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Superior qualities to bulk material and larger surface area to volume ratio are some of the primary reasons that account for the wide use of nanoparticles (NPs) in biological applications. Advancements in molecular-level engineering and environmental and health concerns are driving factors in the green synthesis of NPs. Plant-based NP synthesis provides a good alternative compared to hazardous physical and chemical techniques of synthesis of NPs. An experimental study is carried out on the green synthesis of Fe/Ni/Cr oxide NPs using Costus pictus extract. The study encompassed an array of characterization techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy for absorption properties, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallinity assessment, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to probe the presence of phenolic groups in flavonoids that influence NP formation. Surface morphology and composition were elucidated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) affirmed the NPs' size (approximately 20 nm). The surface area of the NPs, 96.806 m2/g, was determined through BET analysis. Furthermore, the antibacterial potential of the NPs against various bacterial strains, including S. mutans, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, was investigated using the agar well diffusion method. The NPs showed good antibacterial potential against bacterial species E. coli and P. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatophytosis has assumed epidemic proportions with rising resistance, recalcitrance and recurrence, especially in tropical regions. While various factors contribute to high prevalence worldwide, yet little is known about the interactions between host defence mechanisms and dermatophytes, particularly in chronic and recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Objectives: We aimed to compare the population of various immune cells in specimens of chronic recurrent dermatophytosis and those with acute superficial dermatophytosis. Methods: We investigated the density of various immune cells—Langerhans cells (CD1a+), macrophages (CD68+), dermal dendrocytes (Factor XIIIa+) in the skin of chronic dermatophytosis patients and those with successfully resolved lesions (controls). Results: Langerhans cells were significantly decreased in the epidermis of patients, both in affected and unaffected areas in comparison with controls. In the dermis, however, no differences in the density of immune cells (macrophages and fibroblasts) were observed. Limitations: The limited sample size and immune cells evaluated could be expanded further in future research. Conclusion: These results indicate that the decreased number of Langerhans cells could be a potential risk factor for the development of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute appendicitis is classified into simple (SA) and complicated (CA). Ultrasound scans (USS) can be useful in clinically equivocal cases, by visualising primary and secondary signs. This study explores the utility of sonographic signs to diagnose and differentiate appendicitis in children. Methods: Single-centre retrospective cohort study over a 2-year period. Consecutive USS for suspected appendicitis were included; sonographic signs were extracted from standardised institutional worksheets. USS results were compared with pre-defined intraoperative criteria for SA and CA, confirmed with histological analysis. Data are reported as median [interquartile range], percentages (number), area under the curve (AUC), conventional diagnostic formulae and adjusted odds ratios following multiple logistic regression (p < 0.05 considered significant). Results: A total of 934 USS were included, with median age 10.7 [8.0–13.4] years, majority were female (54%). One quarter (n = 226) had SA, 12% (n = 113) had CA, 61% (n = 571) had no appendectomy and 3% (n = 24) had negative appendicectomy. Appendix visualisation rate on USS was 61% (n = 569), with 62% (n = 580) having a conclusive report. Sonographic signs suggesting appendicitis included an appendiceal diameter > 7 mm (AUC 0.92, [95% CI: 0.90–0.94]), an appendicolith (p = 0.003), hyperaemia (p = 0.001), non-compressibility (p = 0.029) and no luminal gas (p = 0.004). Secondary sonographic signs included probe tenderness (p < 0.001) and peri-appendiceal echogenic fat (p < 0.001). Sonographic signs suggesting CA over SA comprised a diameter > 10.1 mm (AUC 0.63, [95% CI: 0.57–0.69]), an appendicolith (p = 0.003) and peri-appendiceal fluid (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Presence of specific sonographic signs can aid diagnosis and differentiation of simple and complicated appendicitis in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports video classification (SVC) is now considered a challenging topic, therefore, developing an automatic sports scene classification technique has received tremendous interest. This research develops an efficient key frame extraction method and hybrid Wavelet Convolution Neural Network (WCNN) framework with optimization scheme to classify sports videos. Initially, input videos are converted into number of frames, and keyframes are extracted using Enhanced threshold with Discrete Wavelet Transform (ETDWT) method. Then, Cross Guided Bilateral Filter (CGBF) method eliminates the noise from the keyframe. After that, segmentation process is performed by the Fuzzy Equilibrium Optimizer (FEO) algorithm, and then motions are detected using the Farneback optical flow (OF) method. Finally, classification process is performed using Hybrid Wavelet Convolutional Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (HWCMRFO) algorithm to categorize different sports videos. The overall work is implemented using Python language. Simulation results proved that the proposed work achieved the highest accuracy (93.17%) compared to existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of cycles to the end of life for high-power IGBT modules is expressed as a function of the stress parameters in the model. Most of the time, these models are generated on the basis of experimental data from accelerated power-cycling experiments that are done at preset temperatures and stress levels. This paper proposed a systematic Reliability evaluation process for large-scale commercial and utility-level PV power systems. The major contribution of this work is the quantification of the impact of junction temperature on the failure rates of critical components