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Abstract Solar collector systems efficiently transform sunlight into energy that may be used to meet various needs. This research aimed to use the Taguchi method to determine the ideal operating parameters for a solar thermal collector with a rectangular spiral absorber. Controllable parameters including mass flow rate, solar radiation, and absorber design were manipulated during the energy recovery process, and features like PV temperature and outlet water temperature were used to assess the system’s effectiveness. The findings indicate that certain criteria significantly affect response indicators. The observed percentage contribution of absorber design, solar radiation, and the mass flow rate was 69.19%, 27.99%, and 2.83% in PV surface temperature. In comparison, the individual percentage contributions were 73.63%, 13.51%, and 10.57% for absorber design, solar radiation and mass flow rate for water output temperatures. The present model’s R2 values for PV and outlet water temperatures are 97.24% and 99.67%, respectively. The Predictive regression model was found in fine harmony and the maximum percentage error is limited to 0.68%. The maximum analytical electrical efficiency was observed with a spiral rectangular absorber of 14.57% at the lowest mass flow rate of 0.04 kg/s at the lowest radiation level of 600 W/m2. In comparison, maximum analytical thermal efficiency was observed with a spiral rectangular thermal absorber of 63.56% at the highest flow rate of 0.06 kg/s and the highest solar radiation level of 1000 W/m2. The analytical and experiment findings were in better agreement in this study, with the highest relative error of 7.52%. According to the study’s findings, the rectangular absorber-based PVT system is at its best at a higher mass flow rate to lower PV temperature and boost thermal energy recovery via water. The present research work can be extended for exergy, environmental, and economic feasibility analysis.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the most common type of Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma with known complications such as bleeding, obstruction and perforation. In this article we present a 59-year-old male patient diagnosed with Peripheral T cell Lymphoma – Not Otherwise Specified (PTCL-NOS) with GI involvement was started on chemotherapy. On day 2 post completion of first cycle of chemotherapy, patient had presented to the emergency department with sudden onset abdominal pain and distension. On evaluation, he was diagnosed with multiple perforations in the small bowel. Patient underwent exploration with primary repair of few perforations and ileal resection with double barrel ileostomy. Chemotherapy plays an important role in the management of NHL. One well-known NHL consequence, intestinal perforation, can happen at the time of initial presentation or after starting chemotherapy. Surgeons should be aware of possibility of such complications and high-risk factors for perforation. At present, there is no role for elective surgery in GI lymphoma and is mainly reserved for complications like uncontrolled bleeding, obstruction or perforation.

Abstract The Mantle Transition Zone (MTZ) beneath the Uttarakhand Himalaya has been modelled using Common Conversion Point (CCP) stacking and depth-migration of radial P-receiver functions. In the Uttarakhand Himalaya region, the depths of the 410-km discontinuity (d410) and the 660-km discontinuity (d660) are estimated to be approximately 406 ± 8 km and 659 ± 10 km, respectively. Additionally, the thickness of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) is modelled to be 255 ± 7 km. The average arrival times for d410 and d660 conversions are (44.47 ± 1.33) s and (71.08 ± 1.29) s, respectively, indicating an undisturbed slightly deeper d410 and a deformed noticeably deeper d660 in the area. The model identifies the characteristics of the d410 and d660 mantle discontinuities beneath the Lesser Himalayan region, revealing a thickening of the MTZ towards northeast, which could be due to gradual cooling or thickening of the Indian lithosphere towards its northern limit. We simulate a low-velocity layer (perhaps partially molten) above the d410 discontinuity at depths of 350 to 385 km, indicating the presence of a hydrated MTZ beneath the area. We also interpret a negative phase at d660 as a low-velocity layer between 590 and 640 km depths, which could be attributed to the accumulation of old subducted oceanic materials or increased water content at the bottom of the MTZ. Our results suggest the presence of residues from paleo-subducted lithospheric slabs in and below the mantle transition zone underlying the Uttarakhand Himalayas.

