from the image while also providing learnable parameters to effectively do the classification, detection, and many other tasks. In the present work, U-Net convolutional neural network is implemented on Jupyter platform by using Python programming for fracture surface image segmentation in Oil Hardening Non-Shrinking (OHNS) die steel after the machining process. The results showed that the fracture cracks can be validated by testing with higher accuracy. The plot of accuracy vs. number of epochs showed the obtained accuracy score 0f 1.0 which means that 100 % of points were correctly labeled by our implemented algorithm.

Gas sensors that are highly sensitive, stable, and selective are increasingly in demand to detect toxic gases. As a result of the need to monitor concentrations of these gases, humans, animals, and the environment are all protected. Metal ferrites (AFe2O3, where A is a metal) are a major factor in this field. The development of ferrite gas sensors has made remarkable advances in the detection of toxic gases from vehicle exhaust, biological hazards, environmental monitoring, and pollution monitoring over the last decade. It is important for ferrite gas sensors to consider parameters like phase formation, crystallite size, particle size, grain size, dopants, surface area, sensitivity, selectivity, operating temperature, gas concentration, response time, and recovery time. There are various materials for gas sensing use such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), C2H5COOH, oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), chlorine (Cl2), NH3, C4H10, CH3COOH, gasoline, acetylene, petrol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Various methods are used to prepare ferrite gas sensors. Additionally, a brief description is provided of the various methods employed for synthesizing ferrite gas sensors. A comprehensive survey of ferrites as gas sensors, such as nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, and multi-component ferrites, prepared by various methods.

In recent decades due to the emerging use of composites, earlier metallic vessels have moved to composite overwrapped design. Even though the weight reduction is possible over earlier metallic vessels, various factors such as fluid-wall interaction, failure modes and effect of winding pattern in composite overwrapped pressure vessels need to be very seriously considered for getting a successful design. This paper provides a detailed review on various works carried by the researchers to evaluate the performance of composite overwrapped pressure vessels under various design and environmental factors. These variables include the geometry factors (size & shape of dome, length of cylindrical section), design factors (winding angle, winding thickness, thickness of the liner & overwrap, materials for liner & overwrap, interviewing), defects (notches, flaws), loading conditions (internal & external pressure, axial load, torsion, impact, fatigue, vibration) and the performance parameters (burst pressure, fatigue life, failure modes, leaks, deformations).

Advances in biocontrol potentials and fungicide resistance are highly desirable for Trichoderma. Thus, it is profitable to use mutagenic agents to develop superior strains with enhanced biocontrol properties and fungicide tolerance in Trichoderma. This study investigates the N-methyl-n-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) (100 mg/L) induced mutants of Trichoderma asperellum. Six NTG (3 each from 1st & 2nd round) induced mutants were developed and evaluated their biocontrol activities and carbendazim tolerance. Among the mutant N2-3, N2-1, N1 and N2-2 gave the best antagonistic and volatile metabolite activities on inhibition of chickpea F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, B. cinerea and R. bataticola mycelium under in vitro condition. Mutant N2-2 (5626.40 μg/ml) showed the highest EC50 value against carbendazim followed by N2-3 (206.36 μg/ml) and N2-1 (16.41 μg/ml); and succeeded to sporulate even at 2000 μg/ml of carbendazim. The biocontrol activity of N2-2 and N2 with half-dose of carbendazim was evaluated on chickpea dry root rot under controlled environment. Disease reduction and progress of the dry root rot was extremely low in T7 (N2-2 + with half-dose of carbendazim) treatment. Further, carbendazim resistant mutants demonstrated mutation in tub2 gene of β-tubulin family which was suggested through the 37 and 183 residue changes in the superimposed protein structures encoded by tub2 gene in N2 and N2-2 with WT respectively. This study conclusively implies that the enhanced carbendazim tolerance in N2-2 mutant did not affect the mycoparasitism and plant growth activity of Trichoderma. These mutants were as good as the wild-type with respect to all inherent attributes.

