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Flavia de Freire Cassia,1 Juliana Fernandes Cardoso,2 Luiz Cristovao Porto,3 Marcia Ramos-e-Silva,1 Sueli Carneiro4 1Sector of Dermatology, Post-Graduation Course in Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Histocompatibility Section, Special Techniques Laboratory, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital- HIAE, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 4Sector of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilCorrespondence: Flavia de Freire CassiaSector of Dermatology, Post-Graduation Course in Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Jardim Botanico, 700 /416, Rio de Janeiro, 22461-000, BrazilTel +55 21999640406Email flaviafcassia@gmail.comBackground: The study of HLA classes I and II in Brazilian psoriasis patients may contribute to a better understanding of their association with the disease.Objective: To describe HLA classes I and II of Brazilian patients with psoriasis, with or without arthritis, compare them to controls and correlate HLA markers with epidemiological and evolutional aspects of psoriasis.Methods: A total of 55 patients with more than 5 years of psoriasis, with or without arthritis, answered a questionnaire on ethnic background and disease severity. A total of 134 bone marrow donors were controls. HLA class I and II genotyping was determined by PCR-SSP.Results: Mean age was 42.4 years; 23 women and 32 men. HLA-B*57 was present in 23.6% patients and in 7.5% controls (p=0.00200, OR= 3.8381), and HLA-C*06 in 29.1% patients and in 16.4% controls (p= 0.04832, OR=2.0886). HLA-B*57 and HLA-C*18 were significantly present in patients with arthritis (p=0.00104, OR=6.6769 and p=0.00269, OR=16.50, respectively). HLA-B*57 was significantly present in patients with history of erythroderma (p=0.00548, OR= 5.1059), as was HLA-C*06 (p=0.02158, OR=3.0545). HLA-B*57 was also frequent in patients with history of hospital internment due to psoriasis (p= 0.00094, OR=7.8909) and in the ones with history of systemic treatment for psoriasis (p= 0.00011, OR= 5.3733). Haplotype HLA-A*02 B*57 C*06 DRB1*07DQB1*03 was the most common among the patients (p= 0.00069, OR= 3.528).Conclusion: HLA-B*57 and HLA-C*06 were significantly increased in the patients indicating risk for psoriasis. HLA-B*57 remained high in patients with history of erythroderma, hospital internment, systemic treatment, and psoriatic arthritis, showing association with disease severity. HLA-C*18 was significantly high only in patients with psoriatic arthritis. HLA-B*57 and HLA-C*06 and haplotype HLA-A*02B*57Cw*06DRB1*07 DQB1*03 seen in this study were already described before, associated with psoriasis. HLA-Cw*18 was not described in other populations in association with psoriasis.Keywords: psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, HLA, population study

Hugo Guimarães Scotelaro-Alves,1 Nurimar Conceição Fernandes,2 Marcia Ramos-e-Silva3 1Sector of Dermatology, Post-Graduation Program in Medical Clinics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Sector of Dermatology and Institute of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3Sector of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Background: Previously known as dyshidrosis, recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis (RVPD) is presented as severe eruption of nonerythematous, symmetrical vesicles or bullae located along the lateral sides of fingers, on the palmar or plantar areas, and developing into a chronic and recurrent condition. Although very frequently observed on the hands, there are no specific studies about such eczema in children and adolescents. Objectives: To report on the RVPD clinical profile in children and adolescents, and monitor the association of RVPD with seasonal variations, hyperhidrosis, atopy and nickel sulfate. Materials and methods: Eighteen patients affected by RVPD were submitted to clinical and laboratory assessment through anamnesis, physical exam, mycological exam, patch test, complete blood count and serum IgE levels. Results: Seven patients (38.9%) reported increased frequency of eruptions during the summer months; 12 patients (66.7%) presented hyperhidrosis; in 14 cases (77.8%), atopic factors were determined; reaction to nickel sulfate was positive in three patients (16.7%). Conclusion: RVPD onset may occur at an early age, developing into a chronic and recurrent infection. Hyperhidrosis and atopic status was established in the clinical profile and no connection between nickel sulfate and RVPD was observed. Keywords: dyshidrosis, hand eczema, vesicular hand dermatitis, pompholyx, children, hyperhidrosis, nickel allergy, atopic dermatitis