such as PV Inverters and capacitors. Usually, the reliability assessment of the power electronic switch such as IGBT and inverter focused on component level, whereas much fewer cases discussed the Reliability evaluation for the entire PV system. In light of the above concerns, this article discussed the effect of junction temperature on the lifetime of IGBT modules, and the relevant lifetime factor is modelled. This study enables us to include the junction temperature effect on the lifetime model of IGBT modules under the given mission profiles of the converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of horses caused by the intraerytrocytic protozoan parasites. The infected animals remain carriers of these blood parasites for long periods and spread the disease. The introduction of carrier animals into areas where competent tick vectors are prevalent can lead to an epizootic spread of the disease. Methods: Total 295 blood smears from diseased and healthy horses were examined and 295 serum samples were analyses by cELISA for the presence of antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi whereas 90 DNA samples from seropositive horses were screened by PCR for presence of parasite's DNA. Result: In present study, 1.35% horses were found positive for T. equi by means of blood smear examination. Using c-ELISA, it was found that 03 (1.02%) horses had antibodies against B. caballi and 182 (61.69%) against T. equi, while none of the sample showed mixed reactions. Ninety (90) seropositivehorses screened for T. equi and B. caballi by PCR method, out of which, only Nine (09) horses werefound positive indicating an overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 10.00% by PCR. None of the horses found positive for B. caballi through blood smear examination and PCR method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (0.5–5 wt.%) are compounded with high density polyethylene (HDPE), and, subsequently, used for extruding nanocomposite filaments to fabricate nanocomposites (NCs) and functionally graded nanocomposites (FGNCs) through 3D printing. The 3D printed NCs are investigated for coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and buckling under different non‐uniform temperature distributions (case‐1: left edge heating, case‐2: centre heating, and case‐3: left and right edge heating). A significant reduction in CTE is observed with MWCNT addition and gradation. The highest reduction in CTE is observed for H5 (5 wt.% of MWCNT in HDPE) NC and H1 ⟶ H3 ⟶ H5 (FGNC‐2) among the NCs and the FGNCs. It is noted that Tcr (critical buckling temperature) is highest for case‐3 and lowest for case‐2. The highest deflection is noticed in case‐2, while no significant difference is observed in case‐1 and case‐3 heating conditions. It is also observed that Tcr increases with gradation and MWCNTs addition. The H5 NC and FGNC‐2 exhibited the highest Tcr among the NCs and FGNCs, respectively. The maximum deflection is noticed for HDPE, whereas the minimum deflection is noticed for FGNC‐2 and H‐5 NC among the tested samples. The results also revealed that Tcr is very sensitive to type of heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Channel selection is difficult for electroencephalographic (EEG) channel data. The test for confidential information is performed using a 16-channel electrode and recorded EEG data. The system's performance suffers when optimal channel selection data are not available. Removing noise and irrelevant channels improves the outcomes and implementation of the EEG deception identification system. Swarm optimization techniques are frequently used to overcome feature selection problems. Transfer functions need swarm algorithms because they change the search space from one that is continuous to one that is discrete. The currently used sigmoid transfer function cannot balance exploration and exploitation stages in the search space, including optimal local problems. The novel binary Harris Hawks optimization with a time-varying transfer function (TVk-BHHO) is used in this work to select channels from EEG channel data optimally. Controlling the time-varying parameter is essential for balancing the search space's exploration and exploitation stages and avoiding the optimum local problem. In this case, a specific classifier from a random forest improves the system's performance and accuracy. The results show that TVk-BHHO has consistent channel selection, resulting in higher classification accuracy and more harmonious convergence. Existing meta-heuristic algorithms are against the simulation results of the new TVk-BHHO approach. The best accuracy achieved here is 98.50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel multi-layer multi-spiking neural network (MMSNN) model sends information from one neuron to the next through multiple synapses in different spikes. When a suitable training method is unavailable, there are numerous complications in training spike neural networks. The convergence rate is slow when gradient descent algorithms are trained on multi-spike neural networks. Meanwhile, the spiking network is likely to perform poorly in classifying electroencephalographic (EEG) datasets due to its high propensity to fall within the local minima. With the help of a 16-channel electrode, the Concealed Information Test created the EEG dataset. The Mini Batch Stochastic Gradient Descent (MBSGD) built the batch size and cut the number of iterations to speed up the convergence rate. It can, however, avoid the problem of moving into the local minimum more effectively. This paper describes an MBSGD algorithm for MMSNN model training that addresses local minima and convergence rate issues. This paper presents an MBSGD-MMSNN model for classifying EEG data. The MBSGD algorithm adjusts the weight parameters of the MMSNN model based on the batch size until the error is less than the required value. As a result, we achieve a faster convergence rate and avoid issues with local minima. The performance of the proposed MBSGD-MMSNN model is compared to that of existing meta-heuristic algorithms. The proposed MBSGD-MMSNN model outperformed other state-of-the-art algorithms regarding the accuracy and learning performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising prevalence of dermatophytosis in tropical countries coupled with drug resistance necessitates an objective scoring system to define the severity, monitor therapeutic response and predict prognoses. We attempted to establish and validate a new scoring system – Dermatophytoses