Abstract We conducted spatial immune tumor microenvironment (iTME) profiling using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of 25 KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including 12 responders and 13 non-responders. An eleven-marker panel (CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, CD68, arginase-1, CD33, HLA-DR, pan-keratin (PanCK), PD-1, and PD-L1) was used to study the tumor and immune cell compositions. Spatial features at single cell level with cellular neighborhoods and fractal analysis were determined. Spatial features and different subgroups of CD68+ cells and FOXP3+ cells being associated with response or resistance to ICIs were also identified. In particular, CD68+ cells, CD33+ and FOXP3+ cells were found to be associated with resistance. Interestingly, there was also significant association between non-nuclear expression of FOXP3 being resistant to ICIs. We identified CD68dim cells in the lung cancer tissues being associated with improved responses, which should be insightful for future studies of tumor immunity.

Summary: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a major regulatory role in TNBC progression and is highly infiltrated by suppressive immune cells that reduce anti-tumor immune activity. Although regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a key TME component, knowledge of their function in TNBC is limited. CD84 is a homophilic adhesion molecule that promotes the survival of blood tumors. In the current study, we followed the role of CD84 in the regulation of the TME in TNBC. We demonstrate that CD84 induces a cascade in Bregs that involves the β-catenin and Tcf4 pathway, which induces the transcription of interleukin-10 by binding to its promoter and the promoter of its regulator, AhR. This leads to the expansion of Bregs, which in turn control the activity of other immune cells and immune suppression. Accordingly, we suggest CD84 as a therapeutic target for breaking immune tolerance in TNBC.

Abstract Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating illness in humans that causes permanent loss of movement or sensation. To treat SCI, exosomes, with their unique benefits, can circumvent limitations through direct stem cell transplantation. Therefore, we utilized Gelfoam encapsulated with exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HucMSC-EX) in a rat SCI model. Methods SCI model was established through hemisection surgery in T9 spinal cord of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Exosome-loaded Gelfoam was implanted into the lesion site. An in vivo uptake assay using labeled exosomes was conducted on day 3 post-implantation. Locomotor functions and gait analyses were assessed using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale and DigiGait Imaging System from weeks 1 to 8. Nociceptive responses were evaluated through von Frey filament and noxious radiant heat tests. The therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms were analyzed using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining at week 8 post-SCI. Results For the in vivo exosome uptake assay, we observed the uptake of labeled exosomes by NeuN+, Iba1+, GFAP+, and OLIG2+ cells around the injured area. Exosome treatment consistently increased the BBB score from 1 to 8 weeks compared with the Gelfoam-saline and SCI control groups. Additionally, exosome treatment significantly improved gait abnormalities including right-to-left hind paw contact area ratio, stance/stride, stride length, stride frequency, and swing duration, validating motor function recovery. Immunostaining and Western blotting revealed high expression of NF200, MBP, GAP43, synaptophysin, and PSD95 in exosome treatment group, indicating the promotion of nerve regeneration, remyelination, and synapse formation. Interestingly, exosome treatment reduced SCI-induced upregulation of GFAP and CSPG. Furthermore, levels of Bax, p75NTR, Iba1, and iNOS were reduced around the injured area, suggesting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Moreover, exosome treatment alleviated SCI-induced pain behaviors and reduced pain-associated proteins (BDNF, TRPV1, and Cav3.2). Exosomal miRNA analysis revealed several promising therapeutic miRNAs. The cell culture study also confirmed the neurotrophic effect of HucMSCs-EX. Conclusion Implantation of HucMSCs-EX-encapsulated Gelfoam improves SCI-induced motor dysfunction and neuropathic pain, possibly through its capabilities in nerve regeneration, remyelination, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Overall, exosomes could serve as a promising therapeutic alternative for SCI treatment.

Background The study summarizes the potential use of immunotherapy for BRAF-mutated papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) by analyzing the immune profile of City of Hope PTC patient samples and comparing them to the thyroid dataset available in the TCGA database.Materials and methods PTC cases with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archived tumor tissue were identified. RNA was extracted from the tumor tissue and analyzed by NanoString to evaluate their immune gene expression profile. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of immune suppressive genes and lymphocytic infiltration into the tumor tissue. Thyroid cancer cell lines (MDA-T32, MDA-T68, MDA-T85, and MDA-T120) were used to determine the correlation between the BRAF inhibition and CD274 expression.Results The study found that PTC cases with BRAF mutations had higher expression of immune checkpoint markers CD274 and CTLA4, as well as higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, particularly CD4+T cells. Additionally, the study identified immunosuppressive markers expressed by tumor cells like CD73, CD276, and CD200 that could be targeted for immunotherapy. Further experiments using PTC cell lines lead to the conclusion that CD274 expression correlates with BRAF activity and that inhibitors of BRAF could potentially be used in combination with immunotherapy to treat PTC.Conclusions These findings suggest that PTC cases with BRAF mutations or high expression may be correlated with an immune hot signature and could benefit from immunotherapeutic strategies.

