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The Internet has become the primary vehicle for doing almost everything online, and smartphones are needed for almost everyone to live their daily lives. As a result, cybersecurity is a top priority in today’s world. As Internet usage has grown exponentially with billions of users and the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, cybersecurity has become a cat-and-mouse game between attackers and defenders. Cyberattacks on systems are commonplace, and defense mechanisms are continually updated to prevent them. Based on a literature review of cybersecurity vulnerabilities, attacks, and preventive measures, we find that cybersecurity problems are rooted in computer system architectures, operating systems, network protocols, design options, heterogeneity, complexity, evolution, open systems, open-source software vulnerabilities, user convenience, ease of Internet access, global users, advertisements, business needs, and the global market. We investigate common cybersecurity vulnerabilities and find that the bare machine computing (BMC) paradigm is a possible solution to address and eliminate their root causes at many levels. We study 22 common cyberattacks, identify their root causes, and investigate preventive mechanisms currently used to address them. We compare conventional and bare machine characteristics and evaluate the BMC paradigm and its applications with respect to these attacks. Our study finds that BMC applications are resilient to most cyberattacks, except for a few physical attacks. We also find that BMC applications have inherent security at all computer and information system levels. Further research is needed to validate the security strengths of BMC systems and applications.

Background: Rabies is an acute and 100% fatal viral disease transmitted to humans through the bite or lick of an infected animal. It can be successfully prevented if a complete course of anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) is taken following an animal bite. The present study reveals the compliance of animal bite victims to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows:(1) To determine the adherence to PEP among animal bite victims and factors influencing it. Materials and Methods: A retrospective record-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the anti-rabies clinic of VIMS Hospital Ballari. Information regarding sociodemographic variables, animal bite history, category of bite, treatment received, and completion of ARV schedule of all the animal bite cases were collected from the animal bite register and treatment card during the period from July 2023 to December 2023. Results: Out of the total 350 animal bite victims, all of them received the first dose of vaccine, 86.28% completed two doses, 72% completed three doses, and only 51.14% completed the schedule by taking all four doses, 37% of them completed the schedule without any delay, 14% delayed one or more doses, and the rest 49% did not complete the schedule. Conclusion: Adherence to PEP is a dire necessity as rabies is a fatal disease. Counseling the animal bite victims about the importance of adhering to the complete PEP schedule at the time of administering the first dose of vaccine is crucial.

Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) that plays an important role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) infection is hypothesised to decrease the presence of acetate-producing bacteria and, consequently, the overall acetate concentration in the ileum, leading to an impaired intestinal barrier. This study aimed to characterise the effect of the C. jejuni challenge on the ileal microbiota and SCFAs concentration in broilers. Sixty broiler chicks were randomly assigned to control and challenge treatments, each with six replications and five birds per replicate. At 21 days of age, birds were inoculated with PBS (control), or 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. jejuni in the challenge group. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. Ileal mucus and contents were collected on days 28 and 35 for microbiome and SCFA analysis. C. jejuni challenge didn’t affect body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio at days 28 and 35 compared to the control group. C. jejuni didn’t affect alpha diversity compared to the control group. C. jejuni didn’t alter microbial function nor the relative abundances of the phyla, families, genera and species compared to the control group; however, C. jejuni decreased the ileal concentration of acetate on days 28 (p = .09) and 35 (p = .002) compared to the control group. In conclusion, the C. jejuni challenge didn’t alter microbial composition or function and except for the shifts in acetate concentration, it had minimal impact on birds’ intestinal environment, highlighting the near-commensal nature of C. jejuni in broilers.

Abstract Background Does preschool height predict adult stature in undernourished settings? The extent to which preschool length or height forecasts young adult stature is unclear in chronically undernourished populations. Methods In 2006-8, we assessed height in a cohort of 2074 young adults, aged 16–23 years, in rural Nepal who, as preschoolers (≤ 4 year), were measured at baseline and again 16 months later during a vitamin A supplementation trial in 1989-91. We assessed by linear regression the ability of preschool length (L, measured -1) increased from 38–40% mid-infancy to ∼ 69–74% by 6 years of age. By 3–6 years of age heights of stunted children (L/HAZ

Abstract In recent years, regulatory agencies have raised concerns about the presence of potentially carcinogenic substances in certain formulations of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs). Specifically, nitrosamines and azido compounds have been identified in some ARB products. Nitrosamines are known to have carcinogenic properties and are associated with an increased risk of neoplasms. Spontaneous safety reports from the EudraVigilance Data Analysis System (EVDAS) database were analyzed to investigate cases of neoplasms associated with ARBs. A disproportionality analysis was conducted, calculating the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a case/non-case approach for each ARB drug. The EVDAS database contained 68,522 safety reports related to ARBs (including Azilsartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Olmesartan, Losartan, Valsartan, and Telmisartan), among which 3,396 (5%) cases were associated with neoplasms. The majority of these cases were reported in Germany (11.9%), followed by France (9.7%). Approximately 70% of the reports were submitted by healthcare professionals such as physicians and nurses. Among the ARBs, valsartan had the highest ROR for neoplasm (ROR 1.949, 95% CI 1.857–2.046). This association remained significant when comparing ARBs with other classes of antihypertensive drugs, including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Our study identifies a possible signal of an association between ARBs, particularly valsartan, and the risk of neoplasms. However, further observational and analytical studies are necessary to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Abstract The narrow zone of soil around the plant roots with maximum microbial activity termed as rhizosphere. Rhizospheric bacteria promote the plant growth directly or indirectly by providing the nutrients and producing antimicrobial compounds. In this study, the rhizospheric microbiota of peanut plants was characterized from different farms using an Illumina-based partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to evaluate microbial diversity and identify the core microbiome through culture-independent (CI) approach. Further, all rhizospheric bacteria that could grow on various nutrient media were identified, and the diversity of those microbes through culture-dependent method (CD) was then directly compared with their CI counterparts. The microbial population profiles showed a significant correlation with organic carbon and concentration of phosphate, manganese, and potassium in the rhizospheric soil. Genera like Sphingomicrobium, Actinoplanes, Aureimonas _A, Chryseobacterium, members from Sphingomonadaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae family, and Bacilli class were found in the core microbiome of peanut plants. As expected, the current study demonstrated more bacterial diversity in the CI method. However, a higher number of sequence variants were exclusively present in the CD approach compared to the number of sequence variants shared between both approaches. These CD-exclusive variants belonged to organisms that are more typically found in soil. Overall, this study portrayed the changes in the rhizospheric microbiota of peanuts in different rhizospheric soil and environmental conditions and gave an idea about core microbiome of peanut plant and comparative bacterial diversity identified through both approaches.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an enteric disease of poultry that alters the structure of the gut microbial community causing dysbiosis. This 28 day experiment investigated the effects of 125% and 135% arginine diets on the gut microbial diversity and composition of broilers during a subclinical NE challenge. One hundred and twenty one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with six replicates each- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135% diet groups. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104 E. maxima sporulated oocysts on day 14 and 1 × 108 CFU C. perfringens on days 19, 20, and 21 of age. The NE challenge significantly decreased the number of observed amplicon sequence variants (p = 0.03), the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (p < 0.01), and the species Mediterraneibacter cottocaccae (p = 0.01) in the ceca of birds on day 21. The NE challenge significantly increased the Bray-Curtis index (p < 0.01), and the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota (p < 0.01), family Odoribacteraceae (p < 0.01), genus Odoribacter (p < 0.01), and species O. splanchnicus (p = 0.01) on day 21. During NE, the 125% arginine diet restored the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota (p = 0.03), family Odoribacteraceae (p = 0.03) and Oscillospiraceae (p = 0.03), genus Odoribacter (p = 0.03), and species O. splanchnicus (p = 0.03) and M. cottocaccae (p < 0.01) on day 21. The 135% arginine diet effectively restored the loss in alpha diversity (p = 0.01) caused by NE, the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (p = 0.01) and Bacteroidota (p < 0.01), family Oscillospiraceae (p = 0.03) and Odoribacteraceae (p < 0.01), genus Odoribacter (p < 0.01), and species O. splanchnicus (p < 0.01) and M. cottocaccae (p < 0.01) on day 21. On day 28, the treatments had a significant effect on the cecal propionate (p = 0.01), butyrate (p = 0.04), and total SCFA (p = 0.04) concentrations. In conclusion, the 125% and 135% arginine diets restored gut microbial composition during a subclinical NE challenge, but not the cecal SCFA profile. Hence, arginine in combination with other feed additives could be used in restoring gut microbial homeostasis during NE in poultry.