Severity Score (DSS), for dermatophytoses affecting non‐glabrous skin. A consensus group was convened to develop an objective and reproducible scoring system to describe the extent and severity of dermatophytosis of 200 consecutive patients with dermatophytosis. A second assessment entailed independent DSS scoring of the same patients by dermatologists and residents who were not part of the consensus group. The main outcome measured was index reliability, assessed in two steps, between the observers. A two‐step assessment and DSS grading of 200 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed dermatophytoses showed high reliability (Cronbach's α test and intraclass correlation coefficient). The DSS has demonstrated high reliability, and it could serve as a novel, reproducible and objective scoring tool for dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysprosium (Dy3+) ion substituted 0.8BaTiO3-0.2Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (here after abbreviated as BTBKT-20) lead free ceramic materials with composition 0.8BNa0.2(Bi0.5(1-x)Dy0.5xK0.5)TiO3 (where x = 0.01,0.03,0.05) were prepared by conventional solid state reaction method and followed by high energy ball milling process. The X-ray diffraction studies confirm the tetragonal structure of the material at the room temperature. Microstructure studies have been carried out with the help of scanning electron microscope. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric studies indicate that dielectric constant decreasing with the substitution of Dy3+. The substitution of Dy3+ effect the Curie temperature and it is decreasing with increase of Dy3+ substitution. Relaxor behavior is observed in all the Dy3+ substituted samples. Degree of diffuseness is calculated from the modified Curie-Weiss law and it has been found to be increasing with the substitution of Dy. AC conductivity is calculated and it is found to be obey the universal Jonscher's Power law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, pure ZnZrO 2 and chitosan supported (ZnZrO 2 /CS) nanocomposite have been synthesized at low coast by hydrothermal method. FT-IR, Micro Raman, PXRD, HR-SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM, AFM, BET and XPS were used to analyze the structural and morphological properties of the fabricated nanocomposites. The fabricated ZnZrO 2 and ZnZrO 2 /CS nanocomposites were measured for their electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and hydrogen peroxide determinations. The ZnZrO 2 /CS sensor exhibited wide detection range (5 μM to 5.85 mM), high sensitivity (6.78 μA mM−1 cm−2), LOD (2.31 μM), and long-term stability for glucose detection in alkaline solution. Also, as a multifunctional electrochemical sensor, ZnZrO 2 /CS sensor exhibits excellent sensing ability towards hydrogen peroxide, with a wide dynamic range (20 μM to 6.85 mM), a high sensitivity (2.22 μA mM−1 cm−2), and a LOD (2.08 μM) (S/N = 3). The electrochemical measurement shows that the ZnZrO 2 /CS sensor has excellent catalytic activity and a much LOD than ZnZrO 2. The modified electrode showed excellent anti interference nature. Furthermore, this ZnZrO 2 /CS electrode was used to detection of glucose and H 2 O 2 in human blood serum and HeLa cells respectively. [Display omitted] • Chitosan (CS) can disperse metal nanoparticles and enhance catalytic activity. • The fabricated ZnZrO 2 /CS sensor exhibits high activity, wide and low detection concentration. • The sensor used to detect glucose in human serum. The sensor also applied for the detection of H 2 O 2 in living cells. • The fabricated sensor shows high sensitivity and stability in glucose and H 2 O 2 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-strength materials fabricated from biodegradable resources are in demand due to their renewable nature, lightweight, and environmental friendliness. The current experimental investigation aims to examine the influence of Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica tree trunk bark nano-powder on properties of milkweed fiber-reinforced polymer composites (MFPCs). The composites were prepared by compression molding method, and the properties such as mechanical strength and water absorption behavior were analyzed; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation were also carried out. Results revealed that the inclusion of V. indica tree trunk nano-powder had a considerable effect on the properties of MFPCs, and it could act as an impending nano-filler for the polymer matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental work, the influence of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) powder on thermo-mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of Tindora (Coccinia grandis) tendrils fiber-reinforced epoxy composites is investigated. The Coccinia grandis fibers (CGFs) were extracted from tendrils of the Tindora plant, and composites with and without Haritaki powder (HP) are fabricated by using hand layup and compression molding techniques. The mechanical strengths, water absorption studies, and the characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies are conducted. From the results, it is found that the mechanical strengths of the HP filled C. grandis fiber-reinforced composites (HPCGFRCs) are 14.26–26.59% higher than that of those without HP composites. The maximum weight gain percentages of CGFs and their composites due to water absorption varied between 6.32% and 10.63%. Findings of the experiments reveal that the inclusion of HP has a significant influence on the properties of CGFRCs and ascertained that HP could be the potential nanofiller formost of the polymer matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the influence of silane treatment on characterization of Ipomoea staphylina plant fiber composites reinforced with epoxy matrix are studied. The silane treated I. staphylina fiber reinforced composites (ISFRCs) are fabricated through hand layup and compression molding methods. The composites are subjected to characterization techniques, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. Results revealed that the silane treatment has a significant influence on characterization of ISFRCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The computer vision community has taken a keen interest in recent developments in activity recognition and classification in sports videos. Advancements in sports have a broadened the technical interest of the computer vision community to perform various types of