A variant of neural network for processing with images is a convolutional neural network (CNN). This type of neural network receives input from an image and extracts features from the image while also providing learnable parameters to effectively do the classification, detection, and many other tasks. In the present work, U-Net convolutional neural network is implemented on Jupyter platform by using Python programming for fracture surface image segmentation in Oil Hardening Non-Shrinking (OHNS) die steel after the machining process. The results showed that the fracture cracks can be validated by testing with higher accuracy.

India emerged as the ninth –largest aviation market globally, with more than 120 operational airports, notably 34 internationally operating, complemented by increasing arguments and counterarguments regarding the aviation's contribution to the climate change. There is an urgent need to assess, investigate and evaluate different airlines operating in India, incorporate various mitigation methods into their business models. This paper classifies and scrutinizes the actions that airlines are implementing and communicating through their websites with respect to their responsibility and their views regarding the environmental implications arising due to the air travels. This paper uses the data available on the internet like the airline's websites, their annual reports and the media through which the airlines communicate. The data is analyszed using frame analysis and by employing the NVivo software, which does a qualitative analysis of various sustainable initiatives adopted by major airlines and characterizes them into several themes. It helps us to identify the areas of aviation where sustainable efforts are being made, as well as how to expand the themes in the coming years to make aviation greener and much more sustainable.

Periapical granulomas (PGs) respond well to endodontic treatment. In case of refractory response to the treatment apicectomy and finally, extraction is the treatment of choice. Herein, we present a case of endodontically failed PG with an excessive amount of Mott cells (MCs). MCs are plasma cells with spherical aggregates in their cytoplasm. The extensive accumulation of MCs in a periapical lesion is hitherto underreported and might elucidate the cause of refractory treatment outcomes of certain periapical lesions. The lesion was diagnosed with immune PG with multiple MCs. To the best of our literature search, there have been only two similar reports till date. Additional case reports and long-term follow-up are necessary to understand the nature and significance of such lesions. This article aspires to further the awareness regarding such unique presentation to aid appropriate diagnosis and also highlights the importance of subjecting apicectomy specimen to histopathological examination.

Abstract Vanadium sulfide (VS2) nanomaterials have been deposited on surface-modified stainless steel mesh (SMSSM) by facial hydrothermal method and subsequent effects of acidic etching on surface morphology and supercapacitive performance of the electrode were studied. The acid etching process improves the coupling interaction between the stainless steel mesh and active materials. The optimized 1% etched SMSSM with VS2 (1%/VS2) loaded electrode reveals the porous fine nanoparticles composed surface nanostructure. The prepared 1%/VS2 electrode exhibited an excellent areal capacitance of 45.83 mF/cm2, which is two times higher than that of a non-etched VS2 loaded electrode. These results showed that the acidic etching process significantly improved the surface nanostructure of the VS2 material that improved the capacitance of the SMSSM substrate.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a method of gene silencing where dsRNA is digested into small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the presence of enzymes. These siRNAs then target homologous mRNA sequences aided by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The mechanism of dsRNA uptake has been well studied and established across many living organisms including insects. In insects, RNAi is a novel and potential tool to develop future pest management means targeting various classes of insects including dipterans, coleopterans, hemipterans, lepidopterans, hymenopterans and isopterans. However, the extent of RNAi in individual class varies due to underlying mechanisms. The present review focuses on three major insect classes viz hemipterans, lepidopterans and coleopterans and the rationale behind this lies in the fact that studies pertaining to RNAi has been extensively performed in these groups. Additionally, these classes harbour major agriculturally important pest species which require due attention. Interestingly, all the three classes exhibit varying levels of RNAi efficiencies with the coleopterans exhibiting maximum response, while hemipterans are relatively inefficient. Lepidopterans on the other hand, show minimum response to RNAi. This has been attributed to many facts and few important being endosomal escape, high activity dsRNA-specific nucleases, and highly alkaline gut environment which renders the dsRNA unstable. Various methods have been established to ensure safe delivery of dsRNA into the biological system of the insect. The most common method for dsRNA administration is supplementing the diet of insects via spraying onto leaves and other commonly eaten parts of the plant. This method is environment-friendly and superior to the hazardous effects of pesticides. Another method involves submergence of root systems in dsRNA solutions and subsequent uptake by the phloem. Additionally, more recent techniques are nanoparticle- and Agrobacterium-mediated delivery systems. However, due to the novelty of these biotechnological methods and recalcitrant nature of certain crops, further optimization is required. This review emphasizes on RNAi developments in agriculturally important insect species and the major hurdles for efficient RNAi in these groups. The review also discusses in detail the development of new techniques to enhance RNAi efficiency using liposomes and nanoparticles, transplastomics, microbial-mediated delivery and chemical methods.