Claudio Carneiro,1,2 Mario Chaves,2 Gustavo Verardino,2 Ana Paula Frade,3 Pedro Guimaraes Coscarelli,4 Washington Alves Bianchi,5,6 Marcia Ramos-e-Silva,3 Sueli Carneiro2,3 1Health Ministry, 2Sector of Dermatology, School of Medical Sciences and University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 3Sector of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 4General Medicine Department, University Hospital and School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 5Sector of Rheumatology, Santa Casa da Misericórdia, 6University Hospital and School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Background: Psoriatic arthritis is associated with psychosocial morbidity and decrease in quality of life. Psychiatric comorbidity also plays an important role in the impairment of quality of life and onset of fatigue.Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of fatigue in psoriatic arthritis patients and to correlate it to quality of life indexes, functional capacity, anxiety, depression and disease activity.Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on outpatients with psoriatic arthritis. Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue (FACIT-F; version 4) was used to measure fatigue; 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI) to measure quality of life; Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) to assess functional capacity; Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale to measure anxiety and depression symptoms; Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) to evaluate clinical activity.Results: In all, 101 patients with mean age of 50.77 years were included. The mean PDI score was 8.01; PASI score, 9.88; BASDAI score, 3.59; HAQ score, 0.85; HAD – Anxiety (HAD A) score, 7.39; HAD Depression (HAD D) score, 5.93; FACIT–Fatigue Scale (FACIT-FS) score, 38.3 and CDAI score, 2.65. FACIT-FS was statistically associated with PASI (rs –0.345, p

Carolina Pereira Gonçalves, Beatriz Moritz Trope, Marcia Ramos-e-Silva Sector of Dermatology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Background: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) after kidney transplantation is common and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Their incidence and risk factors in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) vary depending on geographic location and there is a scarcity of literature describing the features of NMSC in Brazil. Methods: NMSC data were retrospectively reviewed in charts of RTRs at the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital from January 2004 to December 2005, with the objectives of: 1) evaluating the occurrence of NMSC in RTRs transplanted between 2004 and 2005 at a reference center in Brazil; 2) verifying the frequency of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in these patients according to sex, race, age, and tumor site; and 3) determining the time between transplantation and neoplasia. Results: We found 202 RTRs, with 165 suitable for the study. There were 19 NMSC in eleven patients (6.67%), at a mean time of 37.7 months after transplantation. The mean follow-up time was 72.7 months. The ratio of SCC:BCC was 1.1:1. White race and age ≥40 years were associated with a higher incidence of NMSC and they appeared predominantly in sun-exposed sites. Conclusion: Regular dermatological follow-up of RTRs can help to make earlier diagnoses, resulting in better quality of life and lower morbidity and mortality. Keywords: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Brazil

Marcia Ramos-e-Silva, Lívia Arcanjo Fonteles, Cecília Schubert Xavier Lagalhard, Ana Paula Cercal Fucci-da-CostaSector of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAbstract: Dermatological procedures which are considered as being minimally invasive, such as those using injectable fillers based on hyaluronic acid, revolutionized aging treatment, especially of the face. By promoting the replacement of lost volume and attenuating grooves and wrinkles, they ensure a more youthful appearance and certain functional recovery of facial aesthetics. The authors review some of the main physicochemical characteristics of these dermal fillers, highlighting the product line Stylage®, the manufacture of which includes mannitol.Keywords: fillers, hyaluronic acid, mannitol, facial aging, wrinkles, stylage®

