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Introduction Cell based immunotherapies have been in practice in Japan for the past two decades with established clinical trials on its efficacy in both solid tumours and hematological malignancies including gastric cancer, ovarian cancer , lung cancer and liver cancer. [1,2,3,4] In India, NCRM has been providing Autologous Immune Enhancement Therapy (AIET) using autologous Natural Killer (NK) cells and activated T Lymphocytes for Cancer since 2005 following the established protocols practiced by the Biotherapy Institute of Japan. Significant outcome achieved after AIET in advanced pancreatic cancer, Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML) in Indian patients have already been reported. [5, 6] Here we report our experience in few more patients and present the hurdles overcome and lessons learned in translating the technology from Japan to India Case Details: Case 1: A 54 year-old female presented with Stage IV recurrent ovarian malignancy in 2010 with a history of previous surgery and chemotherapy for ovarian malignancy in June 2009. The CA-125 level of 243 U/ml. CT scan revealed lesions in the liver, spleen, along the greater curvature of body of stomach and in the perisplenic region, between the medial aspect of liver and stomach and in the right inguinal region. She was suggested six cycles of chemotherapy with Doxorubicin (50 mg) and Carboplatin (450 mg) along with AIET. After proper informed consent, the peripheral blood was withdrawn and the in vitro expansion of the NK cells, activated T Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood was performed using the protocol reported earlier. [7] Average cell count after the in vitro expansion was 1.2 X 108 cells. Six transfusions of the in vitro expanded NK cells and activated T lymphocytes were administered following which the CA-125 decreased to 4.7 U/mL. CT scan taken in December 2010 showed a regression of the lesions in the spleen and perisplenic peritoneal deposits, stable hepatic lesions and resolution of perigastric peritoneal deposits with a marked decrease in the size of the inguinal lymph nodes from and no recurrence in the pelvic region. There was also improvement in appetite and quality of life of the patient. There were no adverse reactions following the AIET infusions. [8] The latest follow-up in May 2012 revealed static non progressive disease with all the parameters including tumor markers within normal range. Case 2: A 15 year old girl presented with complaints of diffuse bone pain for 3 months, intermittent fever for 1 month and increasing pallor in October 2004. On examination, she was found to have pallor with hepatosplenomegaly. A low haemoglobin level (9.3 mg/dl), low platelets (21000) and a WBC count of 13600 with 83% lymphoblasts was revealed in her blood picture. Bone marrow examination and flow cytometry were suggestive of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – CD 10+ CD 19+. Cytogenetics revealed Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL positivity. Qualitative BCR-ABL was done serially to assess disease status. She was started on chemotherapy as per UK MRC protocol – Regimen B along with Imatinib Mesylate (in view of her BCR-ABL positivity) and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy of 12 Gy at the end of delayed intensification. She had persistent disease with low positive BCR-ABL at 0.04% at the end of delayed intensification. As there were no matched HLA donors as she had high risk disease she was suggested for AIET using autologous natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-CD56+) in January 2007. 562 x 106 in vitro expanded NK cells were infused to the patient intravenously and four weeks later, the BCR-ABL in the PB turned negative. She completed her treatment in October 2007. She has been on regular follow up for the last five years and she continues to be in remission. Case 3: A female patient aged 64 years with advanced serous papillary Adenocarcinoma of both ovaries with liver metastasis underwent omentectomy and resection of the liver nodule in the month of January 2011 and completed 6 cycles of chemotherapy with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin, completed in April 2011. In April 2011, non-enhancing lesions in the Left lobe of the liver and a left gastric node were revealed in the CT scan of the whole abdomen. The patient was suggested for radiofrequency ablation and maintenance chemotherapy along with AIET. The patient was administered five transfusions of AIET using autologous NK cells and activated T lymphocytes. 140 ml of peripheral blood (PB) was withdrawn in May 2011 from which two transfusions of AIET with the average NK cell count being 618 millions and T cell count being 331 million were administered. However when 140 ml of PB was withdrawn for the second time in June 2011 for two more transfusions, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) count were alarmingly lower though she had a WBC count of 4600 cells, and the expansion of NK cells, T lymphocytes was not marked following which her report which was received from a Hospital in Thailand revealed that she had Auto-immune Hemolytic anemia (AIHA) for which she was prescribed steroids. It has already been reported that the functional profile of NK cell is lower in AIHA patients. [9] Also the limiting factor of steroid administration is also to be considered. The average NK cell count of the third and fourth was 3.9 million while activated T cell count was 4.2 million. When the PB was withdrawn for the fifth transfusion, the NK, T lymphocytes expansions were higher leading to transfusion of a cell count of 103 million and activated T lymphocytes of 329 million. On the whole, the immune cells expansion in this patient was lesser compared to other patients and this can be attributed to the association of AIHA.