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Scylla spp. are among the most economically important fisheries resources derived from the mangroves. However, the widespread mangrove destruction resulted in the loss of habitat, thus the dwindling capture production of many mangrove-associated faunas. Although studies have shown that Scylla populations have reestablished in mangrove-reforested areas, this study was the first in a mangrove-recolonized abandoned pond in the Philippines. Six fishers conducted standardized fishing every spring tide of the month using cylindrical bamboo traps. All crabs caught from July 2010 to December 2011 were recorded for species, sex, sexual maturation of females, carapace width (CW), and body weight (BW). Total landings comprised 14,262 crabs weighing 1,743 kg; 79.67% Scylla olivacea, 20.18% S. tranquebarica, and 0.15% S. serrata. CW ranged 3.1–17.1 cm and BW 10–1,250 g, with the male crabs comprising 39.23–64.65% of the monthly landings and the females distributed as 19.88–45.01% immature, 0.50–16.57% mature, 0.45–16.02% gravid, and less than 0.10% spent crabs. Monthly landings ranged 254–1,231 pcs of crabs or 32.38–160.59 kg. The monthly mean catch per unit effort (CPUE), in terms of number, was 0.101 ± 0.01–0.456 ± 0.02 crab gear−1 day−1 (max = 1.13), while in terms of biomass, 12.86 ± 0.84–54.36 ± 3.16 g gear−1 day−1 (max = 112.50). Length–weight relationships of S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica are expressed as W = 0.224967L2.9864 (r2 = 94.08%, p < 0.001; n = 11,363) and W = 0.173409L3.1074 (r2 = 92.71%, p < 0.001; n = 2,878), respectively. This study revealed that Scylla spp. could reestablish in mangrove-recolonized abandoned ponds.

This article addresses the issue of gender inequality and how it has affected women leaders in the Mexican mining industry. According to Tarrés (2013), the gender category is the result of social relations based on differences perceived by the sexes and power. Gender inequality is the result of privileging one group over another based on an ideological system and not on abilities or abilities. To understand inequality in organizations and how to eradicate it, it is necessary to take into account organizational culture as a system of shared beliefs, habits and processes that maintain, replicate or change the dynamics within companies. To learn firsthand about what women leaders experience in the mines, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed from an interpretive approach based on an analogical epistemology. Thanks to this approach, it was possible to detect that there are still companies with inequality practices, but also that there are gender education programs, inclusion policies and support networks to eradicate inequality and create a better working environment., Este artigo aborda a questão da desigualdade de género e como esta tem afectado as mulheres líderes na indústria mineira mexicana. Segundo Tarrés (2013), a categoria gênero é o resultado de relações sociais baseadas nas diferenças percebidas entre os sexos e no poder. Por outras palavras, a desigualdade de género é o resultado de privilegiar um grupo em detrimento de outro com base num sistema ideológico, e não em capacidades ou habilidades. Para compreender a desigualdade nas organizações e como erradicá-la, é necessário ter em conta a cultura organizacional como um sistema de crenças, hábitos e processos partilhados que mantêm, replicam ou alteram a dinâmica dentro das empresas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a relação entre a cultura organizacional e o desenvolvimento de mulheres gestoras em organizações da indústria mineral destacadas em diferentes estudos de caso. Para conhecer em primeira mão o que as mulheres líderes vivenciam nas minas, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas a partir de uma abordagem interpretativa apoiada por uma epistemologia analógica. Graças a esta abordagem, foi possível detectar que ainda existem empresas com práticas de desigualdade, embora programas de educação de género, políticas de inclusão e redes de apoio também operem para erradicar a desigualdade e criar um melhor ambiente de trabalho., En este artículo se aborda el tema de la desigualdad de género y cómo ha afectado a las mujeres líderes en la industria minera mexicana. De acuerdo con Tarrés (2013), la categoría de género es el resultado de relaciones sociales basadas en diferencias percibidas por los sexos y el poder. En otras palabras, la desigualdad de género es el resultado de privilegiar a un grupo sobre otro a partir de un sistema ideológico, y no de las capacidades o habilidades. Para entender la desigualdad en las organizaciones y cómo erradicarla es necesario tomar en cuenta la cultura organizacional como un sistema de creencias, hábitos y procesos compartidos que mantienen, replican o cambian las dinámicas dentro de las empresas. En tal sentido, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender la relación que se da entre cultura organizacional y el desarrollo de las mujeres directivas en las organizaciones de la industria minera destacadas en diferentes casos de estudio. Para conocer de primera mano lo que viven las mujeres líderes en las minas, se hicieron 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas y se analizaron desde un enfoque interpretativo sustentado en una epistemología analógica. Gracias a este acercamiento, se pudo detectar que todavía existen empresas con prácticas de desigualdad, aunque también funcionan programas de educación de género, políticas de inclusión y redes de apoyo para erradicar la desigualdad y crear un mejor entorno laboral

Oysters are among the most in-demand aquaculture commodities in the Philippines and worldwide. With the decreasing culture area and the deteriorating water quality of oyster beds, there is a need to explore new culture sites and techniques to address the problems of dwindling stocks and the increasing demand for better quality oysters. This study compared the growth and survival of the oysters Magallana bilineata, the new accepted name of Crassostrea iredalei, cultured in an earthen pond and the river using pouches suspended from rafts. Mean growth rates of oysters in length and weight were significantly higher in those reared in the river (0.56 ± 0.02 cm mo-1; 10.27 ± 0.42 g mo-1) than those in the pond (0.41 ± 0.03 cm mo-1; 5.99 ± 0.22 g mo-1), but the meat yield of oysters reared in the river (25.96 ± 0.92%) was almost the same as in the pond (24.05 ± 1.41%). Likewise, the proximate composition was the same for oysters coming from the river and the pond, respectively — 58.04 ± 0.14% and 53.86 ± 0.38% crude protein, 7.00 ± 0.08% and 7.93 ± 0.38% crude fat, 24.68 ± 0.07% and 28.54 ± 0.74% nitrogen-free extract, and 10.27 ± 0.01% and 9.68 ± 0.01% ash. Oyster survival at harvest was significantly higher in the river (70.21 ± 2.84%) than in the pond (13.10 ± 1.57%). However, with some interventions, ponds may still be utilized for oyster culture despite the low survival results in this study. Extending oyster culture in these aquaculture facilities may serve as a basis for interventions to make the pond more habitable for oysters and may help boost production in the country.