The present study was carried during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh to identify and isolate superior genotypes from European radish (Raphanus sativus L.) germplasm. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) comprising of 25 genotypes with three replications. These genotypes were evaluated for various horticultural and yield contributing traits, using the popular check cultivar Pusa Himani as a reference. The combined data from two years revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for the studied traits. Notably, genotypes UHF-SOL-RAD-3, UHF-SOL-RAD-1 and RKR-Sel-III exhibited higher yields compared to the check variety and performed well across most traits. The root top ratio demonstrated the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability (34.79% and 34.64%, respectively). Traits such as total soluble solids (TSS), average root weight, root yield, gross plant weight, root top ratio (length basis), and root length exhibited moderate to high heritability along with moderate genetic advances. Based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics, five clusters were identified, with a majority of genotypes falling into cluster II. Cluster III displayed the highest intra-cluster similarity (51.18%), while clusters I, III, and V demonstrated greater diversity, thereby increasing the likelihood of obtaining favourable transgressive segregants through hybridization between genotypes in these clusters.

Abstract Although colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, the overall incidence and mortality from the disease have declined in recent decades. In contrast, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of CRC in individuals under 50 years of age. Hereditary syndromes contribute disproportionately to early onset CRC (EOCRC). These include microsatellite instability high (MSI+) tumors arising in patients with Lynch Syndrome. However, most EOCRCs are not associated with familial syndromes or MSI+ genotypes. Comprehensive genomic profiling has provided the basis of improved more personalized treatments for older CRC patients. However, less is known about the basis of sporadic EOCRC. To define the genomic landscape of EOCRC we used DNA content flow sorting to isolate diploid and aneuploid tumor fractions from 21 non-hereditary cases. We then generated whole exome mutational profiles for each case and whole genome copy number, telomere length, and EGFR immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses on subsets of samples. These results discriminate the molecular features of diploid and aneuploid EOCRC and provide a basis for larger population-based studies and the development of effective strategies to monitor and treat this emerging disease.

Abstract Background Improving screening and triage practices is essential for early severity assessments at the first point of contact and ensuring timely attention by healthcare workers (HCWs). The main objective of this study was to explore the triage process among febrile patients and HCWs in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital in a resource-constrained setting. Methods This qualitative study was conducted from March to May 2023 at the ED of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Nepal. The study included in-depth interviews with febrile patients (n = 15) and HCWs (n = 15). Additionally, direct observation notes (n = 20) were collected to document the triage process and patients’ experiences in the ED. Data underwent thematic analysis using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. Results The ED of TUTH offered comprehensive triage services with clear delineation for the severity of febrile patients in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Nonetheless, challenges and constraints were identified. In the ED, evenings were generally the busiest period, and the triage process was not thorough during night shifts. Perception of triage was limited among patients and variable among HCWs. Digitalizing recordings of patient information including payment was deemed necessary for effective management of patients’ waiting times at the triage station. High patient throughput added pressure on HCWs and had a potential influence on the delivery of services. Availability of medical equipment and space were also identified as challenges, with patients sometimes compelled to share beds. There were constraints related to waste disposal, hygiene, cleanliness, and the availability and maintenance of washrooms. Febrile patients experienced delays in receiving timely consultations and laboratory investigation reports, which affected their rapid diagnosis and discharge; nonetheless, patients were satisfied with the overall healthcare services received in the ED. Conclusions Improving current triage management requires resource organization, including optimizing the waiting time of patients through a digitalized system. Urgent priorities involve upgrading visitor facilities, patient consultations, laboratory investigations, hygiene, and sanitation. HCWs’ recommendations to resource the ED with more equipment, space, and beds and a dedicated triage officer to ensure 24-hour service, together with training and incentives, warrant further attention.

Small-scale Darrieus wind turbines have a wide scope in areas that are isolated from the power grid for such small-scale household applications. Applications of wind turbines on house roofs are one potential way to generate electricity from wind energy harvesting in low-wind urban locations. This work studies the aerodynamic behavior of a vertical axis wind turbine based on a MATLAB programming mathematical model. The NACA0021 airfoil profile blade was used in this present research investigation. The turbine was fabricated with dimensions such as chord length, c = 95 mm, blade height, h = 600 mm, and turbine diameter, D = 600 mm. The experimental results of the turbine for air velocity from 1 to 12 ms−1 were used in this paper and compared with analytical results. It has been observed that the fixed-pitch turbine does not start by itself at a low air velocity of 1 to 5 m/s due to a minimum and negative torque.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy represents a significant microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation, loss of cell-cell junctions, microalbuminuria, and diminished creatinine clearance. Despite its prevalence, therapeutic options dedicated to this condition are currently lacking. Natural products like bioflavonoids have garnered attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a bioflavonoid combination, including ginger extract, soy extract, and hesperetin, in a diabetic rat model. Methods: Diabetes was initiated in the rat pups via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on the fifth postnatal day. After six weeks, rats exhibiting blood sugar levels exceeding 160 mg/dL were allocated into diabetic control and treatment groups, with eight animals each. A subset of rats received citrate buffer as a control. The treatment group received the bioflavonoid combination orally for twenty-four weeks. Various parameters, including glycemic levels, urinary parameters, antioxidant status, mRNA expression via Western blot, gel zymography, and immunohistochemistry, were assessed at the study's conclusion. Results: The bioflavonoid combination demonstrated significant reductions in hyperglycemia and various urinary parameters compared to controls. Notably, it modulated MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression, upregulated GLUT-4, and downregulated TGF-β. Additionally, the combination enhanced total antioxidant capacity, indicating potential antioxidative benefits. Conclusions: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of a bioflavonoid combination (ginger extract, soy extract, and hesperetin) in improving renal function in diabetic nephropathy. By modulating key factors such as MMP-9/TIMP-1, TGF-β, and GLUT-4, this combination presents a promising avenue for further exploration in managing diabetic nephropathy. These findings underscore the importance of natural products as potential therapeutic agents in addressing diabetic complications.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 25% arginine supplementation as a functional amino acid in partially alleviating the detrimental effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, gut integrity, and the relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers during NE. Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement -basal diet and 125% arginine diet, with or without NE challenge. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104 Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21. The NE challenge had a significant effect on the BWG (p < 0.05), FCR (p < 0.05), serum AST (p < 0.05), GLU (p < 0.05), and K+ (p < 0.05) levels, and intestinal permeability (p < 0.05) and jejunal lesion score (p < 0.05). A significant challenge × diet interaction effect was observed in the cecal tonsil CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 21 (p < 0.05) and 28 (p < 0.05) and spleen CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 21 (p < 0.05) and 35 (p < 0.05). Arginine supplementation significantly increased the CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio in uninfected birds but decreased the CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio in infected birds. On d 21, a significant interaction effect was observed on the relative expression of the iNOS gene (p < 0.05). Arginine supplementation significantly downregulated the expression of the iNOS gene in infected birds. A significant effect of the challenge (p < 0.05) was observed on the relative gene expression of the ZO-1 gene in the jejunum. NE challenge significantly downregulated the expression of the ZO-1 gene on d 21. In conclusion, arginine supplementation did not alleviate the depression in growth performance and disease severity during the NE challenge. However, arginine downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, preventing inflammatory injury to the tissues during NE. Hence, arginine might be supplemented with other alternatives to downregulate inflammatory response during NE in poultry.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 25% and 35% arginine supplementation in partially alleviating the effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge on the production performance, intestinal integrity, and relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers. Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to the 4 treatments- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135%. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104 Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21 of age by oral gavage. The NE challenge significantly decreased body weight gain (BWG) (p < 0.05) and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). On d 21, the NE challenge also increased the jejunal lesion score (p < 0.05) and relative gene expression of IL-10 and decreased the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin (p < 0.05) and claudin-4 (p < 0.05). The 125% arginine diet significantly increased intestinal permeability (p < 0.05) and the relative gene expression of iNOS (p < 0.05) and IFN-γ (p < 0.05) on d 21 and the bile anti-C. perfringens IgA concentration by 39.74% (p < 0.05) on d 28. The 135% arginine diet significantly increased the feed intake during d 0 – 28 (p < 0.05) and 0 to 35 (p < 0.05) and increased the FCR on d 0 to 35 (p < 0.05). The 135% and 125% arginine diet increased the spleen CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 28 (p < 0.05) and 35 (p < 0.05), respectively. The 135% arginine diet increased the CT CD8+:CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 35 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the 125% and 135% arginine diets did not reverse the effect of the NE challenge on the growth performance. However, the 125% arginine diet significantly increased the cellular and humoral immune response to the challenge. Hence, the 125% arginine diet could be used with other feed additives to improve the immune response of the broilers during the NE challenge.

Aim: To investigate probiotic attributes of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from under-explored Indian fermented rice for potential application in consumer health and functional product development. Methods and results: The isolates endured conditions resembling gastric stress, including pH (3), bile salt (4%), NaCl (6%), and phenol (0.6%). The selected isolates were identified as L. fermentum and L. plantarum strains by 16 S rRNA sequencing. In a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT), isolate SR1 outperformed other cultures in terms of viability. Auto-aggregation, and mucin adhesion abilities were tested for colonization potential. In which, compared to other isolates, MCR1 showed greater mucin adherence. SR1 and MCR1 showed higher percentages of auto-aggregation than GG. The auto-aggregation ranged from 9% to 88%., the levels significantly increase after 24 h incubation. The lower Salt aggregation Test (SAT) values indicated efficient hydrophobicity necessary for persistence in GIT and competitive inhibition to pathogens. All the isolates displayed considerably higher galactosidase activity than GG, isolate FCR2 expressed the highest, up to 613±0.92 Miller’s unit/ml activity. The probiotic candidates displayed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against food-spoilage fungi and entero-pathogens. The study of safety aspects such as hemolytic, DNase activity, antibiotic susceptibility confirmed unavailability of any virulent factor. Conclusion: The isolates developed substantial galactosidase activity and significant broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. These characteristics make isolates an effective commercial option for β-galactosidase production in the food sector to create low-lactose or lactose-free products. Overall, the isolates' capacity for survival, colonization, and other useful traits may be of commercial relevance. Additionally, isolates can be researched for the production of antibacterial agents and in vivo studies for development of future functional food products. Moreover, these findings lay a robust groundwork for future exploration in probiotics, functional foods and nutraceuticals, while also shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of the specified traditional food source. Significance: This investigation uncovered potential probiotic LAB of Indian fermented rice origin. By doing so, it expands our understanding of LAB diversity and presents promising candidates for applications in gut health improvement, functional food development, and exploration of natural antibacterial solutions.