The advancement in technology has attracted researchers to electric discharge machining (EDM) for providing a practical solution for overcoming the limitations of conventional machining. The current study focused on predicting the Material Removal Rate (MRR) using machine learning (ML) approaches. The process parameters considered are namely, workpiece electrical conductivity, gap current, gap voltage, pulse on time and pulse off time. Cryo-treated workpiece viz, Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys, Nickel Copper (NiCu) alloys, and Beryllium copper (BCu) alloys and cryo-treated pure copper as tool electrode was considered. In the present research work, four supervised machine learning regression and three supervised machine learning classification-based algorithms are used for predicting the MRR. Machine learning result showed that gap current, gap voltage and pulse on time are most significant parameters that effected MRR. It is observed from the results that the Gradient boosting regression-based algorithm resulted in the highest coefficient of determination value for predicting MRR while Random Forest classification based resulted in the highest F1-Score for obtaining MRR.

Abstract A simple and efficient protocol for base-mediated selective synthesis of 2-(arylamino)ethanols from primary aromatic amines and 2-aryloxyethanols from phenols, promoted by K2CO3 has been achieved under mild conditions. Even in presence of excess alkyl halide, selective mono-N-alkylation has been achieved. Tolerance of a variety of functional groups is demonstrated by 15 examples of selective N-alkylation of aromatic amines and 19 examples of O-alkylation of phenols. The efficacy of the protocol is demonstrated by the formal synthesis of Ticlopidine­®, Vildagliptin®, Quetiapine®, and Gemfibrozil®.

Cellulose derivatives have gained immense popularity as stabilizers for amorphous solid dispersion owing to their diverse physicochemical properties. More than 20 amorphous solid dispersion-based products that have been approved for marketing consist of cellulose derivatives as stabilizers, thus highlighting their importance in generation of amorphous solid dispersions. These polymers offer numerous advantages like drug solubilization, crystallization inhibition and improvement in release patterns of drugs. Exploring their potential and exploiting their chemistry and pH responsive behaviour have led to the synthesis of new derivatives that has broadened the scope of the use of cellulose derivatives in amorphous formulation development. The present review aims to provide an overview of different mechanisms by which these cellulose derivatives inhibit the crystallization of drugs in the solid state and from supersaturated solution. A summary of different categories of cellulose derivatives along with the newly explored polymers has been provided. A special segment on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis and critical quality attributes (CQAs) which affect the performance of the cellulose based amorphous solid dispersion will aid the researchers in identifying the major challenges in the development of cellulose based solid dispersion and serve as a guide for further formulation development. Keywords: Supersaturation, HPMC, Amorphous form, Crystallization, Polymers

Here we present a case of a 56 year old male with an Ewing-like bilateral retroperitoneal sarcoma with evidence of a EWSR1-POU5F1 fusion gene. Biopsy showed a high grade round cell sarcoma expressing strong membranous CD99 antigen. The tumor shrank considerably after extensive neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy. The resected specimens showed complete regression of the malignant component, with the residual tumor resembling ganglioglioma as well as of differentiated tumors of endoderm and mesoderm. While ganglioneuromatous differentiation of Ewing sarcoma has previously been reported, the other elements are a novel finding and may be attributed to the uncommon fusion transcript identified in this case and to the effect of therapy.