Molluscs are among the most valuable resources of the Philippines, an archipelagic country of 7,107 islands bounded by 36,000 km of coastline and 26.6 million ha of coastal waters. In 2020, production from mussels and oysters alone valued at PhP1.552 billion. As primary sources of food and livelihood for marginalized fisherfolk, they are considered important in food security, nutrition, and poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, for almost a century, mollusc culture remained small-scale, with most fish farmers investing in non-fed species, like mussels and oysters. Moreover, mollusc culture in the country is still dependent on wild sources of seed stocks, making production unsustainable and unreliable. This dependence on the wild seed stocks will continue until the issue of the lack of commercial-scale hatcheries or the limited capacity of existing hatcheries to produce seeds, both for top and emerging mollusc aquaculture species, is resolved. Although technologies from broodstock management to post-harvest are available in some species, the lack of capital and the limited government support limit these artisanal fishers from doing large commercial-scale culture. This paper summarizes what has been done and published on the leading mollusc species cultured in the Philippines. Future research activities may be designed based on the research gaps to refine available technologies and develop new ones to improve culture production. The lack of or limited relevant information on the viable economics of the different culture techniques at different culture phases, the limited availability of post-harvest technologies, and the sparse or lack of genetic information for these leading mollusc species are among the gaps that need to be addressed.

This paper compares the effect of feeding the abalone Haliotis asinina with seaweed (SW), formulated (FD), and mixed (SW+FD) diets. The feeding experiment, in six replicates, was conducted in a tank facility and lasted for 10 months. At the end of the experiment, abalone fed mixed diets had significantly the highest mean shell length and body weight (45.90±0.19 mm, 22.82±0.31 g), followed by those fed seaweeds (43.47±0.17 mm, 18.25±0.26 g), and lastly, by those fed formulated diets (41.78±0.18 mm, 15.76±0.22 g). Mean growth rates were significantly higher in abalone fed mixed diets at 1.48±0.03 mm and 1.69±0.04 g mo−1 than those fed seaweeds (1.26±0.03 mm, 1.27±0.06 g mo−1) or formulated diet (1.06±0.09 mm, 1.00±0.11 g mo−1). Survival was consistent 1 month from the start of culture until harvest—highest in abalone fed mixed diets (78.81±2.48%), followed by those fed seaweeds (70.12±4.07%), and lastly formulated diet (64.53±4.61%). Moreover, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were significantly lower in abalone fed mixed diets (15.48±0.69) and formulated diet (18.07±3.50) compared with those fed seaweeds (41.31±2.36). The body weight to shell length ratios (BW:SL), which were the same in all treatments at the start of the experiment (0.19 g mm−1), increased to 0.51, 0.44, and 0.38 in abalone fed mixed diets, seaweeds, and formulated diet, respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, giving abalone a mix of formulated and natural diets is the best feeding regime. The importance of a balanced and more nutritional diet on the well-being of the abalone was observed in this study.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies.

This study determined the seasonality of Magallana bilineata spat settlement in a natural oyster bed and established surface texture preference of competent larvae by comparing the numbers of spat settling on the smooth and rough surfaces of ceramic tiles over a period of 31 months. This will guide farmers when to deploy cultches to maximise spat harvest. Regardless of tile orientation, spat numbers were significantly higher on the rough side (129.07 ± 9.3 m−2) than on the smooth side (66.95 ± 7.0 m−2). Spat collection was highest in March, June and July in each of 2015, 2016 and 2017. There was no significant correlation between the number of spat settling in each month with temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), sulphide, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia concentrations, plankton density measured at deployment and retrieval of tiles, except for DO during deployment. The only significant correlations with mean shell length (SL) were with DO and ammonia during tile retrieval. Mean SL did not significantly differ between tile orientations and surfaces but differed between months, being highest in August 2015 and August 2016. From these results, it is best to deploy roughened cultches in this particular area in March, June and July.

The settlement of sea cucumbers is a crucial phase of larval development because the highest mortality occurs at this stage. Substrates and cues are commonly used to induce larval settlement. Commercial algae and live benthic diatoms are the most common settlement cues being used. The present study evaluated Chaetoceros calcitrans concentrate as a potential settlement cue for H. scabra. Three settlement cues, replicated three times, were compared: commercial ‘Spirulina’, live benthic diatom Navicula sp., and C. calcitrans concentrate. Settlement substrates without cue served as control. ‘Spirulina’ paste and C. calcitrans concentrate were painted onto the settlement substrates, while settlement substrates were introduced into a Navicula sp. culture tank to enable attachment of the benthic diatom. Faster and higher settlement was observed in the treatment with ‘Spirulina’ paste as cue at 89% five days post introduction of substrates, compared with live Navicula sp. and C. calcitrans concentrate at 74% and 63% seven days post introduction, respectively. For the control, only 25% of the larvae have settled eight days after introduction to the substrates. ‘Spirulina’ paste and live Navicula sp. showed better settlement rates, but these were not significantly different compared with C. calcitrans concentrate. Therefore, C. calcitrans concentrate can be a potential settlement cue for H. scabra larvae.