PURPOSEAML is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy. Region-specific recommendations for AML management can enhance patient outcomes. This article aimed to develop recommendations for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.METHODSTen AML panel members from Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (KOQU) participated in a modified two-round Delphi process. The panel first identified the unmet regional needs and finalized a list of core variables. Next, they voted on iterative statements drawn from international recommendations and provided feedback via a questionnaire. Consensus voting ≤70% was discussed, and additional clinical decision making statements were suggested. At round closure, a consensus vote took place on revised statements.RESULTSThe panel reached ≥97.8% consensus on AML management. The panel agreed to use international risk stratification categories for personalized treatment of AML. The presence of ≥10% blasts for recurrent genetic abnormalities was required for a diagnosis of AML. Key consensus was reached for different treatment stages. The panel noted that older patients pose a challenge because of poor cytogenetics and genetic anomalies and require different treatment approaches. The panel recommended venetoclax-hypomethylating agents; fludarabine, cytarabine, idarubicin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; and targeted therapy for AML relapsed/refractory disease. Supportive care is considered on the basis of prevailing organisms and drug resistance.CONCLUSIONThe GCC KOQU's consensus-based recommendations for managing AML include an evidence-based and region-specific framework.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek’s disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.

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We investigated antibiotic resistance pattern in clinical bacterial pathogens isolated from in-patients and out-patients, and compared it with non-clinical bacterial isolates. 475 bacterial strains isolated from patients were examined for antibiotic resistance. Staphylococcus spp. (148; 31.1%) were found to be the most prevalent, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (135; 28.4%), Escherichia coli (74; 15.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (65; 13.6%), Enterobacter spp. (28; 5.8%), and Acinetobacter spp. (25; 5.2%). Drug-resistant bacteria isolated were extended spectrum-β-lactamase K. pneumoniae (8.8%), E. coli (20%), metallo-β-lactamase P. aeruginosa (14; 2.9%), erythromycin-inducing clindamycin resistant (7.4%), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species (21.6%). Pathogens belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were observed to undergo directional selection developing resistance against antibiotics ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, and cefuroxime. Pathogens in the surgical ward exhibited higher levels of antibiotic resistance, while non-clinical P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae strains were more antibiotic-susceptible. Our research assisted in identifying the drugs that can be used to control infections caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the population and in monitoring the prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

This study was designed to assess both the quality and cost aspects of various branded and generic formulations of angiotensin receptor blockers, specifically Irbesartan, Losartan Potassium, Olmesartan Medoxomil, Telmisartan, and Valsartan. The collected samples underwent distinct quality evaluations using the methods outlined in different global Pharmacopoeias (British Pharmacopoeia/European Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeia and United States Pharmacopoeia). These drugs were characterized using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques, while their quality and concentration were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The release profile of the drugs was examined through dissolution testing. Additionally, a cost comparison analysis was carried out by determining the prevailing market prices of the drugs. The evaluated branded and generic angiotensin receptor blockers were found to meet the established standards for impurities, active drug content, and dissolution as set by these Pharmacopoeias, indicating their optimal quality. Notably, the generic drugs exhibited significantly lower costs compared to their branded counterparts. This study confirms that the quality of generic angiotensin receptor blockers is equivalent to that of their branded counterparts. Consequently, these findings support the practicality of utilizing generic drugs as a more economically sustainable and cost-effective approach to managing diseases, especially those of chronic nature.

S–CoFe2O4 nanocomposite was synthesized using an easy calcining procedure in the air and was then given a variety of analytical techniques to analyze it. PXRD analysis supported cubic S–CoFe2O4 structure. CoFe2O4 and S–CoFe2O4 catalysts have been continuously absorbed in the visible region, which suggests active d-d transitions. Methylene blue degradation was used to investigate the photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4 and S–CoFe2O4 catalysts under visible light illumination. The point zero charge of S–CoFe2O4 catalyst was found to be at pH 4.4 confirmed from the zeta potential. Ammonium persulfate was deployed as an oxidant to compare to hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the S–CoFe2O4 composite performance was investigated in the presence of a trapping agent such isopropyl alcohol. The decreasing order of photocatalytic activity is as follows: S–CoFe2O4 + H2O2 > S–CoFe2O4 + APS > S–CoFe2O4 > CoFe2O4 > S–CoFe2O4 + IPA. Kinetic study shows S–CoFe2O4 with H2O2 system best fitted to zero order model. The degradation of methylene blue was examined using the liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy technique.

In this study, a novel gas burner combining air swirl and an inverse diffusion flame (IDF) is designed for industrial applications. Numerical simulations using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method and simplified reaction mechanisms are conducted to predict the turbulent flow and combustion performance of the burner. Detailed flow structures, flame structures and effects of burner configurations are examined. The simulation results indicate that the swirl action of the burner creates a central recirculation zone and two external recirculation zones at the burner head, which stabilize combustion. The tangential velocity is minimal at the center of the burner and decreases with increasing distance from the outlet. As the distance from the exit increases, the maximum tangential velocity gradually decreases, and the peak value shifts towards the wall. This decrease in tangential velocity with axial distance signifies the gradual dissipation of the swirl effect, which disappears near the chamber outlet. The comparisons reveal that altering the number of burner fuel nozzles is more effective in reducing NO emissions than changing the inclination angle of the fuel nozzles, in the given conditions. Favorable combustion conditions are achieved when there are 16 fuel nozzles and the nozzle inclination angle is 60°, resulting in a 28.5% reduction in NO emissions at the outlet, compared to the reference condition.

In order to investigate the subcellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of sarpogrelate—a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist—on diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetes was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Diabetic animals were treated with or without sarpogrelate (5 mg/kg daily) for 6 weeks; diabetic animals were also treated with insulin (10 units/kg daily) for comparison. Elevated plasma levels of glucose and lipids, depressed insulin levels, hemodynamic alterations and cardiac dysfunction in diabetic animals were partially or fully attenuated by sarpogrelate or insulin treatment. Diabetes-induced changes in myocardial high-energy phosphate stores, as well as depressed mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+-uptake activities, were significantly prevented by these treatments. Reductions in sarcolemma Na+-K+ ATPase, Na+-Ca2+ exchange, Ca2+-channel density and Ca2+-uptake activities were also attenuated by treatments with sarpogrelate and insulin. In addition, decreases in diabetes-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-uptake, Ca2+-release and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities, myofibrillar Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities, and myosin Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities were fully or partially prevented by sarpogrelate and insulin treatments. Marked alterations in different biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, in diabetic hearts were also attenuated by treating the animals with sarpogrelate or insulin. These observations suggest that therapy with sarpogrelate, like that with insulin, may improve cardiac function by preventing subcellular and metabolic defects as a consequence of a reduction in oxidative stress.

The growing demand for agricultural output and limited resources encourage precision applications to generate higher-order output by utilizing minimal inputs of seed, fertilizer, land, and water. An electronically operated planter was developed, considering problems like ground-wheel skidding, field vibration, and the lack of ease in field adjustments of ground-wheel-driven seed-metering plates. The seed-metering plate of each unit of the developed planter is individually driven by a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, and a BLDC motor-based aspirator is attached for pneumatic suction of seeds. The revolutions per minute (RPM) of the seed-metering plate are controlled by a microcontroller as per the received data relating to RPM from the ground wheel and the current RPM of the seed-metering plate. A feedback loop with proportional integral derivative (PID) control is responsible for reducing the error. Additionally, each row unit is attached to a parallelogram-based depth control system that can provide depth between 0 and 100 mm. The suction pressure in each unit is regulated as per seed type using the RPM control knob of an individual BLDC motor-based aspirator. The row-to-row spacing can be changed from 350 mm to any desired spacing. The cotton variety selected for the study was RCH 659, and the crucial parameters like orifice size, vacuum pressure, and forward speed were optimized in the laboratory with the adoption of a central composite rotatable design. An orifice diameter of 2.947 mm with vacuum pressure of 3.961 kPa and forward speed of 4.261 km/h was found optimal. A quality feed index of 93% with a precision index of 8.01% was observed from laboratory tests under optimized conditions. Quality feed index and precision index values of 88.8 and 12.75%, respectively, were obtained from field tests under optimized conditions.

Abstract Introduction Endoscopic sinus surgery is often challenging because of bleeding and pain. A variety of techniques have been explored to reduce surgical function and pain, with the sphenopalatine ganglion block showing the most promising results. All of these researches, however, had methodological flaws since saline was used as a placebo injection, which could have irritated the ganglion and produced less-than-ideal results, in accordance with our theory. Aim and objective To determine the effect of sphenopalatine ganglion block with bupivacaine on intraoperative endoscopic surgical field and postoperative pain. Patients and methods A prospective double blind, randomized study was conducted in 50 subjects undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyp. The case group received 1.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine in sphenopalatine ganglion block while control group didn’t receive any drug in ganglion. The intra-operative surgical field grade and postoperative pain score was recorded to analyze the effect of the block. Results We discovered a statistically significant difference in the endoscopic surgical field between the case and control groups. In comparison to the control group, the surgical field was more visible in the sphenopalatine ganglion block group. The case group significantly outperformed the control group in terms of pain visual analogue score throughout the observation period, with the exception of the first day following surgery. Conclusion Sphenopalatine ganglion block with bupivacaine 0.5% is a straightforward, efficient, and secure way to improve the endoscopic surgical field and lessen postoperative pain in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery.

Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine subtype of lung cancer with poor patient prognosis. However, the mechanisms that regulate SCLC progression and metastasis remain undefined. Here, we show that the expression of the slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2) tumor suppressor gene is reduced in SCLC tumors relative to adjacent normal tissue. In addition, the expression of the SLIT2 receptor, roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1), is upregulated. We find a positive association between SLIT2 expression and the Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1)‐expressing SCLC subtype (SCLC‐Y), which shows a better prognosis. Using genetically engineered SCLC cells, adenovirus gene therapy, and preclinical xenograft models, we show that SLIT2 overexpression or the deletion of ROBO1 restricts tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed significant inhibition of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2‐like tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in the SCLC tumors. In addition, SLIT2 enhances M1‐like and phagocytic macrophages. Molecular analysis showed that ROBO1 knockout or SLIT2 overexpression suppresses the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/β‐catenin signaling pathway in both tumor cells and macrophages. Overall, we find that SLIT2 and ROBO1 have contrasting effects on SCLC tumors. SLIT2 suppresses, whereas ROBO1 promotes, SCLC growth by regulating the Tgf‐β1/glycogen synthase kinase‐3 beta (GSK3)/β‐catenin signaling pathway in tumor cells and TAMs. These studies indicate that SLIT2 could be used as a novel therapeutic agent against aggressive SCLC.

Arginine is a functional amino acid essential for various physiological processes in poultry. The dietary essentiality of arginine in poultry stems from the absence of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I. The specific requirement for arginine in poultry varies based on several factors, such as age, dietary factors, and physiological status. Additionally, arginine absorption and utilization are also influenced by the presence of antagonists. However, dietary interventions can mitigate the effect of these factors affecting arginine utilization. In poultry, arginine is utilized by four enzymes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase arginase, arginine decarboxylase and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). The intermediates and products of arginine metabolism by these enzymes mediate the different physiological functions of arginine in poultry. The most studied function of arginine in humans, as well as poultry, is its role in immune response. Arginine exerts immunomodulatory functions primarily through the metabolites nitric oxide (NO), ornithine, citrulline, and polyamines, which take part in inflammation or the resolution of inflammation. These properties of arginine and arginine metabolites potentiate its use as a nutraceutical to prevent the incidence of enteric diseases in poultry. Furthermore, arginine is utilized by the poultry gut microbiota, the metabolites of which might have important implications for gut microbial composition, immune regulation, metabolism, and overall host health. This comprehensive review provides insights into the multifaceted roles of arginine and arginine metabolites in poultry nutrition and wellbeing, with particular emphasis on the potential of arginine in immune regulation and microbial homeostasis in poultry.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic during a necrotic enteritis (NE) infection, a total of 360 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups in a 2 × 2 factorial setup: control, challenge, synbiotic (1 g/kg), and challenge + synbiotic, with 6 replicates. NE was induced by gavaging 1 × 104 Eimeria maxima oocysts and 1 × 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (D14) and D19, 20, and 21, respectively. At D35, the NE challenge decreased the BW gain (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (P = 0.03), whereas synbiotic supplementation decreased the feed intake (P = 0.04). At D21, NE challenge increased gut permeability (P < 0.001), decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the cecal tonsil (CT) (P = 0.02), increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.02), decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in the spleen (P = 0.04) and decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.02), whereas synbiotic supplementation increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P < 0.001) and decreased interferon (IFN)-γ expression in the jejunum (P = 0.07), however, synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased mid-gut lesion score (P < 0.001), increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT and decreased IgA production in bile (P < 0.001), compared to the control group. At D28, synbiotic supplementation decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT (P < 0.001), whereas synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased Tregs in CT (P < 0.001) and increased NO production in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to the control group. At D35, the NE challenge decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P = 0.03), decreased IgA production in bile (P = 0.02), decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.04), and decreased IL-10 (P = 0.009), IFN-γ (P = 0.03) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.02) expression in the jejunum, whereas synbiotic supplementation increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to control group. Synbiotic supplementation during the NE challenge decreased both IL-1β (P = 0.02) and IFN-γ (P = 0.001) expression in CT, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation increases production performance by decreasing mid-gut lesions and enhancing protective immunity against NE, and efficiency of synbiotic could be improved by blending additional probiotics and prebiotics.