Background: Advent of mobile and internet has been most impor- tant technological advancement of the century. About 60 percent of internet users in India access internet via their smart phones. Objective: To study the pattern of smart phone, internet usage, its perception and addiction among medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional study, conducted among medical stu- dents of Government Medical College, Surat. A semi-structured proforma along with Young's Internet Addiction scale was used. Results: Of 313 participants, 51.4% were male & 48.6% were fe- male. Majority of them were using smart phone. Majority were us- ing internet on smart phone. Social networking (65.2 %) was the most common purpose, 53.7 % using internet for 1 to 3 hours daily. About (48.6 %) felt addicted to internet. Porn was watched by 34.8 % on mobile; while 11.2 % feels addicted to watching porn material. According to Young’s Internet Addiction scale, 59.1 % average online users, 23.3 % less than average online users, 17.3 % possible addict and 0.3 % addicted to internet. Conclusion: Although some participants were using smartphone for academic literature search, majority were using it for social networking. About half of the participants felt addicted to internet.

Hepatic adenoma is a well-defined, benign, solitary tumor of the liver. In individuals with glycogen storage disease I, adenoma tends to occur at a relatively younger age and can be multiple (adenomatosis). Imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosing hepatic adenoma and in differentiating adenoma from other focal hepatic lesions. Especially in patients with von Gierke disease, in addition to the associated hepatomegaly caused by steatohepatitis and the diffusely reduced attenuation of the liver parenchyma seen on CT, there may be more than one hepatic adenoma in up to 40% of patients. Malignant degeneration of hepatic adenoma into hepatocellular carcinoma can occur and hence imaging is important for prompt diagnosis of adenoma and its complications. In this case report, we present a case of liver adenoma diagnosed by CT scan in a patient with von Gierke disease.

This article addresses the environmental aspects of an unorganised textile sector with large-scale employment through a case study of the city of Solapur in the state of Maharashtra, India. Waste generated from the textile sector is causing serious problems such as changes to land and agricultural patterns, air quality, health and biodiversity. The methodology includes qualitative and quantitative data regarding the possible impact on climate, health, agriculture, biodiversity, water, air and soil. A detailed analysis was carried out through an extensive literature review. A possible solution in the form of a sustainable networking model for mitigating change is suggested. The sustainable model with integration of information and communication technology (ICT) will help achieve the desired development goals. The role of ICT is to channelise the supply chain, which can increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector.

Prek študije mesta Solapur v indijski državi Maharaštra se v članku obravnavajo okoljski vidiki neorganizirane tekstilne panoge, ki zaposluje veliko število ljudi. Odpadki, ki jih ustvarja tekstilna panoga, povzročajo spremembe zemljiških in kmetijskih vzorcev, kakovosti zraka in biotske raznovrstnosti ter zdravstvene težave. Uporabljena metodologija vključuje kvalitativne in kvantitativne podatke o mogočem vplivu na podnebje, zdravje, kmetijstvo, biotsko raznovrstnost, vodo, zrak in prst. V okviru raziskave je bila opravljena obsežna podrobna analiza literature in predlagana morebitna rešitev v obliki trajnostnega modela mreženja za blaženje sprememb. Trajnostni model bo z informacijsko in s komunikacijsko tehnologijo (IKT) pomagal doseči želene razvojne cilje. Vloga IKT je usmeriti oskrbovalno verigo, kar lahko poveča učinkovitost in konkurenčnost panoge.