Argentine ants are a major pest in California. In this study, a biodegradable calcium alginate hydrogel with an aqueous boric acid bait was tested against Argentine ant populations in a citrus orchard and a vineyard. A new continuous method was developed to produce large quantities of hydrogel bait for the field test. Foraging activity levels of ants were compared between baited and untreated zones. For both study sites, four to five monthly bait applications throughout summer provided a greater than 80% reduction in ant activity. Based on spatial analyses by distance indices, the baited areas were characterized by gaps (areas with lower ant counts) and the untreated control zones were characterized by patches (areas with higher ant counts). This indicated area-wide suppression of Argentine ants. For the citrus orchard, post-baiting panel trap monitoring showed reductions of both ants and Asian citrus psyllid in the baited zone compared to the control. For the vineyard, mid-season soil analyses indicated that the impact of boric acid baiting on soil boron concentration was negligible. In sum, the calcium alginate hydrogel bait with boric acid as an active ingredient may provide a promising solution for Argentine ant baiting.

Abstract Background With an increasing burden of stroke, it is essential to minimize the incidence of stroke and improve stroke care by emphasizing areas that bring out the maximum impact. The care situation remains unclear in the absence of a national stroke care registry and a lack of structured hospital-based data monitoring. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the status of stroke care in Nepal and identify areas that need dedicated improvement in stroke care. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all studies on stroke epidemiology or stroke care published between 2000 and 2020 in Nepal. Data analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA-3). Results We identified 2533 studies after database searching, and 55 were included in quantitative and narrative synthesis. All analyses were done in tertiary care settings in densely populated central parts of Nepal. Ischemic stroke was more frequent (70.87%) than hemorrhagic (26.79%), and the mean age of stroke patients was 62,9 years. Mortality occurred in 16.9% (13-21.7%), thrombolysis was performed in 2.39% of patients, and no studies described thrombectomy or stroke unit care. Conclusion The provision of stroke care in Nepal needs to catch up to international standards, and our systematic review demonstrated the need to improve access to quality stroke care. Dedicated studies on establishing stroke care units, prevention, rehabilitation, and studies on lower levels of care or remote regions are required.

Abstract Climate change projections (CCPs) are based on the multimodel means of individual climate model simulations that are assumed to be independent. However, model similarity leads to projections biased toward the largest set of similar models and intermodel uncertainty underestimation. We assessed the influences of similarities in CMIP6 through CMIP3 CCPs. We ascertained model similarity from shared physics/dynamics and initial conditions by comparing simulated spatial temperature and precipitation with the corresponding observed patterns and accounting for intermodel spread relative to the observational uncertainty, which is also critical. After accounting for similarity, the information from 57 CMIP6, 47 CMIP5, and 24 CMIP3 models can be explained by just 11 independent models without significant differences in globally averaged climate change statistics. On average, independent models indicate a lower global-mean temperature rise of 0.25 °C (~0.5 °C–1 °C in some regions) relative to all models by the end of the 21st century under CMIP6’s highest emission scenario.

Abstract Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare small vessel vasculitis predominantly affecting upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys. Unilateral diaphragmatic palsy could be a rare manifestation of GPA. Here we report a case of GPA in a 45-year-old male with unilateral diaphragmatic palsy with pleuropericarditis. Case presentation We report a case of a 45-year-old Khas male who presented with acute onset chest pain and shortness of breath who had elevated right hemidiaphragm, bilateral pleural effusion and pericardial effusion who was later diagnosed as GPA. Conclusions GPA should be suspected in all patients with diaphragmatic palsy and pleuropericarditis with appropriate clinical and laboratory picture.

Segawa syndrome usually manifests as dystonia, disturbance of gait with fatigue, and may be confused with spasticity. Also known as dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD), it should be considered in any child who presents with paroxysmal or progressive hypertonia of unknown etiology, which responds dramatically to levodopa. It is a clinical diagnosis, but the level of pterins in cerebrospinal fluid and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 (GTCH 1) gene mutation testing done by molecular genetic testing are confirmatory. Our case is a 45-year female with a family history of similar illness expressed as autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. She had symptoms onset at an early age of 13 years with features of dystonia of predominantly lower limbs, hence the inability to maintain posture and walk. Dramatic improvement with levodopa but sudden deterioration to dystonia due to noncompliance was evident in our patient with troublesome features of concomitant adjustment disorder during presentation.