research. Images and videos are the most frequently used components in computer vision. There are numerous models and methods that can be used to classify videos. At the same time, there no specific framework or model for classifying and identifying sports videos. Hence, we proposed a framework based on deep learning to classify sports videos with their appropriate class label. The framework is to perform sports video classification using two different benchmark datasets, UCF101 and the Sports1-M dataset. The objective of the framework is to help sports players and trainers to identify specific sports from the large data source, then analyze and perform well in the future. This framework takes sports video as an input and produces the class label as an output. In between, the framework has numerous intermediary processes. Preprocessing is the first step in the proposed framework, which includes frame extraction and noise reduction. Keyframe selection is carried out by candidate frame extraction and an enhanced threshold-based frame difference algorithm, which is the second step. The final step of the sports video classification framework is feature extraction and classification using CNN. The proposed framework result is compared with pretrained neural networks such as AlexNet and GoogleNet, and then the results are also compared. Three different evaluation metrics are used to measure the accuracy and performance of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, natural fiber composites are replacing synthetic fibers because of their wide range of advantages. The present research concerns the manufacturing and characterization of hybrid composites containing banana/pineapple fibers with different stacking sequences produced by the hand layout process. Manufactured stacking sequences were tested for (tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear) strength, Shore D hardness, flammability and water absorption properties. The thermal properties of the manufactured composites have been analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the tensile-fractured surface. The results showed that the tensile strength, flexural and impact strength increased when the stacking sequence was Pineapple-Banana-Pineapple-Banana. The hybrid composites with Pineapple–Pineapple- Pineapple–Pineapple have better interlaminar properties and high thermal resistance. The hybrid composite made up of Banana–Banana- Banana–Banana has improved shore D hardness. The image obtained from the SEM studies was also in correlation with the experimental results. It can be extended to light load conditions for automotive and building equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wear reduction of moving components is highly desirable because wear limits their reliability and service life, mainly at elevated temperatures. This study produced thick clads of NiCrSiB/WC/MoS2/BaF2 by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and microwave hybrid heating (MHH) cladding techniques, which were compared for microstructural and high-temperature tribological properties. The clad samples were subjected to sliding contact using a pin on disc tribometer at 200∘C, 400∘C, 600∘C under 20 and 40 N load. The worn surface was analyzed using FESEM, XRD and three-dimensional (3D) profilometer. The experimental results revealed a significant effect of the TIG current and MHH exposure time on the microhardness value, which predominantly depends on the morphological characteristics. The average hardness of TIG clads was found to be 1.2 times higher than the MHH clad. Because of the MoS2 and BaF2 encapsulation, the continuous lubricant layer formation compensated for improved wear resistance with good reliability and longer service life. This work provides significant insights into the wear behavior of TIG and MHH clads at elevated temperatures and the prospective applications in turbines, where inadequate wear resistance of titanium alloy is the major concern for its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of lignocellulosic fibers into polymer matrices gained attention of the researchers and brought substantial research. The main objective of this research work is to determine the thermal characteristics and hygrothermal aging of untreated and surface modified Agave Cantala plant fiber‐reinforced polylactide composites. Cellulosic fibers were extracted from the fleshy leaves of the plant by water and mechanical retting processes. The extracted fibers were treated with trimethoxy methyl silane and fabrication of the composites was done using matched die molding method. These composites are characterized by thermo‐gravimetry analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction study, hygrothermal aging, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results showed the trimethoxy methyl silane treated A. Cantala treated fiber reinforced composites exhibiting better thermal, hygrothermal, and morphological behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embarking on a pioneering investigation, this study unravels the extraordinary qualities of Tecoma stans Fibers (TSFs), freshly harvested from the rachis, establishing them as prospective reinforcements for biocomposites. Delving into their intricate characteristics, TSFs exhibit a unique fusion of physical resilience, with a density of 1.81 ± 0.39 g/cc and a diameter of 234.12 ± 7.63 μm. Complementing their physical prowess, their chemical composition boasts a harmonious blend of cellulose (70.1 ± 9.06 wt%), hemicellulose (13.56 ± 4.29 wt%), lignin (7.62 ± 2.39 wt%), moisture (4.21 ± 1.56 wt%), wax (2.37 ± 0.63 wt%), and ash (1.25 ± 0.36 wt%). In the realm of mechanical strength, TSFs showcase an impressive tensile strength of 639 ± 18.47 MPa, coupled with a robust strain at failure of 1.75 ± 0.13 % and a Young Modulus of 36.51 ± 1.96 GPa. Unveiling their crystalline intricacies, these fibers reveal a microfibril angle of 14.66 ± 0.15°, a crystalline index (CI) of 63.83 %, and a crystallite size (CS) of 9.27 nm. Beyond their mechanical marvels, TSFs exhibit unwavering thermal stability, enduring temperatures up to 297.36 °C, with a T max reaching an impressive 392.09 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Factors leading to mechanical complications following insertion of central venous access devices (CVADs) in children are poorly understood. We aimed to quantify the rates and elucidate the mechanisms of these complications. Methods: Retrospective (2016–2021) review of children (< 18 