Search

Comunicación presentada en el Congreso Internacional Interdisciplinar "La ciudad: imágenes e imaginarios" celebrado en la Facultad de Humanidades, Comunicación y Documentación, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid del 12 al 15 marzo de 2018. Una señal luminosa de angustia que recorre el cielo suplica por un superhéroe capaz de derrotar al mal que invade Crime Laley. Seguramente, la parte más aterradora de Gotham City también es la cuna de su héroe: fue allí donde, como niño, Bruce Wayne presenció el asesinato de sus padres, un evento que lo marcó profundamente y fue la base para el nacimiento de Batman. A menudo, los superhéroes existen en universos ficticios propios y navegan por lugares y espacios que se desenredan de manera fluida, - pero no necesariamente armoniosa - y generalmente en consonancia con una razón de ser particular. Como Gotham City, estas ciudades ficticias a veces ganan tanta complejidad que evolucionan de telones de fondo a personajes, lo que influye profundamente en varias facetas de las trayectorias de otros personajes. Pero, ¿qué cambia cuando estas influencias, como las inclinaciones que las alimentan y los desafíos que enfrentan, están intrínsecamente conectadas con lugares reales? ¿Qué sucede cuando los superhéroes y nosotros coexistimos en la misma ciudad? Este artículo analiza las interpretaciones recientes de Netflix de Marvel's Daredevil, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, Jessica Jones y The Defenders para comprender cómo el arco dramático de cada serie se nutre, se entremezcla y se basa en elementos específicos de la geografía y la historia de Nueva York y sus texturas sociológicas. Proponemos un argumento doble: en primer lugar, que estos superhéroes se enreden en la trama de la ciudad de Nueva York como encarnaciones míticas de algunos de sus problemas sociales más apremiantes, cuyas narraciones constituyen vías para audiencias diversas para interactuar críticamente con la ciudad, sus luchas, y sus múltiples modos de vida. En segundo lugar, que estas narraciones explotan roles claramente definidos de “héroe” y “villano” y emplean superpoderes como abstracciones diseñadas para apelar a una noción amplia, mal definida, de “justicia”, mientras exponen dilemas reales de moralidad y luchas de diseño y aplicación de políticas apuntalando ambientes urbanos particulares. En última instancia, argumentamos que las historias de superhéroes son artefactos culturales importantes porque tienen el potencial de reunir a las audiencias, y establecer el tono de las disputas sociales e ideológicas relacionadas con espacios urbanos específicos, e instar a que su interacción con los paisajes simbólicos de las ciudades sea más sistemáticamente estudiada según perspectivas interdisciplinarias. Este problema recicla la experiencia urbana como una inmersión a través de imaginarios, paisajes y territorios realistas. A luminous distress sign raging across the sky begs for a superhero capable of defeating the evil that infests Crime Alley. Undoubtedly the scariest part of Gotham City, it is also the cradle of its hero: it was there that, as a child, Bruce Wayne witnessed the murder of his parents - an event that deeply marked him and laid the foundation for the birth of Batman. More often than not, superheroes exist in fictional universes of their own and navigate places and spaces that unravel fluidly - but not necessarily harmoniously - and generally in alignment with a particular raison-d’être. Like Gotham City, these fictional cities sometimes gain so much complexity that they evolve from backdrops into characters, thus deeply influencing various facets of other characters trajectories. But what changes when these influences - such as the inclinations that fuel them and the challenges they face - are intrinsically connected to real places? What happens when superheroes and us coexist in the same city? This paper analyses Netflix’s recent renditions of Marvel’s Daredevil, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, Jessica Jones, and The Defenders to understand how each series dramatic arc is informed by, intermingle with, and build upon specific elements of New York City’s geographic, historic, and sociologic textures. We propose a twofold argument: firstly, that these superheroes become entangled in the fabric of the New York City as mythical embodiments of some of its most pressing social issues, whose narratives constitute avenues for diverse audiences to critically engage with the city, its struggles, and its multiple modes of living. Secondly, that these narratives exploit clearly defined roles of “hero” and “villain” and employ superpowers as abstractions designed to appeal to a broad, ill-defined notion of “justice” while exposing real dilemmas of morality and struggles of policy design and enforcement underpinning particular urban environments. Ultimately, we argue that superhero stories are important cultural artifacts in that they are vested with the potential of rallying audiences around, and setting the tone of social and ideological disputes related to specific urban spaces, and urge that their interplay with the symbolic landscapes of cities be more systematically studied in cross-disciplinary perspectives. This issues recycles the urban experience as an immersion through imaginaries and realistic landscape and territories.

