Search

The human body possesses an endogenous regeneration system based on stem cells, which may be found in practically every tissue type. They are classified as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or nonembryonic stem cells (NESCs). Despite its enormous promise, the use of ESCs is presently limited because of ethical and scientific issues. Stem cells have the potential to improve healthcare by using and boosting the body's inherent regenerative capabilities. Although the stem cells offer an enormous promise for tissue regeneration and repair, much more about their biology, administration, and safety must be studied before they may be employed therapeutically. Stem cells and their derivatives will have enormous medical promise in the future. Current animal and laboratory investigations are looking into the viability of bringing stem cell therapy into clinical practice for regeneration in muscular dystrophy, intervertebral disc degeneration, cerebral infarctions, and transplantation medicine. This article delves into the many aspects at play, as well as current situation and possible issues with stem cell treatment in patient care and management (Fig. 1, Ref. 86). Keywords: stem cells, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, stem cell application.

Context: The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a transmembrane protein of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. The expression of ROR1 has been linked to cancers. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the expression of ROR1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Settings and Design: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary referral center for treatment of oral carcinoma from November 2013 to December 2016. Subjects and Methods: One-step quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (30 oral cancer tissues and ten normal oral tissue samples) was performed to characterize the expression of the ROR1 gene in oral cancer. Statistical Analysis Used: Analyses of all tumor samples were carried out at least twice, and the mean value was calculated. The differences in ROR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression between OSCC tissue and nontumorous gingival tissue was statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney U-test. The correlations between the clinicopathological parameters and ROR1 mRNA expression were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test χ2 value. Results: There were 17, 5, 3 and 1 cases of OSCC of buccal mucosa, tongue and lower alveolus lip, respectively. Nearly 88.5% of cases had a history of tobacco consumption. The most common OSCC type was T2N1M0. There was no difference in ROR1 fold change between controls and cases (P = 0.06), but there was a trend for downregulation of ROR1 expression from controls to cases. Subgroup analysis revealed the downregulation of ROR1 expression in controls versus Grade II that was significant (P = 0.04). Conclusions: There was no change in the expression of ROR1 between cases and controls. A study involving a larger sample size needs to be formulated and conducted for investigating the relation between expression and regulation of ROR1 in OSCC.

Background Gastric cancer (GC) is diagnosed at advanced stages and has high mortality rates. Surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy are the main therapeutic approaches for GC. Despite curative resection, recurrence and metastasis contribute to a high mortality rate in patients with GC. The receptor-tyrosine-kinase-like orphan receptors 1/2 (ROR1/2) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. ROR1 and ROR2 are known to overexpress in the tumor tissues from several types of cancer patients. However, the role of RORs in the prognosis has not been understood. Methods This study aimed to determine the association of mRNA expression of ROR1, ROR2, and their signaling components WNT5A, NKX2-1, and FOXF1, with the survival outcome of GC patients. We performed Kaplan-Meir survival analysis on publicly available 'The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)' data sets using 'Kaplan-Meir Plotter.' Results High mRNA expression of ROR1, ROR2, NKX2-1, and FOXF1 was significantly correlated with worse overall survival (OS) of GC patients. Interestingly ROR1 and ROR showed a prognostic role in the intestinal subtype, but not in the diffuse subtype of GC. Furthermore, ROR1 was positively correlated with regulatory T cells and M2-type macrophages and negatively correlated with Th17 and natural killer T cells in the tumor stroma of patients with GC. Conclusion We conclude that the expression of ROR1, ROR2, and their associated genes correlate with worst prognosis of GC patients, particularly in the intestinal type. .

Traditional Medicine (TM) and their secondary metabolites are being increasingly recognized as useful complementary treatments toward the cancer. A large number of clinical studies have reported and proven concern of cancer patients. Here we have also reported recent studies on the biochemical and cellular mechanisms of Traditional Medicine (TM). Nowadays, Chemotherapy and surgery are standard methods for treatment of cancer, but still it’s not been fully successful. Some progress has been made in cancer diagnosis and treatment, but high incidence rate of cancer and low survival rate of patient are still being reported worldwide. Since ancient times, a number of traditional medicines known as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Iranian, Chinese, Korean, acupuncture, Muti, Ifa, and African medicine are widely used for therapeutic purposes and are becoming popular as Traditional Medicine (TM). It has been reported that plants synthesize plethora of “secondary metabolites” or “phytochemicals”, proven to possess anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer properties in many research studies. There are many possibilities for further organized research for screening of medicinal plants for their potential and efficacy against chronic diseases such as a cancer and other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, researcher’s interest should be in identification and standardization of new anti-cancer drug with low side effects and greater efficacy, that is easily acceptable in medical community and which may overcome the challenges in present and future cancer therapy. This review explores therapeutic value of certain bio-active principals of plant which could serve as potential pharmacologically active drug for treatment of cancer in future.

Background: Resistance to treatment represents the ‘big’ problem and the considerable improvement in survival rates still remains a researcher’s dream. Thus, continued research efforts are required to make treatments more personalized, to minimize side effects and improve overall survival and to also have an insight in toxico-genomics. Indeed proof of facts about medicinal plants worldwide and rich Indian medicinal flora, Objective: in the present investigation attempts to evaluate antimicrobials and anticancer therapeutic properties of isolated constituents from Withania somnifera (ASHWANGANDHA) Part Used Leaves, Aegle marmeleos (BEL) Part Used Leaves, Azadirachta indica (NEEM) Part Used Leaves, Ocimum sanctum (TULASI) Part Used Leaves, Method: Hydro alcoholic (1:1) Extracts were evaluated against cancer cell lines i.e. A549 (Lung carcinoma), PA-1 (Ovarian cancer) and MCF-7 (Breast cancer), with standard as Doxorubicin. Moreover the antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and one Gram-negative—Escherichia coli, human pathogenic bacteria; and three fungal strains—Aspergillus niger, Tricoderma viride and Fusarium oxysporum. Result: The results showed significant association of phytochemicals on inhibition of test bacteria and fungi with significant p value p 0.05.