years old) receiving a CVAD. Data, reported as number of cases (%) and median (IQR), were analysed by Fisher's exact test, chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 317 CVADs (245 children) were inserted. Median age was 5.0 (8.9) years, with 116 (47%) females. There were 226 (71%) implantable port devices and 91 (29%) Hickman lines. Overall, 54 (17%) lines had a mechanical complication after 0.4 (0.83) years from insertion: fracture 19 (6%), CVAD migration 14 (4.4%), occlusion 14 (4.4%), port displacement 6 (1.9%), and skin tethering to port device 1 (0.3%). Younger age and lower weight were associated with higher risk of complications (p < 0.0001). Hickman lines had a higher incidence of complications compared to implantable port devices [24/91 (26.3%) vs 30/226 (13.3%); p = 0.008]. Conclusion: Mechanical complications occur in 17% of CVADs at a median of < 6 months after insertion. Risk factors include younger age and lower weight. Implantable port devices have a lower complications rate. Level of evidence: Level 4: case-series with no comparison group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonbiodegradable polymers constitute major pollution and their usage cannot be ignored due to their properties. Hybrid polymer composite research has increased in recent times due to improved characteristics and biodegradable nature. The effect of different stacking sequences containing pineapple/banana/basalt fiber has been studied in the present work to reduce the usage of synthetic fibers without compromising on properties. Hybrid composites were manufactured using the hand layup method and were assessed for mechanical and morphological characteristics. The results showed that several properties improved by keeping the pineapple layer in the skin layer. The adhesion between the matrix and the fiber played a vital role in determining the properties of the composites manufactured. Morphological studies have concluded that the proper bonding between the matrix and the fiber has enhanced several properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agricultural chemicals, metals, industrial effluents, plastics, excessive dumping of unused and expired pharmaceutical chemicals etc. contaminate terrestrial, aquatic and aerial environment. The excessive usage of the unwanted chemicals elicits undesirable effects in the non target organism inhabited in the various environments. The soil biota like earthworm faces threats of the environmental contaminants. A number of research works has been carried out to study the impact of certain environmental pollutants on the terrestrial inhabitant like earthworms which are widely utilized in the waste disposal management. Tamarind shell waste is considered one of the unwanted materials dumped in the road side and being discharged from industry and from the houses. The bio waste is now a day's utilized for various purposes. The environmental contaminants such as diclofenac and bisphenol-A are discharged into the environment and finally reach the terrestrial environment where the inhabitants are adversely affected. Hence the study has been focused to analyze the efficiency of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae in the conversion of tamarind shell waste mixed separately with Diclofenac and bisphenol-A. Methods: Vermibed was prepared for the present work. The vermibed contains cow dung and garden soil which are common in all the pots. One pot was considered as control. The second pot was mixed with tamarind shell waste. The third pot was mixed with diclofenac and finally in the last pot bisphenol-A was taken. Healthy earworms were selected and released to the four pots. The experimental set up was maintained for 30 days. Correlation matrix and t-test was performed to understand the significance of the results. Result: The study revealed the impact of pollutants on the bioconversion of tamarind shell waste. The contaminants like diclofenac and bisphenol-A significantly decreased the micro and macro nutrient levels. The phosphorous, nitrogen and potassium level showed a decrease when compared to control on 30th day in the diclofenac treatment. The nitrogen value was also decreased in the bisphenol-A treated compost on 30th day and the value was statistically significant. The other nutrients, phosphorous and iron were also decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the treatment and correlation matrix showed positive and negative correlation with micro and macro nutrients. The physico-chemical characters such as pH and electrical conductivity are also altered in the experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ripe Bulrush fibers (RBFs) is one of the grass fibers that have the potential to replace synthetic fibers. This work focuses on the effect of alkalization on characterization of Ripe Bulrush fiber-reinforced composites (RBRCs). The composites are fabricated by compression molding process and the characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have been carried out. From the results, it is found that the significant improvement in properties and more thermal stability due to the alkalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, silver‑bismuth oxide encapsulated 1,3,5-triazine-bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-hydrazone functionalized chitosan (SBO/FCS) nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The amine (−NH 2) group was functionalized by the addition of cyanuric acid chloride followed by 4-methylbenzenesulfonol hydrazide. The SBO/FCS has been characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, XPS, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, AFM, and thermogravimetry (TGA). Under the optimum conditions, the SBO/FCS sensor showed brilliant electrochemical accomplishment for the sensing of glucose and H 2 O 2 by a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057 μM and 0.006 μM. It also showed linearity for glucose 0.008–4.848 mM and for H 2 O 2 of 0.01–6.848 mM. Similarly, the sensor exhibited a low sensitivity to glucose (32 μA mM−1 cm−2) and a good sensitivity to H 2 O 2 (295 μA mM−1 cm−2). In addition, that the prepared electrode could be used to sense the glucose and H 2 O 2 levels in real samples such as blood serum and HeLa cell lines. The screen printed electrode (SPE) immunosensor could sense the E. coli O157:H7 concurrently and quantitatively with a linear range of 1.0 × 101–1.0 × 109 CFU mL−1 and a LOD of 4 CFU mL−1. Likewise, the immunosensor efficiently detect spiked E. coli