Acne is a chronic disease of the pilosebaceous follicle that affects mainly adolescents. It causes polymorph cutaneous lesions that may leave scars after regression. It is characterized by alternation of periods of exacerbation and stability. Spontaneous regression usually occurs after age 20, but some patients may continue suffering during adult life. Diagnosis is clinical and based on the patient's age at the time that the lesions first appear, and on its polymorphism and type of lesions and location. Some patients also need a hormonal and, sometimes, psychological evaluation. The right treatment for the right patient is key to treating acne safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in a lesion is related to an increased chance of neoplasic transformation, especially when with immunosuppression, as in HIV infection. We investigated HPV frequency in cutaneous and mucosal lesions of HIV-seropositive male patients. The frequency of malignancy, its association with the HPV type detected and some clinical variables were also assessed. A total of 38 lesions from 27 patients were studied in a period of 18 months. The biopsied fragment was submitted to HPV detection and typification, through polymerase chain reaction with generic (MY09/11) and specific (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) primers. HPV frequency was 63.2%, with detection of HPV types 6, 11 or 16 in 18 lesions and with multi-infection in three. There was low detection of high-risk HPV (type 16, 18.4%) and no HPV type 18. Of the lesions, 36.8% were already premalignant or malignant, and the frequency of moderate or severe dysplasia was higher in the study patients than that described in the HIV-seronegative population. High-risk HPV (type 16) was detected in four benign lesions and low-risk HPV (type 6) in three premalignant genital lesions. There was no significant association between the clinical variables and an increase in the prevalence of premalignant or malignant lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leprosy is a slowly progressive, chronic infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae. It is a very serious, mutilating and stigmatizing disease in many parts of the world and early diagnosis and therapy is the most important strategy for its control. The skin and peripheral nerves are the most affected organs. It is highly infective, but has low pathogenicity and low virulence with a long incubation period. The geographical distribution of leprosy has varied greatly with time and it is now endemic only in tropical and subtropical regions such as India and Brazil. The diagnosis of leprosy is made from the clinical picture, but must be complimented by skin bacilloscopy and histopathology. Leprosy has a number of distinct clinical presentations. Indeterminate leprosy is frequently the initial form consisting of a few lesions that either evolves into the other forms or resolves spontaneously. Lepromatous leprosy is the more contagious form and affects mainly the skin. In addition, some peripheral nerves may be thickened and other symptoms maybe present. The tuberculid form affects the skin and nerves, although usually there are few lesions. There is also a form borderline between the lepromatous and tuberculoid forms. Current treatment of leprosy involves use of 3 drugs: rifampicin (rifampin); clofazimine; and dapsone. Multidrug therapy aims to effectively eliminate M. leprae in the shortest possible time to prevent resistance from occurring. The duration of therapy was recently reduced from 24 to 12 months. Other treatment options are under evaluation in both preclinical and clinical trials and a number show promise. The combination of rifampicin, ofloxacin and minocycline given as a single dose has been recommended for the treatment of paucibacillar leprosy. Only when physicians, other health workers, and the population in endemic countries become fully aware of, and able to recognize, the disease in its initial phase, will it be possible for therapy to be instituted at the very beginning with either the standard scheme or the newer ones. Intervention at such an early stage will avoid the onset of the more serious signs and symptoms, meaning that leprosy will eventually become a less important public health problem. Therefore, efforts must be made to alert populations at risk and all health workers of the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment in leprosy infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monkeypox, an endemic disease in some African countries, has provoked public health activeness on a global scale that even the World Health Organization (WHO), invoking international health regulations, declared it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The WHO called attention of member states to exert maximum surveillance over the disease, its patients, and contact persons in order to standardize control measures. A need was directed to provide complete knowledge about the disease, allowing the administration of prior diagnoses as well as isolation and more effective epidemiologic control measures. An updated review on monkeypox emphasized upon having the fundamental aspects of the lesions caused by the disease, and appropriate management of patients upon clinical and epidemiologic evaluation.

The use of enzyme hyaluronidase to treat the complications of different brands of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers is increasing in the same proportion as the number of nonsurgical cosmetic procedures. Guidelines for diagnosing and treating complications remain controversial and are primarily based on anecdotal reports and small case series. We proposed approaching HA-related complications based on our clinical research and observations of treating more than 200 patients and providing a practical guide for the thoughtful use of hyaluronidase according to adverse events. Standardization of hyaluronidase dose and concentration is beneficial for better outcomes and future comparative analyses of the results of this treatment worldwide. The use of hyaluronidase is increasing for the reversal of the clinical manifestations of complications caused by HA fillers, although a consensus is lacking. We propose using different doses and concentrations of hyaluronidase to focus on selected anatomic areas considering properties of the product and pathogenesis of each complication.