[10] Nevertheless there were no adverse effects after the AIET and the patient continues to be stable as per the latest follow-up in August 2012. Hurdles overcome and lessons learned: As with translation of any therapy, there were hurdles during the initial translation of the AIET technology from the Biotherapy Institute of Japan to India. As AIET was new to our team of scientists, they were trained initially for two years by the Japanese experts and there is a constant interaction with frequent information exchange among the Indian technical team and the Japanese team till date. The hurdle faced in the use of Laboratory reagents is that their efficacy might vary according to the manufacturer and to put aside the doubt and to ensure that the same results obtained in Japan are reproduced in India, all the laboratory reagents used in India are the same used in Biotherapy institute obtained from Japan. Biotherapy Institute constantly monitors quality of the reagents by assessing their effects on primary cell cultures and cell lines which are maintained in that Institute. The hurdle in infrastructure requirements were overcome by establishing a laboratory in India with similar specifications and equipments as that in Japan with even more stringent protocols to suit the Indian conditions. With these lessons learned in translating the technology of AIET from Japan to India and following the significant outcomes in the various patients mentioned above and more than 60 others, future studies are underway to analyze the methods by which the in vivo efficacy of NK cells can be enhanced and analyzing the synergistic effects when AIET is combined with Monoclonal antibodies. Conclusion: AIET technology was successfully translated from Japan to India overcoming various hurdles and since 2005 several patients in India have been administered AIET with no adverse reactions of any kind, which falls in line with the earlier reports from the literature. Significant increase in disease free survival or static non-progressive disease could be accomplished in patients with ovarian cancer, Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, advanced in-operable pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer with multiple metastasis and breast cancer with metastasis, we have experienced. An increase in awareness about this least toxic method of Cancer treatment among physicians and the public for an early referral is necessary. Further studies on prevention of cancer using in vitro expanded autologous immune cells are underway. References: 1.Takayama T, Sekine T, Makuuchi M, Yamasaki S, Kosuge T, Yamamoto J, Shimada K, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S, Ohashi Y, Kakizoe T. Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 ;356(9232):802-7. 2.Kimura H, Yamaguchi Y. A phase III randomized study of interleukin-2 lymphokine-activated killer cell immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy after curative or noncurative resection of primary lung carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80(1):42-9. 3.Kono K, Takahashi A, Ichihara F, Amemiya H, Iizuka H, Fujii H, Sekikawa T, Matsumoto Y: Prognostic significance of adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-associated lymphocytes in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomized trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2002; 8 : 1767-71. 4.Fujita K, Ikarashi H, Takakuwa K, Kodama S, Tokunaga A, Takahashi T, Tanaka K. Prolonged disease-free period in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer after adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res. 1995;1(5):501-7.5.Sivaraman G, Pandian A, Baskar S, Senthil KR, Senthilnagarajan R, Dedeepiya V, Abraham S. Autologous Immune Enhancement therapy for advanced carcinoma of pancreas a case report. PASRM 2008-004. J Stem Cells Regen Med. 2008; 4(1):136.Damodar S, Terunuma H , Sheriff AK , Farzana L , Manjunath S , Senthilkumar R , Shastikumar G , Abraham S , Wang FS. Autologous Immune Enhancement Therapy (AIET) for a Case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Our Experience. PASRM 2006-001. J Stem Cells Regen Med. 2006, 1(1): 40-417.Takada M, Terunuma H, Deng X, Dewan MZ, Saji S, Kuroi K, Yamamoto N, Toi M. Refractory lung metastasis from breast cancer treated with multidisciplinary therapy including an immunological approach. Breast Cancer 18:64-7, 2011. 8.Manjunath SR, Ramanan G, Dedeepiya VD, Terunuma H, Deng X, Baskar S, Senthilkumar R, Thamaraikannan P, Srinivasan T, Preethy S, Abraham SJ. Autologous immune enhancement therapy in recurrent ovarian cancer with metastases: a case report. Case Rep Oncol. 2012 Jan;5(1):114-8. 9.Conte R, Dinota A, Tazzari PL, Belletti D, Sermasi G. Analysis of natural killer cells in patients with idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Vox Sang 56:270-3, 198910.Dedeepiya VD, Terunuma H, Deng X, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, Senthilkumar R, Murugan P, Thamaraikannan P, Srinivasan T, Preethy S, Abraham SJ. A comparative analysis of in vitro expansion of natural killer cells of a patient with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and ovarian cancer with patients with other solid tumours. Oncol Lett. 2012 Feb;3(2):435-440.

