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Globally, many individuals struggle with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an unrelenting and incapacitating neurodegenerative condition. Despite notable research endeavors, effective remedies for AD remain constrained, prompting the exploration of innovative therapeutic avenues. Within this context, silica-based nanoplatforms have emerged with pronounced potential due to their unique attributes like expansive surface area, customizable pore dimensions, and compatibility with living systems. These nanoplatforms hold promise as prospective interventions for AD. This assessment provides a comprehensive overview encompassing various forms of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), techniques for formulation, and their applications in biomedicine. A significant feature lies in their ability to precisely guide and control the transport of therapeutic agents to the brain, facilitated by the adaptability of these nanoplatforms as drug carriers. Their utility as tools for early detection and monitoring of AD is investigated. Challenges and prospects associated with harnessing MSNs are studied, underscoring the imperative of stringent safety evaluations and optimization of how they interact with the body. Additionally, the incorporation of multifunctional attributes like imaging and targeting components is emphasized to enhance their efficacy within the intricate milieu of AD. As the battle against the profound repercussions of AD persists, MSNs emerge as a promising avenue with the potential to propel the development of viable therapeutic interventions.

The present review covers the list of approved vaccines available in India, i.e., Covaxin, Covishield, and Sputnik-V. Covaxin's code name is BBV152. Covaxin was prepared by Hyderabad- based Bharat Biotech International Ltd. in collaboration with the National Institute of Virology (NIV) and ICMR. The effectiveness of Covaxin was found to be 78-81%. Covishield, which is available by code name AZD1222, was developed by the SII, Oxford University, and AstraZeneca. Covishield's effectiveness was found to be 90%. The time gap between the two doses of Covaxin and Covishiled is 4-6 weeks and 12-16 weeks, respectively. One more vaccine, i.e., Sputnik V, by the code name rAd26-S and rAd5-S, was developed by Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, which involves an interval gap of 21 days between the two doses. Covaxin releases Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, which is specific to RBD (receptor-binding domain) protein, whereas a high degree of antibody response dissipates on the 28th day of vaccination. The protective efficacy of Sputnik-V was found to be ±92.2% (95% CI ±82.6-92.3), while that of Covishield was found to be ±90 % (95% CI 68.2-98.0±, p = 0.01) 2-standard dose: (61.2%, 95% CI 42.2-76.1±). In the case of Covaxin, the rate of seroconversion was found to be 93.9% (95% CI 85.2-98.2) in the 3-μg group and 97.2% (95% CI 93.1-105.1) in the 6-μg group. No significant difference was observed in local or systemic adverse reactions of the vaccine in the groups of 3 μg and 6 μg. The protective efficacious dose of Covaxin has not yet been identified. The cellular response median SFCs PBPMC of Covishield at the standard dose in the age group of 18-55 years was found to be±1201; 55-70 years: ±758 and ≥75 years: ±975. No significant increase was observed in the per million peripheral mononuclear cells (PBPMC) after administration of the booster dose of Covishield vaccine (p = 0.45 in paired student's t-test on the 28th day vs. the 42nd day). The cellular response to Sputnik V was found to be 100%. Higher levels of T cells CD8+, CD4+ T cells, and IFN- γ secretion were reported in all volunteers who had undergone vaccination. Cell proliferation was found as follows: CD 4+ : +1.5% and CD 8+ : +1.3% in the lyophilized formulation and CD4+ : + 2.6% and CD8+ : +1.5% in the frozen formulation. Antigen-specific IgG geometric mean titer (GMT) levels of Covishield were found to be highest on the 28th day with 160 geometric mean ELISA units (GMEU)., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)