The number of patients developing sterile abscesses because of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler procedures has increased for unknown reasons. We described this adverse reaction after filling with Juvederm Volux ® , the latest innovative product in the Vycross range of technology. We presented five patients with recalcitrant sterile abscesses after filling with Juvederm Volux ® who did not respond to the traditional therapy but whose lesions were resolved with the "Munhoz-Cavallieri lavage protocol" developed and recently published by the present authors. ( SKINmed . 2023;21:27-33).

A 60-year-old black man, working in construction sector, was referred to dermatology clinic for having multiple hardened and asymptomatic tumors on the scalp, face, and trunk for more than 40 years. There was a progressive increase in the number and size of lesions, causing significant aesthetic and functional impairment. In his family history, a son had numerous normochromic papules on the centrofacial region with a diagnosis of multiple trichoepithelioma. The deceased mother of our patient presented lesions similar to those of her grandson but without a confirmatory diagnosis. ( SKINmed . 2023;21:47-50).

Keloids and hypertrophic scars are abnormal responses to wound-healing. While hypertrophic scars remain limited to the areas of trauma, keloids most often develop over several years, growing out from the limits of the initial wound area. Both lesions may cause itching, burning, and pain, and they may lead to significant impairment of self-esteem, socialization, and quality of life. Although they might be observed in all races, they are far more common in Africans and African descendants than in Caucasians.We extensively reviewed their treatment, including compression with pressure garments, occlusion with siliconized and non-siliconized gel sheets, gels, corticosteroid and antineoplastic injections, and the use of lasers and intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy. We also reviewed new therapies, including botulinum toxin injection, and addressed outcomes of various studies. ( SKINmed . 2022;20:432-443).

Background: Melasma is a common hypermelanosis characterized by symmetrical brownish macules, especially on the face. Histologic analysis demonstrates increased epidermal and dermal melanin. Dermoscopy is useful to estimate the depth of the melanin and may help in the diagnosis and classification of melasma, with therapeutic importance., Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic concordance of dermoscopic classification of epidermal or mixed subtypes of melasma and the correlation between dermoscopic and histopathological findings., Methods: Twenty-eight women with facial melasma, phototypes III to V, ages between 30 and 61 years were selected. Based on the evaluation of clinical and dermoscopic images, two independent observers classified melasma into epidermal or mixed subtypes. The intra and interobserver concordances were calculated. Histopathological analysis of epidermal melanin extension and maximum number of melanophages per high-power field (400×; HPF) have been assessed. Association between the melanophages count and the dermoscopic classification was evaluated., Results: Intraobserver agreement was 82.1%, and between observers, from 78.6% to 89.3%, according to the Kappa index. Histopathology revealed increased intraepidermal melanin and the presence of dermal melanophages in all the samples. Ten or more melanophages/HPF was significantly associated with mixed melasma., Conclusions: Moderate to substantial concordance in the dermoscopic classification of melasma was found, and the correlation between this classification and the dermal melanophages count have been suggested. Intradermal component of every case of melasma should be considered for therapeutic and prognostic purposes., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: In recent years, fillers procedures with hyaluronic acid (HA) have grown significantly. Despite HA relative safety, the number of cases of complications after injections has grown, and in many of which, we are not aware of or have little control over., Aims: In this article, the authors describe a new adverse reaction after filling with HA injection, the sterile abscess., Patients/methods: We present eight patients with similar clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound characteristics for sterile abscess and report a new therapeutic modality for it., Results: All cases were treated with "Munhoz-Cavallieri Lavage Protocol" procedure with complete resolution., Conclusions: "Munhoz-Cavallieri Lavage Protocol" serves as a guideline in diagnosis and management of sterile abscess., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)