BackgroundGlobally, the majority of strokes affect people residing in lower- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but translating evidence-based knowledge into clinical practice in regions with limited healthcare resources remains challenging. As an LMIC in South Asia, stroke care has remained a healthcare problem previously unaddressed at a national scale in Nepal. The Nepal Stroke Project (NSP) aims to improve acute stroke care in the tertiary healthcare sector of Nepal. We hereby describe the methods applied and analyze the barriers and facilitators of the NSP after 18 months.MethodsThe NSP follows a four-tier strategy: (1) quality improvement by training healthcare professionals in tertiary care centers; (2) implementation of in-hospital stroke surveillance and quality monitoring system; (3) raising public awareness of strokes; and (4) collaborating with political stakeholders to facilitate public funding for stroke care. We performed a qualitative, iterative analysis of observational data to analyze the output indicators and identify best practices.ResultsBoth offline and online initiatives were undertaken to address quality improvement and public awareness. More than 1,000 healthcare professionals across nine tertiary care hospitals attended 26 stroke-related workshops conducted by Nepalese and international stroke experts. Monthly webinars were organized, and chat groups were made for better networking and cross-institutional case sharing. Social media-based public awareness campaigns reached more than 3 million individuals. Moreover, live events and other mass media campaigns were instituted. For quality monitoring, the Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q) was introduced. Collaboration with stakeholders (both national and international) has been initiated.DiscussionWe identified six actions that may support the development of tertiary care centers into essential stroke centers in a resource-limited setting. We believe that our experiences will contribute to the body of knowledge on translating evidence into practice in LMICs, although the impact of our results must be verified with process indicators of stroke care.

Summary: The Southeast Asia Region (SEAR) accounts for nearly 50% of the developing world's stroke burden. With various commonalities across its countries concerning health services, user awareness, and healthcare-seeking behavior, SEAR still presents profound diversities in stroke-related services across the continuum of care. This review highlights the numerous systems and challenges in access to stroke care, acute stroke care services, and health care systems, including rehabilitation. The paper has also attempted to compile information on the availability of stroke specialized centers, Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) ready centers, Endovascular therapy (EVT) ready centers, rehabilitation centers, and workforce against a backdrop of each country's population. Lastly, the efforts of WHO (SEARO)-CMCL (World Health Organization-South East Asia region, Christian Medical College & Hospital Ludhiana) collaboration towards improving stroke services and capacity among the SEAR have been described.

Abstract Introduction When we memorize simultaneous items, we not only store information about specific items and/or their locations but also how items are related to each other. Such relational information can be parsed into spatial (spatial configuration) and identity (object configuration) components. Both these configurations are found to support performance during a visual short‐term memory (VSTM) task in young adults. How the VSTM performance of older adults is influenced by object/spatial configuration is less understood, which this study investigated. Methods Twenty‐nine young adults, 29 normally aging older adults, and 20 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) completed two yes–no memory‐recognition experiments for four simultaneously presented items (2.5 s). Test display items were presented either at the same locations as the memory items (Experiment 1) or were globally shifted (Experiment 2). One of the test display items (target) was highlighted with a square box; participants indicated whether this item was shown in the preceding memory display. Both experiments comprised four conditions where nontarget items changed as follows: (i) nontarget items remained the same; (ii) nontarget items were replaced by new items; (iii) nontarget items switched locations; (iv) nontarget items were replaced by square boxes. Results Performance (% correct) in both older groups was significantly reduced than young adults in both experiments and each condition. For the MCI adults, significantly reduced performance (vs. normal older adults) was found only for Experiment 1. Conclusion VSTM for simultaneous items declines significantly in normal aging; the decline is not influenced differently by spatial/object configuration change. The ability of VSTM to differentiate MCI from normal cognitive aging is apparent only where the spatial configuration of stimuli is retained at original locations. Findings are discussed in terms of the reduced ability to inhibit irrelevant items and location priming (by repetition) deficits.

Abstract The earthquake hazard associated with the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) is a critical issue for India and its neighbouring countries in the north. We used data from a dense seismic network in Uttarakhand, India, to model the lateral variations in the depths of MHT (2–6% drop in Vs at 12–21 km depths), Moho (a sharp increase in Vs (by ~ 0.5–0.7 km/s) at 39–50 km depths) and lithosphere (a marked decrease in Vs(~ 1–3%) at 136–178 km depths), across the Himalayan collisional front. Our joint inversion of radial PRFs and group velocity dispersion data of Rayleigh waves detects three NNE trending transverse lithospheric blocks segmenting the lithosphere in Uttarakhand Himalaya, which spatially correlate well with the northward extension of the Delhi -Haridwar Indian basement ridge, an inferred tectonic boundary and great boundary fault, respectively. Our radial receiver function imaging detects highly deformed and segmented crustal and lithospheric structures associated with three mapped transverse lithospheric blocks, suggesting a reduction in rupture lengths of future earthquakes, thereby, reducing earthquake hazards in Uttarakhand.

Introduction: Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing gram negative bacilli has emerged and spread worldwide as an important cause of urinary tract infections and indicates a major threat. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram negative bacterial uropathogens among females in a tertiary level hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences, Pokhara from February to November, 2019. A total number of 301 midstream urine samples were collected and examined using MacConkey agar and blood agar medium. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 301 mid-stream urine samples, 99(33%) sample showed significant bacterial growth. Among them, 78(79%) were gram negative bacteria. Escherichia coli were the predominant organism. Multidrug resistant gram negative isolates were 65.4%. Among 78 Gram negative isolates, 31(39.7%) were extended spectrum β-lactamase producers. Among extended spectrum β-lactamase producers, 27(87.1%) were MDR. Highest frequency of extended spectrum β-lactamases production was seen in E. coli, 23(74.2%). Majority of gram negative bacteria showed susceptibility toward colistin and nitrofurantoin. Ampicillin was found to be highly resistant towards gram negative uropathogen. Conclusions: This study found that higher proportion of multi-drug resistants were among gram negative isolates and further more among extended spectrum β-lactamase producing gram negative isolates. Thus, there is urgent need to address the issue of antimicrobial resistant and promote rational use of the antibiotics in our region.

In this study, chopping board meat samples collected from meat shops of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, were screened for the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), with a special emphasis on the identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. Representatives from the meat shops were also interviewed to understand the sanitary status and hygienic practices. E. coli bacteria were detected in one third (33/99) of the meat samples, while none of the samples had ESBL-producing strains. While 60.6% (60/99) of the meat shop personnel wore protective clothing, 15.15% (15/99) used gloves, and only 5.05% (5/99) had separate equipment for cleaning the viscera of animals. This study highlights the need for the regular screening of meat samples to identify pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and for improvements in the sanitary status and hygienic practices of retail meat shops in Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal.

Abstract Background The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been continuously increasing, and this trend is projected to continue. CVD is rapidly becoming a significant public health issue. Every year there is a spike in hospital cases of CVD, a critical health concern in lower- and middle-income countries. Based on identification of novel biomarkers, it would be necessary to study and evaluate the diagnostic requirements or CVD to expedite early detection. Main body The literature review was written using a wide range of sources, such as well-known medical journals, electronic databases, manuscripts, texts, and other writings from the university library. After that, we analysed the specific markers of CVD and compiled a systematic review. A growing body of clinical research aims to identify people who are at risk for cardiovascular disease by looking for biomolecules. A small number of biomarkers have been shown to be useful and reliable in medicine. Biomarkers can be used for a variety of clinical applications, such as predicting heart disease risk, diagnosing disease, or predicting outcomes. As a result of the ability for a single molecule to act as a biomarker, its usefulness in medicine is expected to increase significantly. Conclusions Based on assessing the current trends in the application of CVD markers, we discussed and described the requirements for the application of CVD biomarkers in coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other cardiovascular illnesses. Furthermore, the current review focuses on biomarkers for CVD and the procedures that should be considered to establish the comprehensive nature of the expression of biomarkers for cardiovascular illness.

Key Clinical Message Disseminated tuberculosis (TB) resulting from lymphohematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during primary infection or reactivation of latent disease is rare among young immunocompetent patients. Central nervous system TB (CNS TB) is one of the most challenging clinical diagnoses with high fatality. Here, we describe a young immunocompetent female with no known comorbidities initially presented with military pulmonary TB and later developed CNS TB. This presentation of disseminated TB in immunocompetent patient warrant early diagnosis and treatment.