In the present time Natural products are considered to be symbols of protection in comparison to the synthetic product that are regarded as unsafe to human life and environment. Although a large number of synthetic drugs are being added to the world of present pharmacopoeia, but still no system of medicine in the world has been able to solve all the health problems, which include diseases like Cancer. Therefore the search for innovative therapeutic constituents from plants is genuine and urgent. In India, there is an ocean of knowledge about medicinal plants and rich medicinal flora, but still only a few pearls have been searched as therapeutic agents. There are large numbers of original plants left which have not been investigated thoroughly from modern scientific view or their healing values have not been known. Thus there is an insistent need for systematic phytochemical examination of those plants which have not been investigated scientifically. More research can be done to investigate the unknown and unexplored potential of plants. Further analysis of plants (active compounds) can be carried out by way of making use of different analytical methods such as HPTLC, HPLC, NMR and UV spectrophotometer analysis or computer based drug designing.

Optimal use of scarce water resources is the prime objective for water resources development projects in the developing country like India. Optimal releases have been generally expressed as a function of reservoir state variables and hydrologic inputs by a relationship which ultimately allows the policy/water managers to determine the water to be released as a function of available information. Optimal releases were obtained by using optimal control theory with inflow series and revised reservoir characteristics such as elevation area capacity table, zero elevation level as input in this study. Operating rules for reservoir were developed as a function of demand, water level and inflow. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with back propagation algorithm, Fuzzy Logic and decision tree algorithms such as M5 and REPTree were used for deriving the operating rules using the optimal releases for an irrigation and power supply reservoir, located in northern India. It was found that fuzzy logic model performed well compared to other soft computing techniques such as ANN, M5P and REPTree investigated in this study.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most frequent cancer type, with an annual incidence of approximately half a million people worldwide. It has a high recurrence rate and an extremely low survival rate. This is due to limited availability of effective therapies to reduce the rate of recurrence, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of patients with advanced stages of the disease. HNSCC often develops resistance to chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy. Thus, to overcome the problem of drug resistance, there is a need to explore novel drug targets. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in inflammation, tumor progression, and angiogenesis. S1P is synthesized intracellularly by two sphingosine kinases (SphKs). It can be exported to the extracellular space, where it can activate a family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Alternatively, S1P can act as an intracellular second messenger. SphK1 regulates tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance in HNSCC. SphK1 expression is highly elevated in advanced stage HNSCC tumors and correlates with poor survival. In this article, we review current knowledge regarding the role of S1P receptors and enzymes of S1P metabolism in HNSCC carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we summarize the current perspectives on therapeutic approaches for targeting S1P pathway for treating HNSCC.

Heavy-metal pollution represents an important environmental problem due to the toxic effects of metals, and their invasion in to the food chain leads to serious ecological and health problems. Metal remediation through common physico-chemical techniques is expensive and unsuitable in treating large contaminated area effectively. Bioremediation offers a promising means to reclaim such contaminated soil in an economical and eco friendly way. Bioremediation employs microorganisms capable of degrading toxic contaminants or have the ability to accumulate it in their cells. This concentrated end product can afterwards be directed for a controlled way for recovery of metals. In this study Trichoderma viride was used for the removal of heavy metals like Chromium and Cadmium from contaminated soil .The tolerance of Trichoderma viride against the metals was found to be up to 200 ppm and for Cr, 200 ppm for Cd 2+. The parameters affecting the biosorption of heavy metals; such as metal concentration and biomass concentrations have been investigated. The results revealed that tolerance of about 67-82% of Cr and 73-79 % of Cd 2+ was attained at 200ppm concentration. Bioabsorption rate are higher when the cells are in stationary phase. The bioabsorption and the growth of the microorganism in aerated soil were found to be more comparing to non-aerated soil.

At the present time animal cell culture is more significant and multifarious application tool for current research streams. A lot of field assorted from animal cell culture such: stem cell biology, IVF technology, cancer cell biology, monoclonal antibody production, recombinant protein production, gene therapy, vaccine manufacturing, novel drug selection and improvement. In this review conclude animal cell culture as well as its requirements.

Ayurveda is the oldest existing complete medical system in the world. Its origins go back nearly 5000 years. This review make known on some Medicinal plants have therapeutic potential due to the presence of natural antioxidants functioning as reducing agents, free radical scavengers and quenchers of singlet oxygen. Majority of their antioxidant activity is due to bioactive compounds namely, flavones, isoflavones, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins, lignans, catechins and isocatechins. Key words: Few anticancer medicinal plants.

Sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate [S1P] are key regulators of various cellular functions. Sphingolipids mediates of cell-stress responses and regulate mitochondrial function. Ceramide and its metabolites play an important role in the development and progression of mitochondria related disorders. Ceramide functions as an important second messenger in apoptosis signaling and is generated by de novo synthesis, sphingomyelin hydrolysis, or recycling of sphingolipids. S1P, a potent signaling sphingolipid exerts myriads of pathophysiological function, including lymphocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, vascular development and inflammation. This review is focused on the role of signaling sphingolipids, such as S1P, sphingosine, and ceramide-1 phosphate on mitochondrial function, particularly mitochondrial respiratory function, apoptosis and calcium homeostasis. Further, we discuss the role of sphingolipids in mitochondrial diseases and targeting them for drug development. This review article is a part of special issue on Mitochondria: Implications in human health and disease.