This article surveys and compares recent research on protest and transitions in Spain, Portugal and Greece. It charts how this body of work has paid increasing attention to questions of gender, culture, race and sexuality; to the interaction between multiple actors, and to the role of transnational processes. It also shows how each national historiography has developed different concerns and approaches: culture, identities and the post-transition era are more central to Greek debates. In Iberia, the late authoritarian period receives more attention; Spain reveals a greater wealth of local case studies; and revolutionary politics are central to the Portuguese case. This survey aims to encourage cross-polination between research on and across all three cases. Cet article examine et compare les recherches récentes sur la contestation et les transitions en Espagne, au Portugal et en Grèce. Il montre comment ce corpus de travaux a accordé une attention croissante aux questions de genre, de culture, de race et de sexualité, à l’interaction entre de multiples acteurs et au rôle des processus transnationaux. Il montre également comment chaque historiographie nationale a développé des préoccupations et des approches différentes : la culture, les identités et la période de post-transition sont plus centrales dans les débats grecs. Dans la péninsule Ibérique, la période autoritaire tardive reçoit plus d’attention ; l’Espagne révèle une plus grande richesse d’études de cas locales ; et les politiques révolutionnaires sont centrales dans le cas du Portugal. Cette étude vise à encourager la polinisation croisée entre les recherches sur et à travers les trois cas. En este artículo se analizan y comparan investigaciones recientes sobre protestas y transiciones en España, Portugal y Grecia. Se demuestra cómo estos trabajos han prestado cada vez más atención a las cuestiones de género, cultura, raza y sexualidad; a la interacción entre múltiples actores, y al papel de los procesos transnacionales. También muestra cómo cada historiografía nacional ha desarrollado preocupaciones y enfoques diferentes: la cultura, las identidades y la época posterior a la Transición ocupan un lugar más central en los debates griegos. En la Península Ibérica el periodo autoritario tardío recibe más atención: España revela una mayor riqueza de estudios de casos locales; y la política revolucionaria es central en el caso portugués. Este estudio pretende fomentar la polinización cruzada entre las investigaciones sobre y a través de los tres casos.

During and after the Spanish civil war, over 500,000 people left Spain; at least 200,000 would remain outside Spain for many years, some for the rest of their lives. They went to France, Mexico, Argentina, the USSR, and across the globe. These Spanish ‘republican’ refugees were also connected to those who had stayed within Spain, by familial and political ties or the bonds of friendship. In order to investigate this reality – a group of people from all kinds of political, social and economic backgrounds based in so many different geographic locations – this thesis foregrounds the role of the individual in both experiencing and constructing history, being defined and resisting definition from different entities. Consequently, it seeks to intervene in the historiography of the Spanish Civil War and republican exile by highlighting the ways in which individual experiences and narratives both strengthen and weaken categories such as: political, a-political, refugee and exile. This PhD brings together underused source materials stored in Spain and Mexico, as well as digital archives stored online; it is based on archived oral history interviews with refugees, additional oral history interviews undertaken by the author, several collections of letters, unpublished and published memoirs, and official documents. Each chapter considers a different aspect of the refugees’ experiences and how these experiences are represented in the source material: departure, separation and communication, return and home, and the memory of exile within families. How and why did people leave? How did they change their behaviour in order to adapt to or survive particular circumstances? How have the children and grandchildren of Spanish refugees reacted to family narratives and memories? Central to this analysis is the role played by factors such as gender, age, class, status, personality and political views in shaping peoples’ experiences, as well as an emphasis on ‘non-elite’ alongside ‘elite’ refugees’ experiences of displacement.The historiography of the Spanish Civil War and subsequent exile has been shaped by political and ideological debates, as well as the different national contexts refugees found themselves in. From the numbers of refugees recorded as having left Spain, to the idea that returning to Spain was a betrayal, to the memory of the exile within Spain, almost every aspect of the refugees’ experiences has been used to make or refute arguments surrounding the morality of the republican cause and the nature of the Francoist regime. At the same time, the different circumstances of refugees living in countries like France and Mexico meant that different narratives or collective memories regarding the role of refugees in their host countries are still being constructed and reconstructed. One of the central aims of this thesis is to show how these debates have obscured the richness of individual experiences; the thesis therefore argues that considering stories which do not “fit” or details which are difficult to synthesise ultimately leads us to a more profound understanding of history. Driven by an extensive use of a range of oral history interviews, the thesis will also explore how historical time is complicated by personal testimony. The events of one person’s life are carried into the present, as they continue to affect their character, state of mind and attitude to success and hardship. Personal memories and perspectives will provide a contrast to historical narratives which focus on the role of the state, military events, ideology or political parties; instead, the thesis will show how these entities and events affect people’s lives, and the lives of their children. The central argument of this thesis is that Spanish refugees were not ‘preordained’ by the ideological conflicts which were embedded in the Civil War or their displacement. Instead, refugees actively constructed their ‘self-hood’ in response to these circumstances, rather than being (wholly) defined by them. NA NA