The forest products industries play a vital role in the economic, social, and environmental well-being of the Lake States in the United States. While various economic contribution analyses of forest products industries have been conducted to highlight the importance of such industries to regional economies, little effort has yet been made to parse out the contribution of activities in the value chain. The value chain is a series of steps involved in producing goods or services. This study used a matrix decomposition approach to estimate the economic contribution along the value chain through multiple pathways of four forest resource-based industries using wood as inputs: biomass power generation, sawmills, paper mills, and the construction of new single-family residential structures in the Lake States. The direct and indirect economic output values in 2017 resulting from the construction of new single-family residential structures were $19.1 billion, sawmills were $2.5 billion, paper mills were $17.6 billion, and the biomass power generation industry was $759 million. Of the direct and indirect economic output contributed by each industry, the highest percentage of output attributable to the logging industry was observed from the sawmills industry (12%), followed by biomass power generation (9%), paper mills (1.4%), and the construction of new single-family residential structures (

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of invasive cervical cancer (ICC). The prevalence of various HPV genotypes, ranging from oncogenically low- to high-risk, may be influenced by geographic and demographic factors, which could have critical implications for the screening and prevention of HPV infection and ICC incidence. However, many technical factors may influence the identification of high-risk genotypes associated with ICC in different populations. Methods We used high-throughput sequencing of a single amplicon within the HPV L1 gene to assess the influence of patient age, race/ethnicity, histological subtype, sample type, collection date, experimental factors, and computational parameters on the prevalence of HPV genotypes detected in archived DNA (n = 34), frozen tissue (n = 44), and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue (n = 57) samples collected in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Results We found that the percentage of off-target human reads and the concentration of DNA amplified from each sample varied by HPV genotype and by archive type. After accounting for the percentage of human reads and excluding samples with especially low levels of amplified DNA, the HPV prevalence was 95% across all ICC samples: HPV16 was the most common genotype (in 56% of all ICC samples), followed by HPV18 (in 21%). Depending upon the genotyping parameters, the prevalence of HPV58 varied up to twofold in our cohort. In archived DNA and frozen tissue samples, we detected previously established differences in HPV16 and HPV18 frequencies based on histological subtype, but we could not reproduce those findings using our FFPE samples. Conclusions In this pilot study, we demonstrate that sample collection, preparation, and analysis methods can influence the detection of certain HPV genotypes and must be carefully considered when drawing any biological conclusions based on HPV genotyping data from ICC samples.

Abstract With rising demand for wood pellets from the US Southeast (US SE), the environmental limits to additional biomass demand are increasingly questioned. This study analyses the impact of increased pellet production in the US SE until 2030 on feedstock allocation, carbon flux in forest areas and costs of pre‐treatment and transport of feedstock and pellets. This by linking locations of forest biomass supply and demand through supply‐side logistics, allocating feedstock based on lowest costs of pre‐treatment, transport of feedstock and pellets, for the entire wood products sector. The impact is analysed for different scenarios with varied pellet production levels, additional inclusion of logging residues and optimization either on costs or on maintaining total carbon stock in sourcing areas of new pellet mills. In a scenario of 20 Mt pellet production, the roundwood share increases from 0% in 2020 to 37% pulplogs and 11% sawlogs in 2030. Costs increase with 57% towards 2030 compared to 2020, largely because of higher costs for pulplogs and sawlogs. In a scenario without pellet production, forest carbon removal in the US SE is 3 Mt CO2/year lower than in 2020. In the Reference scenario, additional carbon removal of 6, 21 and 38 Mt CO2/year is observed for 10, 20 and 30 Mt pellet production, respectively. In all cases, the forests of the US SE remain a net sink until 2030. The impact of a selection criteria for new pellet mill locations based on keeping local growth/drain ratios above 1 in sourcing areas is small since this mostly results in displacement of impacts and does not affect the total feedstock availability. Additional mobilization of logging residues is a key strategy to reduce carbon impacts, resulting in a smaller additional flux of 2, 11 and 29 Mt CO2/year for 10–30 Mt pellet production.