Purpose: To determine the level of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma surgery and post-surgery counseling amongst paramedical staff at a tertiary eye-care hospital. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included a random sample of 94 hospital personnel: 37 general nurse midwives, 47 ophthalmic assistants, and 10 patient caretakers (PCTs). Participants were administered a questionnaire about glaucoma surgery and post-surgery counseling of patients. Results: The study included 41 (43.6%) females and 53 (56.4%) males. The mean age of the participants was 24.85 ± 4.54 years. All participants were aware of trabeculectomy surgery in glaucoma (100%). A total of 95.7% knew that surgery helps in controlling IOP, of whom 57 (60.6%) participants got information during their course of learning. Overall 53 (56.4%) believed that surgery is done when medication failure occurs, and 58 (61.7%) knew that surgery helps in preserving vision. A total of 63 (67.0%) participants knew to counsel patients to visit an ophthalmologist when called for and take the treatment as advised, whereas 74 (78.7%) correctly said to visit an ophthalmologist immediately if pain/diminution of vision/discharge occurs. Overall, PCTs were found to be having significantly better knowledge (P = 0.01) compared to others and they also reported ophthalmologists as the chief source of information. Conclusion: This study revealed that paramedical staff had an excellent awareness of trabeculectomy surgery. However, the knowledge and counseling parts of the questionnaire revealed less than satisfactory responses. So, there is a need to continuously educate paramedical staff members so that they can help in propagating information about the role of glaucoma surgery and the importance of proper follow-up.

Targeted mutagenesis of a promoter or gene is essential for attaining new functions in microbial and protein engineering efforts. In the burgeoning field of synthetic biology, heterologous genes are expressed in new host organisms. Similarly, natural or designed proteins are mutagenized at targeted positions and screened for gain-of-function mutations. Here, we describe methods to attain complete randomization or controlled mutations in promoters or genes. Combinatorial libraries of one hundred thousands to tens of millions of variants can be created using commercially synthesized oligonucleotides, simply by performing two rounds of polymerase chain reactions. With a suitably engineered reporter in a whole cell, these libraries can be screened rapidly by performing fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Within a few rounds of positive and negative sorting based on the response from the reporter, the library can rapidly converge to a few optimal or extremely rare variants with desired phenotypes. Library construction, transformation and sequence verification takes 6–9 days and requires only basic molecular biology lab experience. Screening the library by FACS takes 3–5 days and requires training for the specific cytometer used. Further steps after sorting, including colony picking, sequencing, verification, and characterization of individual clones may take longer, depending on number of clones and required experiments.

This study aimed to understand the effect of C. jejuni challenge on the cecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration to form a better understanding of the host–pathogen interaction. Sixty broilers were randomly allocated into two treatments: control and challenge. Each treatment was replicated in six pens with five birds per pen. On day 21, birds in the challenge group were orally gavaged with 1 × 108C. jejuni/mL, while the control group was mock challenged with PBS. The C. jejuni challenge had no effect on body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. On day 28, the C. jejuni challenge decreased the observed features and Shannon index compared to the control group. On the species level, the C. jejuni challenge decreased (p = 0.02) the relative abundance of Sellimonas intestinalis on day 28 and increased (p = 0.04) the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium sp002160895 on day 35 compared to the control group. The C. jejuni challenge did not change the microbial function and the cecal concentrations of SCFA on days 28 and 35 compared to the control group. In conclusion, C. jejuni might alter the gut microbiota’s composition and diversity without significantly compromising broilers’ growth.

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a progressive heritable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deficiency of the lysosomal β-hexosaminidase enzyme (Hex−/−) and the storage of GM2 ganglioside, as well as other related glycoconjugates. Along with motor difficulties, TSD patients also manifest a gradual loss of skills and behavioral problems, followed by early death. Unfortunately, there is no cure for TSD; however, research on treatments and therapeutic approaches is ongoing. This study underlines the importance of gemfibrozil (GFB), an FDA-approved lipid-lowering drug, in inhibiting the disease process in a transgenic mouse model of Tay-Sachs. Oral administration of GFB significantly suppressed glial activation and inflammation, while also reducing the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides/glycoconjugates in the motor cortex of Tay-Sachs mice. Furthermore, oral GFB improved behavioral performance and increased the life expectancy of Tay-Sachs mice. While investigating the mechanism, we found that oral administration of GFB increased the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in the brain of Tay-Sachs mice, and that GFB remained unable to reduce glycoconjugates and improve behavior and survival in Tay-Sachs mice lacking PPARα. Our results indicate a beneficial function of GFB that employs a PPARα-dependent mechanism to halt the progression of TSD and increase longevity in Tay-Sachs mice.

Salmonella is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in poultry. Contaminated poultry eggs and meat products are the major sources of human Salmonella infection. Horizontal and vertical transmission are the primary routes of infection in chickens. The principal virulence genes linked to Salmonella pathogenesis in poultry are located in Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are involved in the defense against Salmonella invasion in poultry. Vaccination of chickens and supplementation of feed additives like prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and bacteriophages are currently being used to mitigate the Salmonella load in poultry. Despite the existence of various control measures, there is still a need for a broad, safe, and well-defined strategy that can confer long-term protection from Salmonella in poultry flocks. This review examines the current knowledge on the etiology, transmission, cell wall structure, nomenclature, pathogenesis, immune response, and efficacy of preventative approaches to Salmonella.

The present study was carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during the rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effect of different organic amendments in seed production of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Chinese Pink. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, consisting of seven treatments with three replications. The treatments were: T1, Control; T2, FYM @20 t/ha; T3, Vermicompost @8 t/ha; T4, FYM @10 t/ha + vermicompost @4 t/ha; T5, FYM @20 t/ha + Vermiwash @1:1 (v/v - water + vermiwash) spray; T6, Vermicompost @8 t/ha + Vermiwash @1:1 (v/v - water + vermiwash) spray; T7, FYM @10 t/ha + Vermicompost @4 t/ha + Vermiwash @1:1 (v/v – water + vermiwash) spray. Pooled data of three consecutive years revealed that application of T7 recorded maximum plant height (127.30 cm), number of branches per plant (9.89), highest number of pods per plant (690.57), more seed yield per plant (30.35 g) and seed yield per hectare (5.93 q). This treatment also resulted in maximum 1000-seed weight (11.83 g), germination (94.77%), seed vigour index-I (2420.51) and seed vigour index-II (669.33) along with highest net return (`458135.70/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (3.40).