O157:H7 in milk, chicken, and pork samples, with recoveries ranging from 89.70 to 104.72 %, demonstrating that the immunosensor was accurate and reliable. [Display omitted] • Electrochemical study owes simple, high sensitivity and fast response in sensor activities. • 1,3,5-triazin-bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide) chitosan (FCS) is synthesized in good yield, it can disperse the metal nanoparticles and enhance catalytic activity. • The fabricated AgBi 2 O 3 /FCS sensor exhibits high activity, wide and low detection concentration. • The sensor used for the detection of glucose and H 2 O 2 from the real samples. • The sensor also applied for the detection of H 2 O 2 in living cells. • The fabricated sensor shows high sensitivity and stability in E. coli O157:H7 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this project is to find optimization parameters in the TIG weld bead. To ensure the success of this research project, a semiautomatic TIG was developed. Samples are made in a single bead on top of a substrate (base metal) in a horizontal position. Aluminum 6082 is used as the substrate, and AA5356 filler wire with a diameter of 2.4 mm is used as the filler wire. This research project employs argon as the shielding gas. Welding current (A), travel speed (mm/min), and gas flow rate (lit/min) have all been identified as influencing parameters for welding. The Taguchi orthogonal array L9 (Minitab 19) was used to calculate the amount of runoff and analyze the samples. Tensile and hardness tests were performed on the welded samples. According to the test results, as the current value increases, the tensile strength and the hardness values decrease. As a result of this experiment, it is possible to conclude based on grey relational analysis that the best parameters for welding Al 6082 alloy are 150 A of welding current, 200 mm/min of travel speed, and a gas flow rate of 14 lit/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium substituted 0.8BaTiO3-0.2Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 lead free ceramic materials were prepared by solid state reaction followed by high energy ball milling process. To understand its frequency dependent electrical properties, impedance spectroscopic studies were carried out. From the impedance studies it is observed that relaxation taken place from 375 °C. Single depressed semicircle was observed from the Cole-Cole plots. This indicates non-Debye kind of relaxation process. Grain resistance value was calculated from the Cole-Cole plots and it is found to be increasing with increase of Zr substitution. Modulus spectroscopic studies also confirm the non-Debye kind of relaxation process in the material. Variations in normalized values of Z ″ / Z ″ max & M ″ / M ″ max as a function of logarithm of frequency indicates short range conductivity in the present material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sn doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)1-xSnxO3 (x = 0. 0.05, 0.1) were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method. Raman spectroscopic studies confirm the tetragonal structural of the material. Impedance spectroscopic studies were carried out to understand temperature and frequency dependent properties which shows the non-Debye kind of relaxation process. Cole-Cole plots reveal the contribution of grain and grain boundary to the conduction process. The values of activation energy suggests that conduction is ionic in nature. AC conductivity was found to obey the Johnscher's power law. Ferroelectric studies were carried out and it was observed that the values of remnant polarization (Pr) increased with Sn substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things has a set of smart objects with smart connectivity that assists in monitoring real world environment during emergency situations. It could monitor the various applications of emergency situations such as road accidents, criminal acts including physical assaults, kidnap cases, and other threats to people's way of life. In this work, the proposed work is to afford real time services to users in emergency situations through Convolutional Neural Networks in terms of efficiency and reliable services. Finally, the proposed work has simulated with respect to the performance parameters of the proposed scheme like the probability of accuracy and processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the solid particle erosion behavior of partially oxidized NiCrBSiFe and NiCr coatings by varying temperature and impact angle. The challenge in the current situation is to process a new system of powders containing metallic and oxide phases. Partially oxidized powders containing metallic and oxide phases were processed by flame spraying the alloy powders into distilled water and allowing the oxide layer to form while keeping the core in the middle of the particle. Partially oxidized coatings were developed on MDN321 steel using the plasma spray technique with feedstock of partially oxidized powders. An air jet erosion test was carried out using Al2O3 erodent of grit size 50 µm at room temperature, 200, 400, 600, and 800°C by varying 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90° impact angles. Coatings were characterized concerning bond strength, porosity, micro-hardness, and density. The effect of temperature and impact angle on volumetric erosion loss was studied using SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. Partially oxidized NiCrBSiFe coating exhibited better erosion resistance compare with partially oxidized NiCr coating. NiCr coating demonstrates maximum volumetric erosion loss at 45° impact angle, whereas NiCrBSiFe at 60° impact angle under all tested temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis research investigates the strategy for developing large-scale solid aluminum structures with multi-bead multi-layer (MBML) overlapping using wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The study addresses challenges, i.e. material accumulation, surface irregularities, and inter-bead and inter-layer gaps, by examining deposits’ geometrical characteristics, process parameters, and deposition methods. Initial test coupon solid blocks are printed and analyzed using optical microscopy, and subsequent statistical optimization leads to the successful printing of a defect-free 140 mm × 150 mm × 28 mm solid block. The flat surface achieved in the MBML structure is attributed to maintaining an optimal overlap coefficient and a parabolic profile with