Pressure assisted casting of advanced ceramics is an emerging preparation technique as it permits using a colloidal slips in shaping under pressure. Application of pressure provides flexibility in forming of complex shapes in combination with high homogeneity, superior green density, strength and high productivity. Current study compares conventional slip casting (CSC), pressure slip casting (PSC) and cold isostatic pressing (CIP) used for preparation of alumina green bodies. Since particle size is a limitation in PSC process due to the defined pore size of the mould, the same starting alumina powder obtained by mixing of powders with two different average particle size (7 μm and 1.43 μm) in the proportion of 65:35 was employed in all three processes. Green densities of 65%TD at 35 bar in case of PSC and 66%TD at 1200 bar after CIP were obtained; however, density of the CSC samples was only 50%TD. Flexural strength and fractographic studies were carried out and correlated with the respective processes. The samples were also sintered at 1600 °C to evaluate their sinterability.

The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-diabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The methanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera, Catharanthus roseus and Momordica charantia were used in 3:1:1 w/w/w ratio for polyherbal formulation (PHF) preparation. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (GI, GII, GIII, T1 and T2) based on body weight. The high fat diet treated rats of four groups (GII, GIII, T1 and T2) were injected with 45 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin intra peritoneally to induce diabetes. Rats of group GI, GII were kept as normal and diabetic control respectively and GIII as standard control, were administrated with glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg, orally for 60 days); and group T1 and T2 were administered with PHF daily at a dose of 375 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg body weight respectively for a period of 60 days. Administration of PHF showed dose dependent reduction in the blood glucose level on 30th and 60th days, which was comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide. Significant decrease in body weight and increase in serum glucose level were observed in diabetic control, which was partially restored upon administration of PHF. Altered biochemical enzymes like AST, ALT and antioxidant enzymes (SOD) were normalized by administration of PHF in diabetic rats. Also, mean values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLcholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in rats treated with PHF were restored. The study indicated that PHF at higher dose showed significant decline (p

Lakes and rivers are important sources of potable water in many countries, but taste-and-odour compounds (T&O) such as geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) may affect the aesthetic water quality and require high-cost treatment. In this study, we compared changes in T&O concentrations (GSM and 2-MIB) and the microbial community at seven sites along the subtropical Brisbane River, which is the main source of potable water to the city of Brisbane. GSM and 2-MIB had distinctly different spatial patterns. Concentrations of 2-MIB entering the river appeared to be sourced from the upstream Lake Wivenhoe reservoir. Several Oscillatoriales species (filamentous cyanobacteria) were identified as a possible source of 2-MIB in the lake. However, concentrations of both compounds were also observed to increase along the upper reaches of the river at different times when there were no inputs from tributaries, implying in-river production. 2-MIB and GSM concentrations in the river were correlated with the abundance of several actinobacteria species in the water column. Concentrations of 2-MIB and GSM decreased downstream, at times, with this decrease more likely to occur in the lower reaches of the river. Concentrations were typically close to analytical detection levels (2 ng L−1) at the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) 60 km downstream of the reservoir. These findings suggest that both cyanobacteria and non-photosynthetic bacteria are important in controlling 2-MIB and GSM concentrations in the river, but water depth and release from sediments may also affect riverine concentrations of T&Os. Different strategies may be required for predicting and managing each compound in rivers.

In this paper, the study is supported by design, FEA simulation, and practical RF measurements on fabricated single-port-cavity-based acoustic resonator for gas sensing applications. In the FEA simulation, frequency domain analysis was performed to enhance the performance of the acoustic resonator. The structural and surface morphologies of the deposited ZnO as a piezoelectric layer have been studied using XRD and AFM. The XRD pattern of deposited bulk ZnO film indicates the perfect single crystalline nature of the film with dominant phase (002) at 2θ = 34.58°. The AFM micrograph indicates that deposited piezoelectric film has a very smooth surface and small grain size. In the fabrication process, use of bulk micro machined oxide (SiO2) for the production of a thin membrane as a support layer is adopted. A vector network analyzer (Model MS2028C, Anritsu) was used to measure the radio frequency response of the resonators from 1 GHz to 2.5 GHz. As a result, we have successfully fabricated an acoustic resonator operating at 1.84 GHz with a quality factor Q of 214 and an effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of 10.57%.

