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The results of cytogenetic analyses undertaken on 10 species of polychaete worms of the genus Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae) are reported. Chromosome banding techniques and ribosomal fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques were used. It is likely that only minor cytological changes have occurred in the karyotype evolution of the species.

A natural population of Chironomus riparius from the heavy metal-polluted Piedmont station (Italy) was analysed. Chromosome G, on which the Balbiani rings BRa, BRb and BRc are located, was very sensitive tothe pollution. The BR system was considered to be an interesting model for studying the response of the genome to the heavy metal pollution. Together, with a standard activity of BRs (BRc>BRb), we observed a clear reversed level of activity of BRb and BRc: BRc was repressed while BRb became activated. Also, there were a number of cells in which BRb and BRc were collapsed. A change in the activity of the nucleolar organizing region (N) was found, from a very high activity till completely collapsed. For the first time it was established that therewas an activation at the telomere region of chromosome G. Additionalactive sites in sections Dc and E2de were observed. The conjugation of both homologues was often disturbed. A high frequency of ectopic pairings was also observed. In addition, structural rearrangements as inversions and deletions were found. Some deletions led to the formation of pompon-like chromosome G. Chromosome G of C. riparius is suggested to be used to test for the presence of genotoxic concentrations of polluting agents in an aquatic ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Perinatal Psychiatry Access Programs ("Access Programs") are system-level interventions that aim to build the capacity of perinatal healthcare professionals to address mental health, and thereby improve access to perinatal mental healthcare. Access Programs are widely implemented and positioned to promote health equity in perinatal mental healthcare, but little is known about the adaptations being made to the model in response to calls to promote health equity., Methods: One respondent from each of the 14 Access Programs (n = 14) completed an online survey that queried on adaptations made to promote perinatal mental healthcare equity., Results: Twelve of the 14 Access Program team members (86%) indicated implementation of at least one new equity initiative. The average number of initiatives that a single Access Program implemented was 3.5 (range 0-10). Two Access Programs (14%) implemented 8.5 initiatives (range: 7-10), indicating that a small cohort is leading promotion of equity among Access Programs., Conclusion: Efforts to further expand the capacity and services of Access Programs to address perinatal mental healthcare inequities are needed. These adaptations may provide a robust opportunity for implementation initiatives to promote health equity through a system-level intervention., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) report on screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) highlighted the need for research that examines the harms potentially associated with screening so as to assess the overall net benefit of universal screening. In response, this study engages qualitative, semi-structured interviews to generate a taxonomy outlining potential harms reported by parents and providers (pediatricians and Early Intervention providers) with experience in screening young children for ASD. Potential harms emerged including: physical, psychological, social, logistical/financial, opportunity cost, attrition, and exacerbation of non-targeted disparities. Respondents reported harms being experienced by the toddlers, parents, and providers. The harms reported highlight opportunities for providers to offer resources that mitigate the potential for these unintended consequences., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Promoting equity in health services requires an understanding of the mechanisms that produce disparities. Utilizing a sequential, mixed-methods, explanatory study design, we analyzed child-, family-, and organizational-level factors and their association with wait times for an ASD diagnostic evaluation among 353 families scheduled for English and Spanish language appointments (27% Spanish language). A subset of parents and caregivers participated in English and Spanish language focus groups to provide their perspectives on the diagnostic process. Spanish language was associated with greater completion of, and time to evaluations than English language. The only variable found to mediate associations with time-to-evaluation was appointment availability - an organizational factor. Qualitative results elucidate potential explanations for greater Spanish language evaluation completion (e.g., fewer community-based diagnostic options). Results serve as a case study to support the utility and importance of analyzing the influence of organizational-level factors on delays and disparities for childhood health and mental health services. We discuss our findings in relation to strategies that can be widely applied to support equitable services access for childhood diagnostic and intervention services., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: Dr. Sheldrick and Dr. Carter are co-creators of the POSI, which is one of the two first-stage screeners used in this study. They conduct research related to this instrument but receive no royalties. Dr. Carter is also co-creator of the BITSEA, which is one of the two first-stage screeners used in this study. Dr. Carter receives royalties on the sale of the BITSEA, which is distributed by MAPI Research Trust.