the maximum width at the base. Microstructural analysis reveals the absence of fusion gaps, with an average porosity of 11.7 ± 2.45%, due to hydrogen evolution and reheating effects, with few larger pores near fusion lines. The microstructural and mechanical analyses confirm the homogeneity of properties along the overlapping direction (OD), with microhardness averaging 85.80 ± 6.63 HV0.1 and tensile strength of 161.55 ± 1.19 MPa with 2.18 ± 0.08% elongation. Microhardness fluctuations along the OD are attributed to fusion boundaries, partially melted and heat-affected zones. The research revealed that careful consideration of bead geometry and process parameters is crucial for achieving defect-free aluminum solid structures in WAAM through MBML overlapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Getting the incentives (and disincentives) right in order to ensure proper levels of compliance with government initiatives is a vital assumption of much of the writings on policy design. The assumption, however, overlooks or underestimates other critical factors that affect compliance. This includes policy-makers' behaviour in the social and political construction of policy targets and it also minimizes the complex objective and subjective conditions that affect the target population's attitudes and behaviours in relation to policy-maker aims and goals. The notion of policy-takers as static targets who passively receive policies without trying to evade or even profit from them is as misguided as the assumption that policy-makers only consider evidence on policy tools' effectiveness before selecting them. This article highlights the critical issue surrounding the choice and workings of policy tools and introduces the papers in this special issue. It indicates how they contribute to filling the gaps in our existing understanding of policy tools and advance our understanding of both policy-maker and policy-taker behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, cone-like zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (NSs) were fabricated via a simple green approach by Jatropha gossypifolia leaves extract for improving the photocatalytic and biological activity. The crystallinity and surface morphology of synthesized NPs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. The presence of elements in the prepared ZnO NSs was determined by the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of ZnO NSs were investigated by the removal of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) organic dyes under UV light irradiation. The result demonstrates that the organic dye degradation efficiency of the MG and MB was achieved at 96% and 82% under UV light irradiation. The green synthesized ZnO NSs demonstrate superior antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria's and it has excellent antioxidant ABTS free radical scavenging activity. The inhibition of denaturation of protein and proteinase inhibitory was studied by anti-arthritic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Simulation‐based medical education (SBME) is an integral part of undergraduate and postgraduate training in high‐income countries (HICs). Despite potential benefits to low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), it has not been widely applied. Our aim was to use SBME to address some essential paediatric surgery learning needs in a LMIC. Methods: Eleven SBME courses were designed, implemented and evaluated over a 4‐year period in partnership with local paediatric surgeons and the University of Medicine 1 in Yangon, Myanmar. All courses were simulation‐based and different major SBME modalities were utilized. Evaluation included pre‐ and post‐course questionnaires, other evaluation assessments including Likert scale self‐rated confidence in different domains, as well as, mixed method evaluation and Kirkpatrick's hierarchy of evaluation. Results: Over 4 years, a multidisciplinary team consisting of surgical consultants, fellows, and educational specialists delivered 11 courses at a tertiary LMIC paediatric surgical centre. Attendance varied between 23 and 50 healthcare professionals, with some participants attending all of the educational activities. SBME modalities were utilized to meet each courses' learning objectives. All educational courses scored highly and showed statistically significant differences in all the self‐rated pre and post‐course confidence Likert scale domains. SBME was accepted and embraced by local participants and faculty, and transition to local delivery of educational content has begun. Level 4 of Kirkpatrick's hierarchy of evaluation was demonstrated. Conclusion: SBME can be used to meet essential learning objectives of local staff in a LMIC. Through various modalities, it offers a reliable, proven and affordable means of teaching multiple aspects of paediatric surgical clinical practice. By employing innovative simulation‐based solutions, it can be adapted by local faculty to continue meeting ongoing learning needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biodegradation efficiacy of three different earthworms (E. eugeniae, E. foetida and P. excavates) on poultry waste was studied. Earthworms were exposed to various concentrations of poultry waste to identify the median lethal concentration, for 72 hrs. Macronutrient and micronutrients analysis of Poultry waste showed varied results in earthworm degrading samples than compared to control. Among the three earthworm species, E. eugeniae showed high efficiency of biodegrading poultry waste into an organic manure. This study identified the efficient earthworm with high biodegrading efficiency which helps to reduce the environmental pollution developed by poultry waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors and other innovative devices for electric energy generation and storage could significantly improve ecological situation in large densely populated cities. However, for this to become reality, supercapacitors should be produced en masse via a clean, green technology from the ecologically friendly material, preferably from abundant, sustainable resources, such as agricultural waste that is a by-product of other technological cycles. Many types of agricultural waste could be considered as an abundant, low-cost carbon source for large-scale fabrication of graphene-type materials. Here, we demonstrate that widely available coconut waste can be efficiently converted into reduced graphene oxide via simple catalytic oxidation using ferrocene as an efficient and low-cost catalyst. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques. The results confirmed the formation of high-quality reduced graphene oxide. The as-prepared graphene oxide was then analyzed as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. We have found that the material exhibits high performance as an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and demonstrates excellent cyclic stability. Therefore, the reduced graphene oxide prepared via a simple, green process from this type of agricultural waste could be a good candidate of the supercapacitor electrodes. Image 1 • Reduced graphene oxide was successfully synthesized from coconut shell and coconut coir. • Simple process at low temperature was successfully implemented. • Reduced graphene oxide was tested as a super-capacitor electrodes showing very stable performance. • This method presents an efficient pathway for synthesis of Reduced graphene oxide for flexible super-capacitor devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cryogenic machining and cryogenic treatment have already emerged as the sustainable manufacturing process of the future generation. The cryogenic treatment improves the cutting tool life, but the high cutting temperature developed during high-speed machining reduces the effect of cryogenic treatment of cutting tool. This study investigates the possible improvements in cutting tool life by combining cryogenic cooling and cryogenic treatment. The authors believe that these two techniques can replace conventional machining approaches using dry and wet machining conditions using coated carbide tools. The tungsten carbide-cobalt inserts are cryogenically treated (CT) at a soaking temperature of − 195.8 °C for a period of 24 h and are used to evaluate milling performance under dry, wet, and cryogenic cutting environments. The machining experiments are conducted on maraging steel MDN 250 using one factor at a time approach by varying spindle speed and keeping feed rate and depth of cut as constant. The cutting force, surface roughness, tool wear, and subsurface microhardness are some of the machining responses evaluated and compared with an untreated cutting tool (UT). The tool life improved up to 24% during cryogenic machining using CT tools at a spindle speed of 270 rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intussusception is a common, potentially life‐threatening paediatric condition. Non‐operative treatment with an air enema has been established as the clinical gold standard. There is no validated model for the training of this procedure. Our aim was to produce a novel air enema reduction simulator and validate its use as a training tool. Methods: A low‐cost paediatric intussusception air enema simulator was created. It was designed to include essential key clinical procedural steps. Participants included both procedural experts and novices from the Departments of Paediatric Radiology and Surgery. The simulator was assessed for face and content validity and its physical, conceptual and experiential fidelity by a structured questionnaire using a 5‐point Likert's scale. Statistical analysis included a t‐test, and a P‐value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Twenty‐four clinicians completed the simulation activity (expert: 13 and novices: 11). All experts had performed a minimum of 40 clinical procedures, and 46% had performed >50 procedures. All scores were favourable in all domains for face and content validity: 3.5 (physical appearance), 3.3 (insertion of the tube and taping), 3.1 (holding of the buttocks) and 3.5 (performing the air enema). The simulator also scored highly with fidelity assessment; visual 3.5, conceptual 3.4. There was no difference in procedural confidence with experts (3.8 versus 3.6, P = 0.28), but there was for novices (1.0 versus 2.9, P = 0.0002). Conclusions: This low‐cost air enema reduction simulator for intussusception has an excellent educational potential for use in a training program in a tertiary centre, as well as, resource‐constrained environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated deep level centers in n-type and semi-insulating (SI) 4H-SiC epitaxial layers by thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy. The epitaxial layers were grown using chemical vapor deposition utilizing a dichlorosilane precursor. Both epitaxial layers exhibited relatively shallow levels related to Al, B, L- and D-centers. A deep level center with an activation energy of 1.1 eV, peaked at ∼400 K, was detected in the n-type epitaxial layer and correlated with the IL2 level and the 1.1 eV center in a high purity bulk SI 4H-SiC. The TSC spectra of the SI epitaxial layer was dominated by the peaks at 525-585 K that we attributed to intrinsic defects and their complexes with energy levels close to the middle of the bandgap. The TSC spectra of SI epitaxial layer exhibited peaks with different current polarity which is explained by thermoelectric effect and the built-in electric field reversal. The results of the transfer length method measurements of the SI epitaxial layer and the room temperature current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of both epitaxial layers are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks have been used for sensing and gathering data about an environment from a remote location for many years in a variety of engineering applications. In WSN, nodes must overcome energy consumption to function efficiently. To resolve these issues and extend the usefulness of the network, clustering and routing algorithms are promising. One of the main issues with WSNs is that they lack restricted energy sources. To overcome this issue, a Hybrid Optimized Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustered Routing approach (HOEEACR) has been proposed for WSNs. This paper presents the Genetic Bee Colony (GBC) Algorithm for Cluster Head Selection by considering distances to neighbors, residual energy, node degrees, and node centralities. Furthermore, an optimal routing path for the cluster heads is found by utilizing the Aquila with African Vulture Optimization (AAVO) algorithm. The AAVO optimizes network performance using residual energy, node degree, and distance. The proposed HOEEACR method has been extensively tested to ensure network lifetime and energy efficiency. According to experimental results, the proposed HOEEACR method consistently outperforms existing techniques on a variety of performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]