Ectopic cilia is a very rare congenital anomaly. The authors present two cases of posterior ectopic cilia and review the literature. In both cases, the ectopic cilia presented as dark lesions under tarsal conjunctiva. The cilia were present in two tufts in curved manner, adherent to each other without protruding from the conjunctiva and embedded deeply in the posterior tarsal plate. This presentation is considerably different from previously reported cases of posterior variety and represents a distinct clinical entity of ectopic cilia.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling induces tissue pro-inflammatory cytokine release and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We examined the role of TLR4 in autonomic dysfunction and the contribution of ER stress.Our study included animals divided in 6 experimental groups: rats treated with saline (i.v., 0.9%), LPS (i.v., 10mg/kg), VIPER (i.v., 0.1 mg/kg), or 4-PBA (i.p., 10 mg/kg). Two other groups were pretreated either with VIPER (TLR4 viral inhibitory peptide) LPS + VIPER (i.v., 0.1 mg/kg) or 4-Phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) LPS + PBA (i.p., 10 mg/kg). Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were measured in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. AP, HR variability, as well as baroreflex sensitivity (BrS), was determined after LPS or saline treatment for 2 hours. Immunofluorescence staining for NeuN, Ib1a, TLR4 and GRP78 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was performed. TNF-α, TLR4 and GRP78 protein expression in the PVN were evaluated by western blot. Plasma norepinephrine levels were determined by ELISA.Acute LPS treatment increased HR and plasma norepinephrine concentration. It also decreased HR variability and high frequency (HF) components of HR variability, as well BrS. Acute LPS treatment increased TLR4 and TNF-α protein expression in the PVN. These hemodynamic and molecular effects were partially abrogated with TLR4 blocker or ER stress inhibitor pretreatment. In addition, immunofluorescence study showed that TLR4 is co-localized with GRP78in the neurons. Further inhibition of TLR4 or ER stress was able to attenuate the LPS-induced microglia activation.TLR4 signaling promotes autonomic dysfunction, inflammation and microglia activation, through neuronal ER stress, in the PVN.

Background: We aimed to extract the ingredients from leaves of Gossypium hirsutum (Bt cotton) using different solvents and evaluate for potential use to control different larval stages of mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative estimation of ingredients from Go. hirsutum (Bt) plant extract was carried out and their inhibitory action against mosquito larvae was determined using mosquito larvicidal assay. Results: LC50 values of water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts for Ae. aegypti were 211.73±21.49,241.64±19.92, 358.07±32.43, 401.03±36.19 and 232.56±26.00, 298.54±21.78, 366.50±30.59, 387.19±31.82 for 4th instar of An. stephensi, respectively. The water extract displayed lowest LC50 value followed by ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Owing to the comparatively better activity of water extract, its efficacy was further evaluated for mos- quito larvicidal activity, which exhibited LC50 values of 133.95±12.79, 167.65±11.34 against 2nd and 3rd instars of Ae. aegypti and 145.48±11.76, 188.10±12.92 against 2nd and 3rd instars of An. stephensi, respectively. Crude protein from the water extract was precipitated using acetone and tested against 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. It revealed further decrease in LC50 values as 105.72±25.84, 138.23±23.18, 126.19±25.65, 134.04±04 and 137.88±17.59, 154.25±16.98 for 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi, respectively. Conclusion: Leaves extracts of Go. hirsutum (Bt) is potential mosquito larvicide and can be used as a potent alter- native to chemical insecticides in integrated pest management.

This study sought to investigate the effects of physical detraining on blood pressure (BP) and cardiac morphology and function in hypertension, and on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (PICs and AIC) and oxidative stress within the brain of hypertensive rats.Hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by delivering AngiotensinII for 42 days using implanted osmotic minipumps. Rats were randomized into sedentary, trained, and detrained groups. Trained rats underwent moderate-intensity exercise (ExT) for 42 days, whereas, detrained groups underwent 28 days of exercise followed by 14 days of detraining. BP and cardiac function were evaluated by radio-telemetry and echocardiography, respectively. At the end, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was analyzed by Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. ExT in AngII-infused rats caused delayed progression of hypertension, reduced cardiac hypertrophy, and improved diastolic function. These results were associated with significantly reduced PICs, increased AIC (interleukin (IL)-10), and attenuated oxidative stress in the PVN. Detraining did not abolish the exercise-induced attenuation in MAP in hypertensive rats; however, detraining failed to completely preserve exercise-mediated improvement in cardiac hypertrophy and function. Additionally, detraining did not reverse exercise-induced improvement in PICs in the PVN of hypertensive rats; however, the improvements in IL-10 were abolished.These results indicate that although 2 weeks of detraining is not long enough to completely abolish the beneficial effects of regular exercise, continuing cessation of exercise may lead to detrimental effects.