The role of commensal bacterial microbiota in the pathogenesis of human malignancies has been a research field of incomparable progress in recent years. Although breast tissue is commonly assumed to be sterile, recent studies suggest that human breast tissue may contain a bacterial microbiota. In this study, we used an immune‐competent orthotopic breast cancer mouse model to explore the existence of a unique and independent bacterial microbiota in breast tumors. We observed some similarities in breast cancer microbiota with skin; however, breast tumor microbiota was mainly enriched with Gram‐negative bacteria, serving as a primary source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment in late‐stage tumor lesions increased LPS levels in the breast tissue environment. We also discovered an increased expression of S100A7 and low level of TLR4 in late‐stage tumors with or without DSS as compared to early‐stage tumor lesions. The treatment of breast cancer cells with LPS increased the expression of S100A7 in breast cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, S100A7 overexpression downregulated TLR4 and upregulated RAGE expression in breast cancer cells. Analysis of human breast cancer samples also highlighted the inverse correlation between S100A7 and TLR4 expression. Overall, these findings suggest that the commensal microbiota of breast tissue may enhance breast tumor burden through a novel LPS/S100A7/TLR4/RAGE signaling axis.

Abstract Background Molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation-associated breast tumor growth are poorly studied. S100A7, a pro-inflammatory molecule has been shown to enhance breast cancer growth and metastasis. However, the S100A7-mediated molecular mechanisms in enhancing tumor growth and metastasis are unclear. Methods Human breast cancer tissue and plasma samples were used to analyze the expression of S100A7, cPLA2, and PGE2. S100A7-overexpressing or downregulated human metastatic breast cancer cells were used to evaluate the S100A7-mediated downstream signaling mechanisms. Bi-transgenic mS100a7a15 overexpression, TNBC C3 (1)/Tag transgenic, and humanized patient-derived xenograft mouse models and cPLA2 inhibitor (AACOCF3) were used to investigate the role of S100A7/cPLA2/PGE2 signaling in tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, CODEX, a highly advanced multiplexed imaging was employed to delineate the effects of S100A7/cPLA2 inhibition on the recruitment of various immune cells. Results In this study, we found that S100A7 and cPLA2 are highly expressed and correlate with decreased overall survival in breast cancer patients. Further mechanistic studies revealed that S100A7/RAGE signaling promotes the expression of cPLA2 to mediate its oncogenic effects. Pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2 suppressed S100A7-mediated tumor growth and metastasis in multiple pre-clinical models including transgenic and humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. The attenuation of cPLA2 signaling reduced S100A7-mediated recruitment of immune-suppressive myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, we discovered that the S100A7/cPLA2 axis enhances the immunosuppressive microenvironment by increasing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) imaging-based analyses revealed that cPLA2 inhibition increased the infiltration of activated and proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME. In addition, CD163+ tumor associated-macrophages were positively associated with S100A7 and cPLA2 expression in malignant breast cancer patients. Conclusions Our study provides new mechanistic insights on the cross-talk between S100A7/cPLA2 in enhancing breast tumor growth and metastasis by generating an immunosuppressive TME that inhibits the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, our studies indicate that S100A7/cPLA2 could be used as novel prognostic marker and cPLA2 inhibitors as promising drugs against S100A7-overexpressing aggressive breast cancer.

Objective: To explore the anticoagulant, antiplatelet and antioxidant activities of protein extract of kenaf seed (PEKS). Methods: Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography techniques were employed for protein characterization. Antioxidant activity of PEKS was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The protective effect of PEKS on sodium nitrite (NaNO2) induced oxidative stress was evaluated using the in vitro red blood cell model, while the effect of PEKS on diclofenac-induced oxidative stress was examined in vivo in rats. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma were used for anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities of PEKS. Results: PEKS revealed similar protein bands on SDS-PAGE under reduced and non-reduced conditions. Several acidic proteins were present in native PAGE. PEKS showed antioxidant properties by scavenging DPPH with an IC50 of 24.58 μg. PEKS exhibited a protective effect on NaNO2 induced oxidative stress in red blood cells by restoring the activity of stress markers. In addition, PEKS alleviated diclofenac-induced tissue damage of the liver, kidney, and small intestine. PEKS showed an anticoagulant effect in both in vivo and in vitro experiments by enhancing normal clotting time. PEKS did not affect prothrombin time but increase activated partial thromboplastin time. Furthermore, PEKS inhibited adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. Conclusions: PEKS protects tissues from oxidative stress and exhibits antithrombotic activity.

Introduction: The Candida species which are opportunistic fungi especially the species of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis have been causing oral candidiasis. Due to resistance of conventional antifungal agents, the scientists are in verge of exploring novel antifungal drugs such as traditional medicinal plants. Hence we aimed in studying the antifungal effect of Woodfordia fruiticosa and Punicagranatum which are plants of Lythraceae on Candida species. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of both the plants were prepared using soxhlet extraction method and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography. The Paper discs were prepared by Whatman filter paper No. 1 The disc was moistened with 10 μL from the prepared stock solution. Were kept at 4°C for 3 hours for diffusion and incubated for 48 hours. Then the diameters of the circular inhibition zones were measured. Results: The obtained data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Chloroform fraction of Woodfordia fruticosa showed superior antifungal effect when compared to Punicagranatum peel. Conclusion: The invitro antimicrobial activity of Woodfordia leaf depicted superior antifungal activity against Candida isolates with effective anticandidal effect when compared to Punica peel. In future both of these plants could serve as basis for the new anti-candidal agents.

Slavery, in the form of ‘debt-bondage’, is rife in Indian brick kilns, where the enforcement of labour laws is poor. Working equids support brick-kiln workers by transporting raw bricks into the kilns, but the situation of equids and their owners within the brick kilns is relatively unknown. We describe the welfare of donkeys (Equus asinus) owned under conditions of debt-bondage, examine the links between owner and donkey behaviour, and outline the living conditions of both donkeys and humans working in the brick kilns of Gujarat, India. We then explore the unique experience of debt-bondage by donkey owners, compare migration trends to those of non-donkey-owning workers and assess impacts on their children’s education. The physical and behavioural conditions of donkeys reflected that of their owners, creating negative feedback loops and potentially reducing productivity. All donkey owners experienced debt-bondage and were particularly vulnerable to unexpected financial loss. Donkey owners, unlike non-owners, migrated within their home state, enabling their children to attend school. Our work highlights the need for policy reform within the brick-kiln industry to acknowledge the pivotal role of working donkeys in supporting human livelihoods.

