Search

Long time series of bottom temperatures in the Southern Ocean are rare. The cDrake array with over 40 current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders, moored across Drake Passage to monitor the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) variability and transport, measured temperature at 1 and 50m above the seafloor at depths ≥ 3500m and at the southern continental margin. The 4-yr dataset provided an opportunity to examine the temporal and spatial scales of bottom temperature variability. High variability was observed; ranges were 0.5°-0.9°C in the northern passage and 0.3°-0.6°C in the southern passage. Standard deviations in the two regions were 0.1°-0.15°C and < 0.05°C, respectively. Meandering of the ACC with its deep-reaching thermocline accounted for up to 50% of the observed bottom temperature variance. Northern passage temperatures, spaced less than 40 km apart, were correlated with each other, while those in the southern portion, separated by 60-70 km, were not. A gap in the West Scotia Ridge provided a deep passageway for cold water to reach the northern passage from the southern basin; an extreme event during February 2008 brought bottom waters with in situ temperatures below 0.38°C as far north as 57°S. Strong vertical temperature gradients between 1 and 50mabove the bottom occurred intermittently due to intrusions associated with deep eddy circulations arising beneath the meandering jet and to flow over steep topography, permitting the generation of internal waves. High variability in temperature on interannual time scales requires record lengths of 13-17 yr to estimate long-term trends reliably.

In the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) east of Japan, bottom pressure observations over the 2 year study period exhibit strong high-frequency variability near 13 days. The first cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function mode for the band-pass-filtered KESS bottom pressure explains about 57% of the near 13 day variance and exhibits almost in-phase variability in space with a hint of westward propagation. The 13 day variability is strong during the winter and is driven by the large-scale wind stress curl over a broad region of the North Pacific. Modeling results over the North Pacific closely follow the observations and indicate that topography confines the barotropic response to the west of Emperor Seamount Chain and slows the westward propagation of the near 13 day bottom pressure variability. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.