Base drag is arising from flow separation at blunt base of a body. It can be a sizeable fraction of total drag in context of projectiles, missiles and after bodies of fighter aircrafts. The base drag is the major contribution of total drag for low speed regimes. Flight tests have shown that the base drag may account for up to 50% of total drag. In this paper an experimental work on a simple semi-circular flight vehicle body of length 500mm and diameter 50mm was conducted for the purpose of investigating base drag. The base drags for three configurations are calculated and the results are compared with CFD data. The three configurations used for testing are flat base configuration, closed nozzle configuration and boat tail configuration. The evaluations of base drag for the flow velocities of 20m/s, 35m/s and 50m/s at angles of attack such as -2 °, 0 ° and 2 ° are experimented and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Values of the momentum transfer cross sections σm of hydrogen and carbon monoxide molecules for very low energy electrons (1–300 meV, 0.2–50 zJ; z=zepto=10-21 ) have been refined by electron mobility measurements in the gases over wide ranges of temperature. This is part of an ongoing study of effects of molecular shape on electron transport in fluids. Electron mobilities in hydrogen gas at temperatures 17–450 K are roughly consistent with previously reported values of σm, but do not exclude the possibility of a σm minimum of 5.2×10-20 m2 at an electron energy ξ≤0.7 zJ. Carbon monoxide molecules have a minimum σm of 5.8×10-20 m2 at ξ=5 zJ. A new treatment of low energy electron scattering by CO is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron mobilities have been measured in low density helium and nitrogen gases as reference standards in the ongoing study of effects of molecular shape and density on electron transport in fluids. Wider temperature ranges were used than heretofore. Electron mobilities in helium gas at temperatures T=11–466 K and densities n=4.9–7.3 (1025 molec/m3) are consistent with previously reported scattering cross sections. The value of σm at 10-23 J (10-4 eV) is 4.9×10-20 m2, corresponding to a scattering length of 6.2×10-11 m. Density normalized mobilities nμ in nitrogen gas at T=66–460 K and n=0.9–6.7 (1025 molec/m3) decrease with increasing density. Values of nμ extrapolated to low field strengths and zero density gave values which were used to estimate momentum transfer cross sections. Further study of electron scattering by nitrogen at energies <3×10-21 J (20 meV) is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The free ion yield in x-irradiated liquid nitrogen at zero applied field strength increases from G0fl=0.0034 ion pairs/100 eV at 77.1 K to 0.043 at 123.7 K, while the density-normalized thermalization distance of the secondary electrons increases from bEPd=4.4×10-6 to 5.6×10-6 kg/m2. The ratio of the GEfi values at 123.7 and 77.1 K decreases from 13 at E=0 to 3.1 at E=5.2 MV/m. Yields calculated from the extended Onsager model agree with the measured values only when the electron thermalization distance distribution is assumed to be exponential with an added power tail (YEP): F(y)=YE, 0<(y-y0)<3.5bEP; F(y)=YE+0.74b2EP/(y-y0)3, (y-y0)>3.5bEP; where YE=b-1EP exp[(y0-y)/bEP], y>y0. The electron thermalization process in liquid nitrogen appears to be truncated by electron capture to form an anion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed a wear testing machine and investigated experimental study of wear among cylinder liner (CL) and piston ring (PR) pair for automobiles. Mahua oil is used as the lubricant between the CL and PR pair. The process parameters are controlled to reduce the weight loss of PR using response surface methodology (RSM). The three process parameters such as applied load, sliding velocity and quantity of oil are considered. It is observed that sliding velocity and applied load are the most influencing parameters whereas the interaction of quantity of oil has less influencing parameter on weight loss of PR. Experimental results are in good compatibility with the values from the theoretical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of magnesium alloys are being developed as because of good properties with any uncommon earth segments. To explore the impacts of friction welding taking place SEM images and thermo gravimetric investigation of ZE42 magnesium alloy, the hot-expelled combination mg alloy was processed by FSW at different joining speeds. From outcomes demonstrated that the combination was coupled deprived of surrenders. The mixture alloy is described by mechanical properties, SEM, XRD, TGA, and FTIR. With expanding welding speed, the most extreme force in the NZ first diminished and after that expanded. In all cases the flexible properties of the combination after FSW diminished because of the relaxed locale at the warmth influenced zone (HAZ), FT-IR comes about aides in recognizing solid ingestion show up in the region of nugget zone it is effectively perceived by groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to produce an aluminum metal matrix composite with high strength, low weight with good thermal resistance. For preparing metal matrix composite AA6061 is used as matrix and activated carbon is used as reinforcement and it is cast using modified stir casting technique. The reinforcement activated carbon is added in various weight ratios from 2% to 8% of the matrix. The casted metal matrix composites are taken as per ASTM standard by using wire cut process for various tests. Microstructural test like SEM, EDAX, and thermal tests like Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric tests were taken .From testing results, it is noted that increase in the percentage of activated carbon up to 6%, shows a significant mixing of matrix and reinforcement it is evident in microstructure test result and also shows there is the formation of voids. Thermogravimetric proves the fabricated composite have good thermal resistance by adding activated carbon as reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work represents the AA7075 and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) metal matrix composite was processed by down pouring stir casting technique. Invented metal matrix composites were subjected to hardness, tensile test, microstructure analysis, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectrum, FT-IR analysis and thermal analysis. AA7075 metal matrix composites containing matrix and reinforcement. Microstructure suggests the relatively uniform distribution of carbon particles in matrix alloy. X-ray diffraction analysis and EDAX had been making sure the presence of activated carbon particles and its uniform distribution over the aluminium matrix. FTIR trace aging process, the simplest results have been got employing combo of complementary analytical strategies. Hardness and elongation test of AA7075-PAC composite enormously greater in comparison with basic AA7075 alloy and few helpful conclusions have been drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]