A family's journey in understanding their child's behaviors in relation to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) frequently begins with screening. This study aimed to characterize the interpretive processes that unfold for parents. We employed longitudinal interviews with 19 families engaged in a community-based multi-stage screening protocol. Parents participated in 1-6 interviews dependent upon children's length of engagement in the screening protocol; data were analyzed through modified grounded theory. Parents who moved towards understanding their child's behaviors as ASD expressed (1) sensitization to ASD symptoms, (2) differentiation from other developmental conditions, and (3) use of the ASD diagnosis to explain the etiology of concerning behaviors. Identifying interpretive processes involved during ASD screening provides new opportunities for shared decision-making.

Introduction: Implementation scientists increasingly recognize that the process of implementation is dynamic, leading to ad hoc modifications that may challenge fidelity in protocol-driven interventions. However, limited attention to ad hoc modifications impairs investigators' ability to develop evidence-based hypotheses about how such modifications may impact intervention effectiveness and cost. We propose a multi-method process map methodology to facilitate the systematic data collection necessary to characterize ad hoc modifications that may impact primary intervention outcomes., Methods: We employ process maps (drawn from systems science), as well as focus groups and semi-structured interviews (drawn from social sciences) to investigate ad hoc modifications. Focus groups are conducted with the protocol's developers and/or planners (the implementation team) to characterize the protocol "as envisioned," while interviews conducted with frontline administrators characterize the process "as realized in practice." Process maps with both samples are used to identify when modifications occurred across a protocol-driven intervention. A case study investigating a multistage screening protocol for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is presented to illustrate application and utility of the multi-method process maps., Results: In this case study, frontline administrators reported ad hoc modifications that potentially influenced the primary study outcome (e.g., time to ASD diagnosis). Ad hoc modifications occurred to accommodate (1) whether providers and/or parents were concerned about ASD, (2) perceptions of parental readiness to discuss ASD, and (3) perceptions of family service delivery needs and priorities., Conclusion: Investigation of ad hoc modifications on primary outcomes offers new opportunities to develop empirically based adaptive interventions. Routine reporting standards are critical to provide full transparency when studying ad hoc modifications., (© The Association for Clinical and Translational Science 2020.)

Different frequencies of chromosomal alterations in salivary gland polytene chromosomes AB, CD and EF were described in larvae of Chironomus riparius (syn. Chironomus thummi) from the trace metal-polluted station of Santena on the river Banna, near Turin, and from the unpolluted station of Corio (40 Km from Turin) which was taken as a reference area. In a sample of 56 larvae from Santena, no specimen with the standard karyotype in all cells of the salivary glands was found. Different types of aberrations were found: 33 paracentric and five pericentric inversions, three deficiencies, four amplified sections and one chromatid break. Fifteen out of the 38 inversions and two amplified sections appeared to be inherited, while all the other aberrations were somatic. Most of the aberrations' breakpoints were located on both sides of the centromere regions, where constitutive heterochromatin is present. Also functional alterations were observed (mainly telomere and centromere decondensations and nine novel puffs). In a sample of 49 larvae of a population from the well-preserved area of Corio only six somatic and one inherited paracentric inversions were found. These results suggest that the strong destabilization of the genomes of C. riparius larvae from Santena could be a reaction to the activity of the toxic substances present in the polluted sediments of the river Banna.

C banding in polytene chromosomes of Chironomus riparius from a Santena polluted station of the river Po, Italy was described. A large variation in the appearance of C bands was established. The process involved the transformation of euchromatin into heterochromatin. Activation of all chromosomes at telomeres was found. A structural modification of telomeric heterochromatin may exist. The centromeric heterochromatin was rarely observed. A high percentage of an amplification (88%) in arm F, B3h, was recorded. These changes in the appearance of heterochromatin in the population studied could be considered as a type of polymorphic system, existing in the polluted population. For the first time in C. riparius two types of position effect variegation are reported. In arm E the euchromatin near to the centromere became inactive due to a heterozygous inversion and in arms D and F the opposite phenomenon was observed in which a heterozygous inversion partly suppressed the inactivation of heterochromatin.