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Layered VSe 2 with high electronic conductivity, low ion migration barriers and large interlayer spacing is a potential cathode material for Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs). However, relying only on the V3+/V4+ redox pair, VSe 2 exhibits unsatisfactory Zn-storage performance. Considering the multiple electron transfer of V atoms, it is expected that the specific capacity will be enhanced by raising V4+ to V5+. In this light, a simple in-situ electrochemical oxidation strategy was used to raise the valence state of V atoms in VSe 2 to boost its Zn-storage performance. Experimental results and material characterization indicate that the initial VSe 2 cathode undergoes an in-situ electrochemical oxidation-induced irreversible phase transformation process from VSe 2 to amorphous V 2 O 5 at a high potential (1.35–1.8 V vs. Zn/Zn2+) during the first charge. In the subsequent cycles, the resulting amorphous V 2 O 5 cathode with high valence state and abundant active sites become the new host for Zn-storage, it can deliver a high specific capacity of 302.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 (3 times higher than that of the initial VSe 2 cathode), a satisfactory rate performance of 116.1 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1, and a long cycle life of 4000 cycles at 2 A g−1. This work not only investigates the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of the VSe 2 cathode, but also provides a new insight into the design of high-performance cathode materials for large voltage ranges. [Display omitted] • Amorphous V 2 O 5 as the cathode for aqueous Zn-ion batteries is constructed by electrochemical oxidation of layered VSe 2. • The electrochemical oxidation process of the VSe 2 cathode during the first charging and the ion storage mechanism of oxidized products in the following cycles are investigated. • The resulting amorphous V 2 O 5 cathode shows a high reversible specific capacity of 302.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, which is 3 times higher than that of the initial VSe 2 cathode. • This work provides a new insight into enhancing the electrochemical performance of low-valent V-based compound cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problem based on the Muirhead Mean (MM) operators with dual Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy information. Then, motivated by the ideal of MM operators, we have developed some MM operators for aggregating dual hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy information. The prominent characteristic of these proposed operators are studied. Then, we have utilized these operators to develop some approaches to solve the dual hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy multiple attribute decision making problems. Finally, a practical example for supplier selection in supply chain management is given to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the general potential vorticity theorem (GPV), a new wave–activity relation is derived in an ageostrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamic framework. When the Reynolds average is taken, the wave–activity relation shares an exchange term with the equation of the basic-state GPV. Thus, the two equations are capable of presenting the dynamic process of the wave–basic flow interaction. Unlike the E–P flux theory which can only be used in large-scale atmosphere, the corresponding derivation provides a useful tool to analyze the feedback of waves to basic states and the forcing of basic states to waves simultaneously, and it can be used in mesoscale systems, such as heavy rainfall processes. The theory was initially applied to the landfalling Typhoon Mujigae (2015) by assigning the scalar φ to the generalized potential temperature (GPT). The results showed that the newly-derived wave–activity density is able to describe the wave activities associated with strong precipitation in Typhoon Mujigae (2015), including the eyewall and spiral rainbands. However, the interaction between the basic-state vortex and mesoscale waves denoted by the exchange term between basic-state GPV and wave–activity density mainly occurs in the eyewall in Typhoon Mujigae (2015). A comparison of the exchange term with other forcing terms in the newly-derived wave–activity relation indicates that the basic state–wave interaction plays a significant role in enhancing wave activities in the high-precipitation eyewall. By a magnitude analysis of the interaction term, it is found that the strong interaction between basic-state vortex and mesoscale waves is mainly attributed to two factors: the vertical vorticity intensity of the basic-state vortex and the averaged perturbation advection of perturbation GPT which is an exchange between the basic-state GPT and perturbation GPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to establish a mouse model of transthyretin ( TTR ) Gly83Arg gene mutation by the technique of gene targeting for research on hereditary vitreous amyloidosis (HVA) and to confirm whether this point mutation is a genetic feature of HVA. A vector (pBR322-MK- TTR ) was constructed to target ES cells. The successfully transfected ES cells were used for blastocyst injection, thus generating F0. F0 and Flp mice were mated to generate F1 ( TTR +/− , Flp +/− ) mice that lacked the neo gene but carried the Flp gene. F1 mice were mated with C57BL/6N wild type mice to generate F2 ( TTR +/− ) mice. F3 homozygous and heterozygous mice were generated by mating F2 mice with each other. PCR and sequencing were performed for F3 mice. Amyloid was detected using Congo red stain and polarized light. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of TTR in the tissues. Quantitative fluorescent PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of TTR mRNA and TTR protein, respectively. Two F0-generation, 2 F1-generation and 15 F3-generation mice were obtained. The gene sequencing of F3 mice showed TTR Gly83Arg mutation. When examined with Congo red and polarized light, the vitreous of TTR Gly83Arg mutant mice tested positive for amyloid. The hearts, livers, brains and kidneys of the experimental group and control group were all negative by Congo red staining. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the vitreous of TTR Gly83Arg mutant mice and the livers of the control mice were positive, but the kidneys, hearts and brains of both groups were negative. Quantitative fluorescent PCR showed that the mRNA expression of mutant mice was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice (F = 0.295, P = 0.023). Western blotting showed that the expression of TTR protein was significantly lower in the model mice than in the wild-type mice (t = 3.224, P = 0.018). TTR gene mutation is indeed a molecular characteristic of HVA and manifest in the eye disease only. A C57BL/6 mouse line carrying the TTR Gly83Arg gene mutation was successfully established. This strain of mice can be used for the study of HVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wavelet method is used to study the multi-scale vortical structures of the flow around a circular cylinder without and with synthetic jet control at Re  = 950. The velocity field is decomposed into 9 wavelet components, including one approximation component and 8 detail components. The first component shows the flow characteristics at low frequency. The dominant components represent large-scale vortical structures in the flow and they show similar distributions for the same wake pattern. Other detail components reflect the characteristics of relatively small-scale structures. The individual vortex dynamics underlying the complex flow can be extracted and thus reconstructed by the approximation and dominant components. Thus, we show an effective approach to reveal the flow physics from the complex flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large eddy simulation ( LES) is performed to study high subsonic round and chevron jets with a diameter-based Reynolds number Re = 105. 2 different chevron jet flows are considered, which are with 6 lobes and 4 lobes respectively. The simulation results are checked by comparing mean axial velocity profiles and overall sound pressure levels ( OASPLs) of the round jet with the existent experimental and LES results, and they are in good agreement with each other. Then the properties of chevron jets are compared with those of round jets. The chevron jets show higher radial expansion rate in the near-nozzle region and shorter potential core lengths. The OASPLs of the chevron jets decrease as high as 4 dB at the shallow angles compared with the round jets and without apparent noise increment at the sideline. 3 azimuthal modes, m = 0,1,2 of the far-field pressure fluctuations from both the round and chevron jets are investigated. All cases show similar OASPL distribution profiles vs. the polar angles for each azimuthal mode. But, apparent noise increment is found at high polar angles in the zeroth and first azimuthal modes for the chevron jet with 4 lobes when compared with the round jet. By performing proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), the most energetic coherent structures at specified coupled azimuthal wavenumbers are extracted. The wavepacket features associated with coherent structures of round and chevron jets are analyzed in detail to explain changes of noise properties in the far fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the uncertain multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems in which the attributes and experts are in different priority level. Motivated by the idea of prioritized aggregation operators (Yager 2008), we develop some prioritized aggregation operators for aggregating uncertain information, and then apply them to develop some models for uncertain multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems in which the attributes and experts are in different priority level. Finally, a practical example about talent introduction is given to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The rotational motions of the optically trapped microscopic particles by the vortex femtosecond laser beam are investigated in this paper. Black particles can be trapped and rotated by a vortex femtosecond laser beam very effectively because the vortex beam carries orbital angular momentum due to the helical wave-front structure in assoication with the central phase singularity. Trapped black