Electricity production from metal oxides using the water-splitting phenomenon is an innovative method that came into existence recently. Still, a lot of research is going on to find optimal metal oxide which can produce maximum electrical energy under standard room conditions. In the present work, Nickel oxide has been explored for the same using different synthesis techniques viz. solid-state method, sol–gel method, and hydrothermal method to compare their respective efficiencies. XRD study reveals the crystalline nature and crystallite size of the material synthesized by three methods. A minimum crystallite size of 11 nm is observed when synthesized by hydrothermal technique. BET confirms the specific surface area of NiO to be 11.58, 20.32, and 47.83 m2/g prepared by the solid-state method, sol–gel method, and hydrothermal method respectively. Small-type cubical-type morphology is also observed in the FESEM study of NiO. UV–visible spectrometry reveals band gap of the material increase from 4.5 to 5 eV when we shift from the solid-state method to the hydrothermal method. NiO synthesized using the hydrothermal method has a smaller crystallite size and more surface areas and porosity giving a peak power of 12.36 mW with short circuit current (Isc) of 12 mA and open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.03 V. Three such cells connected in series are capable of glowing an LED.

IntroductionThe use of telehealth interventions has been evaluated in different perspectives in women and also supported with various clinical trials, but its overall efficacy is still ascertained. The objective of the present review is to identify, appraise and analyze randomized controlled trials on breast cancer survivors who have participated in technology-based intervention programs incorporating a wide range of physical and psychological outcome measures.Material and methodsWe conducted electronic search of the literature during last twenty years i.e., from 2001 till August 10, 2021 through four databases. Standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval was used.ResultsA total of 56 records were included in the qualitative and 28 in quantitative analysis. Pooled results show that telehealth interventions were associated with improved quality of life (SMD 0.48, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.92, p=0.04), reduced depression (SMD -1.27, 95% CI =-2.43 to -0.10 p=0.03), low distress and less perceived stress (SMD -0.40, 95% CI =-0.68 to -0.12, p=0.005). However, no significant differences were observed on weight change (SMD -0.27, 95% CI =-2.39 to 1.86, p=0.81) and anxiety scores (SMD -0.09, 95% CI =-0.20 to 0.02, p=0.10) between the two groups. Improvement in health care competence and fitness among participants was also reported.ConclusionStudy concludes that telehealth care is a quick, convenient and assuring approach to breast cancer care in women that can reduce treatment burden and subsequent disturbance to the lives of breast cancer survivors.

Abstract To release more flexibility for users to charge their portable devices, researchers have increasingly developed compact wireless power transfer (WPT) systems in recent years. Also, a dual-band WPT system is proposed to transfer power and signal simultaneously, enriching the system’s functionality. Moreover, a stacked metasurface has recently been proposed for a single band near-field WPT system. In this study, a novel multimode self-resonance-enhanced wideband metasurface is proposed for a robust dual-band WPT system, which significantly improves the performance of both bands. The size of the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) are both 15 mm × 15 mm only. The proposed metasurface can improve efficiency from 0.04 up to 39% in the best case. The measured figure of merit (FoM) is 2.09 at 390 MHz and 2.16 at 770 MHz, respectively, in the balanced mode. Especially, the FoM can reach up to 4.34 in the lower mode. Compared to the previous state-of-the-art for similar applications, the WPT performance has significantly been improved.

The Kargil Formation in the region of Ladakh (northern India) is known for its late Oligocene mammal fauna of both large mammals and rodents. New excavations in the area yielded a maxillary fragment of an insectivore with three premolars and two roots of a canine. The fossil record of the insectivores on the Indian subcontinent is as yet scanty. Based on the peculiar morphology of the last premolar, the Ladakh fossil could be identified as belonging to a new species of Erinaceinae, Ladakhechinus iugummontis n. gen. n. sp. The new find confirms the large diversity among hedgehogs in Asia during the Oligocene.

Abstract Generally, a conventional voltage doubler circuit possesses a large variation of its input impedance over the bandwidth, which results in limited bandwidth and low RF-dc conversion efficiency. A basic aspect for designing wideband voltage doubler rectifiers is the use of complex matching circuits to achieve decade and octave impedance and RF-dc conversion efficiency bandwidths. Still, the reported techniques till now have been accompanied by a large fluctuation of the RF-dc conversion efficiency over the operating bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a novel rectification circuit with minimal inter-stage matching that consists of a single short-circuit stub and a virtual battery, which contributes negligible losses and overcomes these existing problems. Consequently, the proposed rectifier circuit achieves a diode physical-limit-bandwidth efficient rectification. In other words, the rectification bandwidth, as well as the peak efficiency, are controlled by the length of the stub and the physical limitation of the diodes.

Abstract The rhizosphere, a narrow zone of soil near plant roots, is a hot spot for microbial activity. Rhizosphere microbiota directly or indirectly benefit plants by supplementing nutrients, producing beneficial chemicals, or suppressing pathogens. Plants attract and modulate bacteria within the rhizosphere by releasing exudates. Plants also tend to select the rhizosphere microbiota based on their needs; a phenomenon termed as “rhizosphere effect”. In this study, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiota of peanut plants across the crop development cycle from pre-sowing of seeds to post-harvest of crop under field conditions. The rhizosphere and bulk soil samples from different crop developmental stages were also compared. The composition of bulk soil microbiota resembled microbiota of pre-sowing and post-harvest soil and was markedly different from rhizosphere soil samples. Rhizosphere samples were enriched with multiple organisms mostly from the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla. Differences in diversity were observed among the rhizosphere samples but not in bulk soil across different crop development stages. Pseudomonas_M indica was highly enriched during the germination of seeds. Furthermore, Plant Growth Promoting (PGP) bacteria like Bacillus were enriched during the middle stages of crop development but there was a decline in PGP organisms in the matured crop stage. We also observed a significant association of pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) with the profiles of microbial community. Overall, this study portrayed the changes in rhizosphere microbiota of peanut during different developmental stages of crop and may help to design stage specific bio-strategies such as bio-fertilizer to improve crop yield.