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Limited documentation exists regarding parameterization of SWMM's permeable pavement module and whether the output is realistic, particularly for long-term simulations. In this paper, we evaluated SWMM's ability to replicate discharge and evaporation from three lined permeable pavement stalls. An assessment of parameter sensitivity identified the permeable pavement module's input parameters with the highest relative sensitivity. Agreement between observations over a 1-year period and output from the calibrated model was inconsistent for 18 modelled rainfall events. While event volumes and shapes were matched relatively well for two concrete paver stalls for simple single-peak events, more complex multi-peak events showed poor agreement for all stalls. The porous asphalt stall was modelled least satisfactorily, due to its retention capacity that cannot be represented in the model. Based on the findings of this study, an evaporation coefficient (between 0.2 and 0.9), should be applied for long-term simulations of permeable pavement for best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has begun a rapid move towards Sponge City implementation, which will include widespread installation of various Low Impact Development (LID) stormwater infrastructure. Ambitious goals have been set for all Sponge Cities, including a target capture rate of 80–85% of annual precipitation in Beijing. However, there has so far been limited investigation into whether these goals are obtainable at the catchment scale given the physical restrictions of the existing urban landscape. This paper demonstrates the use of long-term continuous hydrologic modelling to evaluate the potential of meeting rainfall capture goals over a long time period for a case study area in Beijing. Detailed land cover classification derived from satellite imagery aided in the parameterization of a SWMM (Stormwater Management Model) model representing a 133 km2 urban study area. The calibrated and validated model demonstrated satisfactory agreement between computed and observed runoff for a variety of precipitation events ranging from 10 to 207 mm. A synthetic high resolution rainfall time series was generated from historic daily observations then used as input to run the model continuously for a 35 year period. Feasible LID model scenarios based on varying degrees of implementation of rain gardens, permeable pavements and green roofs were compared in terms of their potential volume capture of annual rainfall. Modelling results demonstrated that the conversion of 30% of roof area to green roof, 10% of green areas to rain gardens and 35% of paved areas to permeable pavement could increase the baseline volume capture ratio from 59.9% to 82.2%, indicating that Sponge City goals can be met within the case study area with realistic levels of LID implementation. This study provides a decision-making basis for future planning in the study area. • Satellite imagery based hydrologic model shows good agreement with observed flows. • Continuous modelling approach suggested for evaluation of Volume Capture Ratio. • >80% of annual rainfall captured with moderate catchment wide implementation of LID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities worldwide are facing a significant threat of stormwater hazards caused by the increase in extreme downpours and urbanization. Meso-level urban stormwater management focuses on alleviating the detrimental impacts of urban flooding and enhancing water resource utilization at the block or community scale, typically through 1) specific policies and management rules; 2) catchment-scale scenario simulation, optimization and evaluation; 3) the group of stormwater control measures implementation. It may effectively coordinate macro-level urban stormwater management planning and micro-level distributed stormwater control facilities. This study conducts a review of Urban Stormwater Management at Meso-level (USM-M) with a view to research publication trends, citation analysis, geographic spread and subject category, as well as content analysis, including temporal progression and research gaps. The Web of Science database and CiteSpace are used for the bibliometric analysis of 66 articles from 2006 to 2021. The results show that the number of USM-M topic articles generally has an upward trend over the years. Whilst the United States and China are leading research on this topic, the European countries have diverse local research and dense cooperation. Research foci have generally shifted from theoretical frameworks to multi-element subdivided topics and specific technical roadmaps. Moreover, the spatial layout optimization and multi-functional integration are, or will be, potential research directions in terms of enhancing stormwater utilization and co-benefits of USM-M. This systematic review concludes trends, challenges and potential approaches of USM-M, and aims to provide recommendations for researchers and policymakers on the development of a more advanced and comprehensive USM-M. • This paper aims to quantitatively and qualitatively review how Urban Stormwater Management at Meso-level (USM-M) is being studied and applied. • The question was "What are the trends, challenges and approaches of USM-M research?". • USM-M is applied at the catchment, block, community scale, and play a coordinator role between macro-level and micro-level. • Research focus has shifted from theoretical frameworks to subdivided topics and specific technical roadmaps. • Optimal spatial layout and multi-functional integration of USM-M implementation are potential directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the trading of St. Louis Cardinals outfielder to the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1958 and his comeback in 1959 following a lackluster performance the previous year. Topics discussed include his batting performance as a Cardinals outfielder and his batting averages in 1959 that helped propel the Dodgers to their first World Series Championship on the West Coast.

The article discusses a study which examined the impact of climate change on urban groundwater table response because of increased precipitation and stormwater infiltration in Silkeborg, Denmark. The study uses the MIKE SHE model to assess the change of groundwater level in the planned new water motorway in the city. Results show that the urban hydrologic cycle in the city varies under different climatic and geological systems.

• Unit area runoff decreases slightly with the increase of roof area but this effect is not statistically significant. • Plant richness and substrate type did not affect the runoff from the GRs. • Substrate depth was the only structural factor which demonstrated a statistically significant effect on the runoff per unit area. • No interactions between the four factors that affect the hydrological process of GRs were statistically significant. Green Roofs (GRs) are a type of Blue Green Infrastructure, growing in popularity due to their ability to provide numerous benefits. Designers and modelers of GRs typically make the assumption that GRs are homogeneous, which means that for different roof areas and the same structural factors such as substrate depth and composition, they have the same runoff per unit area. Based on this assumption, the measured data from small scale GRs in the laboratory can be applied to large GRs in the field. However, this assumption of homogeneity has not been sufficiently verified. To investigate this gap, an outdoor experiment was carried out from April 25 to December 1, 2021. Thirty-six GRs were constructed following an orthogonal experimental design with four primary structural factors investigated (i.e., substrate type (ST), substrate depth (SD), plant richness (PR), and roof area (RA)). Rain and runoff data were recorded and N -way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impact of the structural factors. Results showed that there were no statistically significant interactions between the structural factors that affected the GR runoff. The order of influence of the individual parameters, determined by the F value statistical metric was: SD > RA > ST > PR. However, substrate depth was the only structural factor which significantly affected the runoff per unit area of GR. Plant richness and substrate types showed no statistically significant effect on the GR runoff. The results of this study indicate that the implicit assumption: GRs are homogeneous, is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of ecosystems and their services is threatening human wellbeing, making ecosystem service (ES) conservation an urgent necessity. In ES conservation planning, conservation area identification is crucial for the success of conservation initiatives. However, different decision-making preferences have not been fully considered and integrated in ES conservation area identification. This study takes the Dawen River watershed as the study area and considers three water-related ESs to be conserved. We aim to integrate the decision-making preferences of cost-effectiveness, ES sustainable supply, and ES social benefit into identifying ES conservation areas by using conservation cost, ecosystem health, and ES social importance as spatial constraints, respectively. We identified ES conservation area alternatives under the scenarios set according to different decision-making preferences. Specifically, ES conservation targets, i.e., the expected proportion of each ES in conservation areas, are designed to be met where there is low conservation cost (cost-oriented scenario), high ecosystem health (ES sustainable supply scenario), or high ES social importance (ES social benefit scenario). A balanced scenario considering all three decision-making preferences together is further established. The results show that under each scenario, the identified conservation areas can concurrently meet the conservation targets and decision-making preferences. The consideration of different decision-making preferences can greatly influence the spatial distributions of ES conservation areas. Moreover, a severe trade-off between conservation cost and ES social importance is observed under the ES social benefit scenario, and the balanced scenario can achieve a synergy of decision-making preferences. Our study provides a method to integrate the decision-making preference into ES conservation area identification, which can improve the rationality and practicality of ES conservation planning. • Conservation area identification is crucial for ecosystem service (ES) conservation. • The decision-making preference needs to be considered in ES conservation. • We integrated decision-making preferences into ES conservation area identification. • Decision-making preferences are reflected by spatial constraints of conservation. • Different decision-making preferences used change ES conservation area patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization-induced landuse changes alter runoff regimes in complex ways. In this study, a detailed investigation of the urbanization impacts on runoff regimes is provided by using multiple runoff metrics and with consideration of landuse dynamics. A catchment hydrological model is modified by coupling a simplified flow routing module of the urban drainage system and landuse dynamics to improve long-term urban runoff simulations. Moreover, multivariate statistical approach is adopted to mine the spatial variations of runoff metrics so as to further identify critical impact factors of landuse changes. The Qing River catchment as a peri-urban catchment in the Beijing metropolitan area is selected as our study region. Results show that: (1) the dryland agriculture is decreased from 13.9% to 1.5% of the total catchment area in the years 2000–2015, while the percentages of impervious surface, forest and grass are increased from 63.5% to 72.4%, 13.5% to 16.6% and 5.1% to 6.5%, respectively. The most dramatic landuse changes occur in the middle and downstream regions; (2) The combined landuse changes do not alter the average flow metrics obviously at the catchment outlet, but slightly increase the high flow metrics, particularly the extreme high flows; (3) The impacts on runoff metrics in the sub-catchments are more obvious than those at the catchment outlet. For the average flow metrics, the most impacted metric is the runoff depth in the dry season (October ∼ May) with a relative change from −10.9% to 11.6%, and the critical impact factors are the impervious surface and grass. For the high flow metrics, the extreme high flow depth is increased most significantly with a relative change from −0.6% to 10.5%, and the critical impact factors are the impervious surface and dryland agriculture; (4) The runoff depth metrics in the sub-catchments are increased because of the landuse changes from dryland agriculture to impervious surface, but are decreased because of the landuse changes from dryland agriculture or impervious surface to grass or forest. The results of this study provide useful information for urban planning such as Sponge City design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-stroke dysphagia (a difficulty in swallowing after a stroke) is a common and expensive complication of acute stroke and is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and institutionalization due in part to aspiration, pneumonia, and malnutrition. Although most patients recover swallowing spontaneously, a significant minority still have dysphagia at six months. Although multiple advances have been made in the hyperacute treatment of stroke and secondary prevention, the management of dysphagia post-stroke remains a neglected area of research, and its optimal management, including diagnosis, investigation and treatment, have still to be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant management needs raised in urban sewer system to facilitate urban resilience to rainstorm. The work investigated the effects of temporal evolution of rainfall on hydrograph and pollutant discharge of CSO over an intensive observation period of 12 months, with special attention to differences in temporal scale for supporting management decision making. The characteristics of rainfall in different temporal scales helped overflow-risk identification and assessment. Prolonged dry seasons over 112 days in the CSO monitored year 2018 increased the sediment buildup in the pipes. The built sediment was mostly flushed out to overflow (and the treatment facility) by initial rainfall during 47 h. Following CSO hydraulics and pollutant discharge follows initial peak patterns which responded to rainfall patterns. Results of Redundancy analysis and network analysis showed that the combined effects of rainfall, urbanization, and sediments as "CSO troika" are the driving forces for CSO pollutants in the long-term. The improved characterization of CSO events and the associated pollutants has refined our understanding of how overflow hydrograph and pollutant discharge responds to rainfall temporally, which methodology supported decision making in the combining source/process control with terminal management for facilizing urban resilience. [Display omitted] • The sophisticated investigation of CSOs supported decision making by methodology. • Rainfall pattern and sewer sediment together shaped overflow pollutants. • Combined sewer sediments were built-up in dry season and flushed out in wet season. • Overflow pollutants SS, COD, and TN follows peak-sustain pattern similar with rain. • Temporal evolution of CSOs' hydrograph and pollutants discharge were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]