particles rotate in the vortex beam due to the absorption of the angular momentum transferred from the vortex beam. The rotating directions of the trapped particles can be modulated by reversing the topological charge of the optical vortex in the vortex femtosecond beam. And the rotating speeds of the trapped microscopic particles greatly depend on the topological charges of the vortex tweezer and the used pulse energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced glutathione (GSH) and some food-derived phenolic acids are welcome as natural antioxidants, but their synergistic antioxidant effect is unknown. The purpose of this study was to screen out the combination of GSH and the phenolic acid with synergistic antioxidant effect, improve their coexistence and protect the activity. Antioxidant evaluation systems including ABTS, DPPH, ORAC and reducing power assays were implemented, and dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analysis were carried out. Caffeic acid (CA) and GSH exhibited significant synergistic effect via electron transfer when the concentration ratio was 1:5. This combination was well embedded into chitosan-coated liposomes, which consist of evenly distributed and uniformly spherical microparticles, and its average particle size was 247.63 nm with polymer dispersity index of 0.29 and zeta potential of 57.73 mV. The encapsulation efficiencies of GSH and CA were 61.32% and 68.92%, respectively. The successfully prepared microparticles showed higher markedly antioxidant activity than the simple mixture and liposomes in 10-week storage. Therefore, co-encapsulation of GSH and CA using chitosan-coated liposomes is a potential approach to prepare natural potent antioxidant in food manufacture. Image 1 • GSH and caffeic acid (CA) could exert synergistic antioxidant via electron transfer. • GSH and CA were coencapsulated well into chitosan-coated liposomes. • Evenly distributed microparticles improved the coexistence of GSH and CA. • The encapsulation protected effectively the antioxidant activity in 10-week storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV; family Coronaviridae , genus Alphacoronavirus) causes acute diarrhea and vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Despite extensive research focusing on the pathogenesis of PEDV infection, the molecular pathogenesis of PEDV-induced diarrhea in piglets remains unclear. Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), the main exchanger of electroneutral sodium in intestinal epithelial cells, is closely associated with the occurrence of diarrhea. To date, there is no study on whether diarrhea caused by PEDV infection is related to the activity of NHE3. In the present study, it was found that the expression level of cell membrane protein NHE3 significantly decreased after PEDV infection, whereas the total level of protein expression was not significantly changed. The Na+/H+ transport rate and the mRNA abundance of NHE3 decreased; the NHE3 activity decreased gradually with increasing infection time. In vivo, after PEDV infection of newborn piglets, rupture of intestinal villi and interstitial degeneration of intestinal epithelial cells in different intestinal segments were observed by hematoxylin–eosin staining. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods were used to observe the decreased expression of NHE3 protein on the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells in the jejunum and ileum. Taken together, these data indicate that PEDV infection reduces NHE3 activity in intestinal epithelial cells, hindering Na+ transport and thus causing diarrhea. • NHE3 is an important Na+/H+ exchanger in intestinal epithelial cells, which is closely related to the occurrence of diarrhea. • Reduced intestinal surface Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 activity is a key factor for induction of diarrhea after PEDV infection. • The decrease of NHE3 activity in intestinal cells hindered the absorption of electrolytes, and induced diarrhea in piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The emerging aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) with their low price and inherent safety are showing strong competitiveness in the energy storage field. In this work, layer-by-layer stacked amorphous V 2 O 5 @Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructures anchored on three-dimensional carbon cloth (3D CC), synthesized by annealing process and subsequent in-situ electrochemical induction, are reported as high capacity and stable cathode for ZIBs. In this composite cathode, amorphous V 2 O 5 @Ti 3 C 2 T x synergistic heterostructure provides isotropic Zn2+ migration channels and rapid electron transfer kinetics, while the 3D CC substrate can ensure that the bulk phase in the electrode material is also utilized to maximize the synergistic effect. As a result, the CC/a-V 2 O 5 @Ti 3 C 2 Ti x cathode achieves a high specific capacity of 567 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, a satisfactory rate performance of 213 mAh/g at 10 A/g, together with a long cycle life of 96.2 % capacity retention after 2000 cycles. Ex-situ characterizations show that the CC/a-V 2 O 5 @Ti 3 C 2 T x cathode undergoes a highly reversible Zn2+/H+ co-intercalation/deintercalation mechanism during the discharge/charging process. In addition, based on the CC/a-V 2 O 5 @Ti 3 C 2 T x cathode, the assembled flexible ZIB can operate properly under different bending degrees, showing its practicality in flexible devices. This work provides insight into the rational design of cathode materials with high Zn-storage performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional (3D) structure of chromosomes is of great significance to ensure that the genome performs various functions (e.g., gene expression) correctly and replicates and separates correctly in mitosis. Since the emergence of Hi-C in 2009, a new experimental technique in molecular biology, researchers have been paying more and more attention to the reconstruction of chromosome 3D structure. To reconstruct the 3D structure of chromosomes based on Hi-C experimental data, many algorithms have been proposed, among which ShRec3D is one of the most outstanding. In this article, an iterative ShRec3D algorithm is presented to greatly improve the native ShRec3D algorithm. Experimental results show that our algorithm can significantly promote the performance of ShRec3D, and this improvement is applicable to almost all data noise range and signal coverage range, so it is universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing the energy-Casimir method, a three-dimensional virtual pseudoenergy wave-activity relation for a moist atmosphere is derived from a complete system of nonhydrostatic equations in Cartesian coordinates. Since this system of equations includes the effects of water substance, mass forcing, diabatic heating, and dissipations, the derived wave-activity relation generalizes the previous result for a dry atmosphere. The Casimir function used in the derivation is a monotonous function of virtual potential vorticity and virtual potential temperature. A virtual energy equation is employed (in place of the previous zonal momentum equation) in the derivation, and the basic state is stationary but can be three-dimensional or, at least, not necessarily zonally symmetric. The derived wave-activity relation is further used for the diagnosis of the evolution and propagation of meso-scale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. Our diagnosis of two real cases of heavy precipitation shows that positive anomalies of the virtual pseudoenergy wave-activity density correspond well with the strong precipitation and are capable of indicating the movement of the precipitation region. This is largely due to the cyclonic vorticity perturbation and the vertically increasing virtual potential temperature over the precipitation region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing bimetallic phosphides is an effective strategy to develop high-performance non-noble metal based electrochemical water splitting. Here, this article reports that bimetal–organic framework materials were directly grown on Ni foam by an electrodeposition assisted hydrothermal method as precursors, and the corresponding phosphides were obtained by phosphating as efficient bifunctional catalysts for an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an alkaline medium. The experiments show that the phosphide obtained by phosphating ZIF-67 doped with iron shows better electrocatalytic activity. CoFeP/NF can produce a current density of 50 mA cm−2 with an overpotential of 204 mV when catalyzing the OER reaction. When catalyzing the HER reaction, only a lower overpotential of 350 mV is required to produce a high current density of 50 mA cm−2. In the two-electrode system catalytic water decomposition experiment, a high current density of 50 mA cm−2 can be produced at a potential of 1.81 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new polyoxomolybdate, modified by N -heterocyclic ligand, has been synthesized. • Apparent photochromic behaviors in aqueous solution and solid state are discussed. • Its photochromic behavior is an electron and proton transfer process. Concrete structure and reliable performance are important advantages of polyoxometalate based materials. Herein, an ionic compound containing γ-octamolybdate and pyrazole ligands [(CH 3) 2 NH 2 ] 4 [Mo 8 O 26 (C 3 N 2 H 4) 2 ] (1) has been synthesized through a convenient method, and it manifests apparent photochromic characteristic under irradiation. The photochromic behavior studies of this compound show that the crystal can perform quasi-reversible single crystal to single crystal transformation, and the photochromic mechanism studies indicate that the redox of pyrazole ligand clearly relates to the photochromic process. Also, the photochromic studies of compound 1 in aqueous solution confirm this fact, and the high activity of pyrazole radical leads to the bleaching of photochromism and decomposition of compound 1, which makes the transfer irreversible in solution. By understanding the bleaching mechanism of aromatic ammonium γ-octamolybdate derivatives and the electron and proton transfer pathways in this process, more reliable photochromic materials based on polyoxometalate can be manufactured.