In September 2011, protesters occupied a park in New York’s financial district. The Occupy Wall Street movement, spreading over many cities and several countries over that winter, made inequality its banner and did much to bring the issue to the foreground of public debate. Through a sophisticated combination of age-old protest tactics and social media use, Occupy denounced the injustice of the accumulation of riches and power by a small and unaccountable elite. In that sense, the object of the protests was not novel, but the way it was framed—the 99 versus the 1 percent— was (Gould-Wartofsky 2015; Ramos Pinto 2019)., Centre for Research in the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences (CRASSH) Philomathia Social Sciences Research Programme. Joint Centre for History & Economics, Cambridge and Harvard Ellen McArthur Fund, Faculty of History, University of Cambridge Cambridge University Humanties Research Grants Economic History Society

In Capital and Ideology, Thomas Piketty returns to questions of historical inequality, not merely to fill in the gaps in the earlier, widely circulated and impactful Capital in the 21st Century, but to undertake a far more ambitious and nuanced project. Critics (Bhambra and Holmwood 2017; Moeller 2015) pointed out that in the previous book, Piketty’s consideration of the role of high concentrations wealth on inequality focused largely on a handful of relatively wealthy countries (the US, UK, France, Germany and Japan). More importantly, it did not consider the political and economic relationships, forged by European colonization and the trans-Atlantic slave trade, that helped create lasting inequalities in wealth, status, education and life expectancy around the globe. These oversights corresponded to significant methodological gaps, in which inequalities defined by social status and identity, including gender, race and caste, were largely left out of considerations that centred around economic and material disparities. Yet these different forms of inequalities are intimately connected, as gender wage gaps and racial wealth gaps in different parts of the world attest.

The author responds to the essay entitled "History manifested: making sense of unprecedented change" by Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, which is presented within this issue. He considers the review of the books "The History Manifesto" by Jo Guldi and David Armitage and "The Practical Past" by Hayden White. It explores aspects of the philosophy of history and historiography.

Submitted by ciencia null (ciencia@iscte.pt) on 2015-08-03T14:52:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 publisher_version_West_European_Politics.pdf: 551251 bytes, checksum: 73e0d1bb29dc696fdc22cfd817284b0a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Susana Ferreira (susana.ferreira@iscte.pt) on 2015-08-03T14:53:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 "deposit.zip": 422592 bytes, checksum: 0bc72e425d86f0c4e5c4f74fd3929873 (MD5) publisher_version_West_European_Politics.pdf: 551251 bytes, checksum: 73e0d1bb29dc696fdc22cfd817284b0a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-03T14:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 "deposit.zip": 422592 bytes, checksum: 0bc72e425d86f0c4e5c4f74fd3929873 (MD5) publisher_version_West_European_Politics.pdf: 551251 bytes, checksum: 73e0d1bb29dc696fdc22cfd817284b0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion