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Objetivo: Estimar las brechas en lactancia materna (LM) en México para alcanzar las metas del objetivo global de nutrición sobre LM al 2030 (OGN 2030) y emitir recomendaciones de política pública. Material y métodos. Se utilizó información de mujeres (12-59 años) y sus hijos/as <24 meses de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2021 a 2023 para la estimación de indicadores de LM de acuerdo con variables sociodemográficas. Se estimaron las brechas en LM para alcanzar las metas del OGN 2030 vs. las tendencias nacionales, considerando la efectividad de intervenciones en contextos similares a México., Resultados: La prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) en niños/as <6 meses es de 34.2%, mientras que la de LM continuada a los dos años es de 43%; éstas son más bajas entre mujeres con menor paridad y con empleo remunerado y más altas entre mujeres que recibieron información sobre LM en el embarazo o consulta. Se estima alcanzar 42.5% de LME para 2030 con la tendencia actual, no obstante, la meta OGN 2030 de 70% sólo se logrará si se capacita al personal de salud y comunitario en consejería en LM, se fortalece la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo del Niño y la Niña, hay cumplimiento del Código Internacional de Comercialización de Sucedáneos de la Leche Materna y si se extiende la licencia de maternidad pagada en México., Conclusiones: Se requiere un fuerte compromiso para implementar políticas y acciones integrales en distintos sectores que permitan alcanzar las metas de LM del OGN 2030 en México.

Background: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes may modify dietary fatty acid requirements and influence cardiometabolic health (CMH)., Objectives: We evaluated the role of selected variants in maternal and offspring FADS genes on offspring CMH at the age of 11 y and assessed interactions of genotype with diet quality and prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation., Methods: We used data from offspring (n = 203) born to females who participated in a randomized controlled trial of DHA supplementation (400 mg/d) from midgestation to delivery. We generated a metabolic syndrome (MetS) score from body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose and identified 6 distinct haplotypes from 5 offspring FADS SNPs. Dietary n-6 (ω-6):n-3 fatty acid ratios were derived from 24-h recall data (n = 141). We used generalized linear models to test associations of offspring diet and FADS haplotypes with MetS score and interactions of maternal and offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with prenatal treatment group and dietary n-6:n-3 ratio on MetS score., Results: Associations between FADS haplotypes and MetS score were null. Offspring SNP rs174602 did not modify the association of prenatal DHA supplementation with MetS score. Among children with TT or TC genotype for SNP rs174602 (n = 88), those in the highest n-6:n-3 ratio tertile (>8.61) had higher MetS score relative to the lowest tertile [<6.67) (Δ= 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.69]. Among children with CC genotype (n = 53), those in the highest n-6:n-3 ratio tertile had a lower MetS score relative to the lowest tertile (Δ= -0.23; 95% CI: -0.61, 0.16)., Conclusions: There was evidence of an interaction of offspring FADS SNP rs174602 with current dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, but not with prenatal DHA supplementation, on MetS score. Further studies may help to determine the utility of targeted supplementation strategies and dietary recommendations based on genetic profile., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To estimate usual intake and the prevalence of excessive intake (PE) and insufficient intake (PI) of trans fatty acids (FAs) and other dietary FAs in the Mexican adult population in 2012 and 2016, and to compare these time points., Materials and Methods: Data were collected through dietary recall using the five-step multiple-pass method of the 2012 and 2016 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys. Prevalences were estimated using the Iowa State University method. Linear and logistic regressions were used for analytic comparisons., Results: Both in 2012 and 2016, we observed high PE in trans FA, saturated FA, and total fat. High PI was found for polyunsaturated FA, omega 6, omega 3, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) + Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). In 2016, PE was lower in trans FAs (29.1 vs. 38.4%), total fat (14.9 vs. 17.8%), saturated FAs (45.6 vs. 54.6%). PI was also lower in omega 3 FA (90.7 vs. 92.8%), omega 6 FA (39.8 vs. 62.2%), and EPA + DHA FA (96.3 vs. 99.6%; p<0.05) (p<0.05) vs 2012., Conclusion: Mexican adults showed notably high PE in trans FA, saturated FA, and total fat, as well as high PI in polynsaturated FA, omega 6, omega 3, and EPA. Given the associated health risks, it is critical to implement nutrition policies that regulate trans and saturated FAs in Mexico and faciliate improved dietary quality towards more polyunsaturated and omega 3 FAs, and less trans and saturated FAs.

Objective: To investigate the longitudinal association between breastfeeding duration and cardiometabolic health, using repeated measures study design among children and adolescents., Study Design: This study included 634 offsprings aged 10 to 21 years (52% female) from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants birth cohort followed up to four time points during adolescence. Breastfeeding duration was prospectively quantified using questionnaires during early childhood. Cardiometabolic risk factors, body composition, and weight-related biomarkers were assessed as outcomes during adolescent follow-up visits. Sex-stratified linear mixed-effects models were used to model the association between quartiles of breastfeeding duration and outcomes, adjusting for age and additional covariates., Results: Median breastfeeding duration was 7 months (minimum = 0, maximum = 36). Boys in the second quartile (median breastfeeding = 5 months) had lower total fat mass % (β (SE) -3.2 (1.5) P = .037), and higher lean mass % (3.1 (1.6) P = .049) and skeletal muscle mass % (1.8 (0.8) P = .031) compared with the reference group (median breastfeeding = 2 months). A positive linear trend between breastfeeding duration and trunk lean mass % (0.1 (0.04) P = .035) was found among girls. No association was found with other cardiometabolic indicators., Conclusion: Despite sex-specific associations of breastfeeding duration with body composition, there was a lack of substantial evidence for the protective effects of breastfeeding against impaired cardiometabolic health during adolescence among Mexican youth. Further longitudinal studies with a robust assessment of breastfeeding are recommended., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest This study was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (RD83480019, RD83543601) and the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (P20 ES018171, P01 ES02284401), including funding for research staff, study design, recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. Research staff were also supported and partially funded by the National Institute of Public Health/Ministry of Health of Mexico. The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Instruments for estimating the intake of food components can be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases related to improper diet. There is, at present, no scientifically validated instrument for estimating consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) in the Mexican population. The objective of this study was to design and validate such an instrument: a questionnaire that can be used to estimate consumption of TFA from food products. The questionnaire was applied to 162 students from the Autonomous University of Querétaro (UAQ). There were two phases to the study: (1) design of a food frequency questionnaire to assess consumption of trans fatty acids (FFQ-TFA) and an eating practices questionnaire (EPQ-TFA); (2) validation of the instrument. Content validity was measured by expert review and by Aiken's V method, obtaining an overall score of 0.895. As final tests for the FFQ-TFA analysis, criterion validity was measured using Spearman's correlation (r = 0.717, p < 0.01) and a linear regression (B = 0.668), considering the results of the 24-h dietary recall (24 HR); and reproducibility or temporal stability was measured using Pearson's correlation (r = 0.406, p < 0.01). Subsequently, a Pearson correlation was applied between TFA consumption estimated by the FFQ-TFA-2 and the global score from the EPQ-TFA-2 (r = 0.351, p < 0.01). A Pearson correlation was applied between the EPQ-TFA-1 and the EPQ-TFA-2 (r = 0.575, p < 0.01). TFA consumption per day was 2.49 ± 1.32 g in the participating population, which was 1.04 ± 0.51% of their total kcal consumption.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of Vitamin A and C and folic acid deficiencies and their association with sociodemographic and dietary factors in a national probabilistic sample of Mexican women and children., Material and Methods: This is a probabilistic sample from the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (ENN-99) including 1,966 children and 920 women. Vitamins A and C were measured in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography, and folic acid in total blood by a microbiological method. Determinants for such deficiencies were explored by multiple regression models., Results: Vitamin A deficiency (retinol < 10 micrograms/dl) was rare in both children and women. But subclinical deficiency (retinol > 10 and < 20 micrograms/dl) was present in 25% of children. The likelihood of subclinical deficiency of vitamin A was less in older children (OR = 0.98, p = 0.01) and in women with higher body mass index (OR = 0.93, p = 0.01). About 30% of children < 2 years of age and 40% of women were vitamin C deficient. The likelihood of vitamin C deficiency was less in children and women as socioeconomic level increased (OR = 0.69, p = 0.03, and OR = 0.80, p = 0.04), and higher in older women (OR = 1.02, p = 0.05). The prevalence of folate deficiency varied in children (2.3 to 11.2), in women it was 5%. Folate deficiency was less in children of higher socioeconomic level (OR = 0.62, p = 0.01), and in those eating more vegetables (OR = 0.22, p = 0.01)., Conclusions: The high prevalence of subclinical deficiency of vitamin A in children is indicative of risk of further deterioration under adverse circumstances. Vitamin C deficiency in both children and women implies in addition diminished ability for iron absorption. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of iron, zinc and iodide deficiencies in a probabilistic sample of Mexican women and children and explore its association with some dietary and socio-demographic variables., Material and Methods: We carried out in 1999 an epidemiological description of iron (percent transferrin saturation, PTS, < 16%), serum zinc (< 65 ug/dl) and iodide (< 50 ug/l urine) deficiencies in a probabilistic sample of 1,363 Mexican children under 12 years and of 731 women of child-bearing age. Serum iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and urinary iodide by a colorimetric method. Logistic regression models explored determinants for such micromineral deficiencies., Results: Iron deficiency was higher (67%) in infants < 2 years of age. Prevalence declined (34-39%) at school age. The prevalence for iron deficiency in women was 40%. Zinc deficiency was higher in infants < 2 years of age (34%) than in school-age children (19-24%). Prevalence in women was 30%, with no rural/urban difference. In women the likelihood of iron deficiency decreased as SEL improved (p = 0.04) and increased with the intake of cereals (p = 0.01). The likelihood of low serum zinc levels was greater in women and children of low socioeconomic level (SEL) (p < 0.02 and p = 0.001) iodide deficiency was negligible in both children and women., Conclusions: The data shows high prevalence of iron deficiency-specially in infants 12 to 24 months of age. It is suggested that in older children and women 12 to 49 years of age that iron bioavailability is low. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was also very high. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology and analyze factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in a probabilistic sample of the Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición 1999 (ENN-99) [National Nutritional Survey 1999 (NNS-99)]., Material and Methods: The sample included 8,111 children aged 1 to 12 years, and was nationally representative by rural and urban strata and by four geographical regions. Capillary hemoglobin was measured using a portable photometer (HemoCue). The analysis of the determining factors of anemia was performed by odds ratios derived from a logistic regression model and multiple regression models., Results: The prevalence of anemia was 50% in infants < 2 years of age, with no significant differences between urban and rural strata or among regions. It varied between 14 and 22% in 6-11 year-old children and was higher in the South region and among the indigenous children. Dietary intake of iron was 50% of the recommended daily allowance in children < 2 years of age, but not in older children. Phytate ( approximately 500-800 mg/d) and tannin (approximately 19 mg/d) intakes were very high in children over 7 years of age. Hemoglobin was positively associated with nutritional status of children (p = 0.01), socioeconomic status (p range 0.05-0.001), duration of lactation in children under 2 years of age (p = 0.1), and iron and calcium intake (p = 0.02), but not with folic acid or vitamin B12 intake. Hemoglobin was negatively associated with maternal education (p = 0.01) in older children, but not in those under 2 years of age., Conclusions: We present evidence of an alarming national epidemic of anemia, particularly marked in children 12 to 24 months of age. The control of anemia should be considered as an urgent national concern given its grave consequences on the physical and mental development of these children and on their long-term health. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Objective: The objective of the study was to measure the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican school-age children (5-11 years) in the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (NNS-1999)., Material and Methods: Overweight and obesity (defined as an excess of adipose tissue in the body) were evaluated through the Body Mass Index (BMI) in 10,901 children, using the standard proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Sociodemographic variables were obtained using a questionnaire administered to the children's mothers., Results: The national prevalence of overweight and obesity was reported to be 19.5%. The highest prevalence figures were found in Mexico City (26.6%) and the North region (25.6%). When adjusting by region, rural or urban area, sex, maternal schooling, socioeconomic status, indigenous ethnicity and age, the highest prevalences of overweight and obesity were found among girls. The risks of overweight and obesity were positively associated with maternal schooling, children's age and socioeconomic status., Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are prevalent health problems in Mexican school-age children, particularly among girls, and positively associated with socioeconomic status, age, and maternal schooling. This is a major public health problem requiring preventive interventions to avoid future health consequences. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.