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of Zn dendrites has been limiting the further application of aqueous Zn ion batteries. In this work, the three-dimensional trench interface on the surface of the Zn foil is constructed by a simple etching method to buffer the formation of the Zn dendrite. Importantly, the relationship between stripping/plating behavior and dendrite formation, especially stripping behavior, is systematically analyzed using Ex-situ scanning electron microscope and finite element method. The low current density interface designed by etching a three-dimensional trench structure plays a key role in controlling the formation of the Zn dendrite. Therefore, the resultant Zn anode can be stably cycled up to 1800h at the current density of 1 mA cm−2 in the symmetric cell and displays a discharge capacity of 120.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1 in a full cell. This strategy affords a generic approach for large-scale applications of metal anodes in aqueous systems. •The low current density interface is designed by the etched Zn foil. •The effects of stripping/plating behavior on the dendrite formation are analyzed. •The resultant Zn anode displays superior electrochemical performance in the cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NDVI time series predictions for the Yellow River Basin, China. • Proposed multivariate Long-Short Term Memory neural network incorporating climate elements. • The common constraining effects of multiple climatic factors on NDVI are fully accounted for in the model proposed in the study. Accurate prediction of the trend of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is crucial for the assessment of the hydrological and ecological environment in this region. Currently, the NDVI time series prediction model is primarily based on traditional models and single-variable neural network models. Nevertheless, these models present challenges in considering the limitations of multiple factors, causing the NDVI time series prediction results to lack reliability. To predict NDVI time-series in the YRB of China, this study constructed a multilayer multivariate Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model including climatic components. The initial important climatic elements in this region were identified using GeoDetector. Then, the relationship between NDVI and climatic factors in the YRB of China is established. Finally, numerical scale data are used to train and predict a multilayer multivariate LSTM model with climatic components. According to the results, the three-layer multivariate LSTM neural network NDVI time series prediction model developed in this study has the best performance among the evaluated indices. When compared to existing time series prediction models, the proposed model in this study takes into account the common constraint effect of various climate factors on NDVI. This leads to a significantly improved prediction accuracy, presenting new opportunities for enhancing the prediction model. By analyzing the NDVI time series prediction outcomes for the YRB, it has been determined that the ecological environment of the area will continuously improve in the future. This study offers significant technological and theoretical backing for assessing the hydrological and ecological environment of the YRB and comparable ecologically vulnerable regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after chemoradiotherapy is common. • Submucosal recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare type. • Sampling tissues from submucosal lesions is usually difficult in clinical work. • Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy is effective for submucosal recurrent neoplasms. Recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after chemoradiotherapy is common, but submucosal recurrence of NPC is rare. The final pathological results determine the optimal therapeutic schedule for treatment of NPC recurrence, but tissue retrieval from submucosal lesions is usually difficult. The present study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel approach of endonasopharyngeal ultrasound-guided transnasopharyngeal needle aspiration (ENUS-TNNA) for submucosal neoplasms in patients with suspected NPC recurrence. Between March 2017 and June 2021, 11 post-chemoradiotherapy patients with suspected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of submucosal recurrence of NPC underwent ENUS-TNNA. The safety and effectiveness of using ENUS-TNNA to sample submucosal neoplasms were evaluated. Needle aspiration biopsies were performed without any incidences in all cases. Out of the 11 patients, nine were diagnosed with submucosal recurrence of NPC via histopathological or cytological evaluations. Of the two puncture-negative cases, one patient had atypical imaging findings and clinical manifestations and was therefore followed-up using MRI. After follow-up for 3 years, this patient was still considered to be cancer-free due to the shrinking diameters of the submucosal lesions. For the other puncture-negative patient, submucosal biopsy samples were obtained using a surgical method. Pathological examination of these biopsies revealed that an angiosarcoma had developed after radiotherapy. There were no severe complications that occurred during the ENUS-TNNA procedure. ENUS-TNNA is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive approach to obtain tissue samples from the submucosal region of the nasopharynx for patients with suspected NPC recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a novel p-hydroxycinnamic amide (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(4-(N-(5-meth oxypyrimidin-2-yl)-sulfamoyl)phenyl)acrylamide (HMSP) was synthesized and confirmed. In vitro cytotoxic assays indicated that HMSP was able to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell lines. The interaction between HMSP and human serum albumin (HSA) was examined by fluorescence, UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectra, in addition to molecular simulation. The fluorescence and UV-Vis spectra data indicated that the binding of HMSP with HSA was a static process. According to the fluorescence quenching calculation, the corresponding thermodynamic parameters, bimolecular quenching rate constant and apparent quenching constants were calculated. Van der Walls forces and hydrogen bonds were vital in the binding of HMSP on HSA. The distances between HSA and its derivatives were obtained. Furthermore, competitive experiments and molecular modeling results suggested that the binding of the compound on HSA mainly occurred in site I (sub-domain IIA). Changes in HSA conformation were observed from synchronous fluorescence and CD spectra, which were further investigated by molecular dynamic simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexpression of metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) has been observed in many human malignancies and is significantly related to tumor invasion and metastasis, therapeutic resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, making MTA1 an ideal candidate tumor antigen. We identified several human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) A2-restricted epitopes in MTA1 and evaluated their binding ability to HLA-A∗0201 molecules. Subsequently, a recombinant fragment encompassing the dominant epitopes, MTA1(1-283), was expressed, and the abilities of the selected epitopes of MTA1 and the MTA1(1-283) fragment to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were examined. Our results indicated that the epitopes and MTA1(1-283) fragment elicited HLA-A2-restricted and antigen-specific CTL responses both in vitro and in vivo. The new epitopes identified here may help promote the development of new therapeutic vaccines for HLA-A2+ patients expressing MTA1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling transforms cancer therapy and is assumed to unleash exhausted tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, recent studies have also indicated that the systemic tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells may respond to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. These discrepancies highlight the importance of further defining tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responders to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Here, using multiple preclinical tumor models, we revealed that a subset of tumor-specific CD8+ cells in the tumor draining lymph nodes (TdLNs) was not functionally exhausted but exhibited canonical memory characteristics. TdLN-derived tumor-specific memory (T TSM) cells established memory-associated epigenetic program early during tumorigenesis. More importantly, TdLN-T TSM cells exhibited superior anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy after adoptive transfer and were characterized as bona fide responders to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. These findings highlight that TdLN-T TSM cells could be harnessed to potentiate anti-tumor immunotherapy. [Display omitted] • TdLN-T TSM cells are bona fide memory T cells • Exhaustion-associated epigenetic scaring marks T PEX but not TdLN-T TSM cells • Adoptive transfer of TdLN-T TSM represents a promising immunotherapy strategy • TdLN-T TSM cells are primary responders to PD-1/PD-L1 ICB Huang et al. demonstrate different functional states of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells in the TdLNs where TCF-1+TOX− CD8+ T cells are bona fide memory T cells and function as the genuine responders to PD-1/PD-L1 ICB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfrs), a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), have a particular role in the control of follicular helper T cell-driven germinal center (GC) responses. Following differentiation signals similar to those received by follicular helper T cells (Tfhs), Tfrs gain expression of characteristic chemokine receptors and transcription factors, such as CXCR5 and Bcl-6, allowing them to migrate into the B-cell follicle and perform in situ suppression. Thus, together with Tfhs, Tfrs help maintaining an optimized GC-reaction. However, the mechanism underlying the Treg-to-Tfr transition remains obscure. Here, we established a highly reproducible protocol for investigating the differentiation of Tregs into Tfrs by constructing spleen-chimeric mice combined with retrovirus transduction. We demonstrated that using this strategy, over 4 folds of Tregs could differentiate into Tfrs in Bcl-6 overexpression group compared to control counterparts (Migr1), and Bcl-6 could efficiently promote Tfr differentiation during acute viral infection. Hence, this method provides us an easy access to investigate the factors that regulate the differentiation program that converts Tregs into Tfrs, which will enhance our understanding of the networks regulating GC-reaction and shed new light on the molecular basis of immune homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The mechanism of Na+ imbalance diarrhea caused by TGEV/PEDV infection process has not been reported in the literature. • NHE3 is an important Na+/H+ exchanger that is closely associated with the development of diarrhea. Closely associated with the occurrence of diarrhea. • Reduced NHE3 activity in intestinal cells impairs Na+ and H+ exchange and hinders electrolyte absorption by intestinal cells. • Specific inhibition of intestinal NHE3 activity produces the same clinical symptoms as TGEV/PEDV infection. • NHE3 has an extremely important role in the Na + imbalance diarrhea caused by TGEV/PEDV. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) are highly transmissible intestinal infections caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), respectively. They are clinically associated with vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in piglets. An imbalance in Na+ uptake by intestinal epithelial cells causes TGEV/PEDV-induced diarrhea. However, the mechanism by which TGEV/PEDV-infection in piglets causes Na+ imbalance diarrhea has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that specific inhibition of NHE3 activity caused small intestinal bulging, intestinal wall thinning and severe diarrhea in piglets, consistent with the signs of TGEV/PEDV infection. This study further elucidated the role of NHE3 in TGEV/PEDV-induced diarrhea. In this study, small intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were used as a model of infection. The results showed that TGEV/PEDV infection reduced NHE3 activity and Na+ uptake in IPEC-J2 cells. Further studies revealed that the use of NHE3-specific inhibitors could reduce the amount of cell membrane NHE3, thereby decreasing Na+ uptake and ultimately leading to diarrhea. Transcriptomic studies performed on obtained jejunal tissues were also consistent with pre-laboratory results. This study will provide a basis for understanding Na+ imbalance diarrhea caused by TGEV/PEDV, as well as for elucidating the diarrheal pathogenesis of other members of α-animal coronaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum composites reinforced by graphene nanoplates(GNP) with a mass fraction of 0.5% (0.5 wt.% GNP/Al) were fabricated using cold pressing and hot pressing. An orthogonal test was used to optimize the fabrication parameters. Ball milling time, ball milling speed, and ultrasonic time have the largest influence on the uniformity of the graphene in the composites. Afterwards, the microstructure, interfacial properties, and fracture morphology of the composites obtained with different parameters were further analyzed. The results show that ball milling time and ball milling speed have obvious influences on the mechanical properties of the composite. In this paper, when the ball milling speed is 300 r/min and the ball milling time is 6 h, the dispersion uniformity of graphene in the 0.5 wt.% GNP/Al composite is the best, the agglomeration is the lowest, and the mechanical properties of the composites are the best, among which the tensile strength is 156.8 MPa, 56.6% higher than that of pure aluminum fabricated by the same process (100.1 MPa), and the elongation is 19.9%, 39.8% lower than that of pure aluminum (33.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Decreased of apical of NHE3 protein expression and Na+/H+ exchange activity after TGEV infected IPEC-J2. • SGLT1 can regulation the trafficking of NHE3 by p38MAPK/AKt2 singal pathway and show a corporate relationship. • TGEV infection causes an increase in the expression of total SGLT1 protein. • TGEV infection attenuates the translocation and exchange activity of NHE3 via the p38MAPK/AKt2 signaling pathway. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) primarily replicates in intestinal epithelial cells and causes severe damage to host cells, resulting in diarrhea. Surface NHE3 serves as the key regulatory site controlling electroneutral Na+ absorption. In this study, our results showed that the surface NHE3 content was significantly reduced following TGEV infection, whereas the total level of protein expression was not significantly changed, and NHE3 activity gradually decreased with prolonged infection time. We then inhibited SGLT1 expression by lentiviral interference and drug inhibition, respectively. Inhibition studies showed that the level of phosphorylation of the downstream key proteins, MAPKAPK-2 and EZRIN, in the SGLT1-mediated p38MAPK/AKt2 signaling pathway was significantly increased. The surface NHE3 expression was also significantly increased, and NHE3 activity was also significantly enhanced. These results demonstrate that a TGEV infection can inhibit NHE3 translocation and attenuates sodium-hydrogen exchange activity via the SGLT1-mediated p38MAPK/AKt2 signaling pathway, affecting cellular electrolyte absorption leading to diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]