BackgroundStroke is a major global health problem and was the second leading cause of death worldwide in 2020. However, the lack of public stroke awareness especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nepal severely hinders the effective provision of stroke care. Efficient and cost-effective strategies to raise stroke awareness in LMICs are still lacking. This study aims to (a) explore the feasibility of a social media-based stroke awareness campaign in Nepal using a cost-benefit analysis and (b) identify best practices for social media health education campaigns.MethodsWe performed a stroke awareness campaign over a period of 6 months as part of a Stroke Project in Nepal on four social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok) with organic traffic and paid advertisements. Adapted material based on the World Stroke Day Campaign and specifically created videos for TikTok were used. Performance of the campaign was analyzed with established quantitative social media metrics (impressions, reach, engagement, costs).ResultsCampaign posts were displayed 7.5 million times to users in Nepal. 2.5 million individual social media users in Nepal were exposed to the campaign on average three times, which equals 8.6% of Nepal's total population. Of those, 250,000 users actively engaged with the posts. Paid advertisement on Facebook and Instagram proved to be more effective in terms of reach and cost than organic traffic. The total campaign cost was low with a "Cost to reach 1,000 users" of 0.24 EUR and a "Cost Per Click" of 0.01 EUR.DiscussionSocial media-based campaigns using paid advertisement provide a feasible and, compared to classical mass medias, a very cost-effective approach to inform large parts of the population about stroke awareness in LMICs. Future research needs to further analyze the impact of social media campaigns on stroke knowledge.

Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated gene 5 (Anti-MDA-5) dermatomyositis is a rare subtype of inflammatory myopathy characterized by unique skin lesions, rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease, and skeletal muscle inflammation. It has a high mortality rate in the absence of early treatment. However, diagnosis of this entity is challenging in a country like Nepal because of various constraints such as lack of expert rheumatologists and resource limitations. Here we describe a case of one patient who had presented to us with generalized weakness, cough and shortness of breath who was finally diagnosed as anti-MDA-5 dermatomyositis. He responded to combination of immunosuppressives and is currently doing well. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in managing such cases in a resource-limited setting.

Abstract Benedikt syndrome is a rare neurological disorder of the midbrain. Herein, we present a case of Benedikt syndrome, who presented with left‐sided body weakness, right oculomotor nerve palsy, cerebellar ataxia, and Holmes tremor in the left upper limb following midbrain infarction. She was treated with aspirin, clopidogrel, and amiodarone.

Abstract The presence of multiple tracheal and bronchial diverticula is a rare condition. We present a case of a 22‐years old non‐smoker male with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, having multiple tracheal and bronchial diverticula along with other common sequelae such as stenosed and collapsed upper lobe bronchi.

Pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a commonly farmed fish in ponds in Bangladesh but its yellow flesh color creates a barrier for export. Here, we investigated if feed ingredients and environmental parameters might impact yellow tainting of the flesh. In experimental feeds, maize (a typical ingredient in commercial feeds) was replaced by soybean meal, and frequent exchange of pond water was introduced. Chemical analyses showed that the commercial feed was high in carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene; 18.8 mg/kg) as compared to the experimental feeds (≤1 mg carotenoids/kg). After feeding the fish commercial and experimental feeds for 9 months, the content of total carotenoids in the flesh was reduced by 48% to 64% and visual yellowness by up to 47% by the experimental feeds. Weekly or biweekly water exchange in combination with the experimental feeds further reduced the yellow coloration to 22% relative to fish given commercial feed and without water exchange. Our study demonstrates that pangasius with white flesh can be produced in Bangladesh by combining feeds low in pigments with frequent water exchange.

Abstract Background/Aim People with diabetes are at a greater risk of serious complications from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Self-management of diabetes is therefore of paramount importance. The purpose of this study is to compare self-management of diabetes pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods 679 participants with diabetes completed an online structured questionnaire survey. Various exposure variables (demographics, duration, treatment and complications of diabetes, self-isolation, etc.) were analysed to examine associations with the following outcome variables: (i) fluctuation of blood glucose levels, (ii) access to diabetes medicine, (iii) access to healthy diet, (iv) physical activity. Adjusted multiple regression analysis ascertained significant associations for each outcome variable against exposure variables. Results Multiple regression analysis showed that self-isolation was significantly associated with greater fluctuation in blood glucose levels (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2–2.6, p = 0.005), reduced access to diabetes medicine (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.1, p = 0.02) and reduced access to healthy diet (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 2.0–4.6, p