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In the modern era of the mobile apps (the era of surveillance capitalism - as termed by Shoshana Zuboff) huge quantities of surveillance data about consumers and their activities offer a wave of opportunities for economic and societal value creation. ln-app advertising - a multi-billion dollar industry, is an essential part of the current digital ecosystem driven by free mobile applications, where the ecosystem entities usually comprise consumer apps, their clients (consumers), ad-networks, and advertisers. Sensitive consumer information is often being sold downstream in this ecosystem without the knowledge of consumers, and in many cases to their annoyance. While this practice, in cases, may result in long-term benefits for the consumers, it can result in serious information privacy breaches of very significant impact (e.g., breach of genetic data) in the short term. The question we raise through this paper is: Is it economically feasible to trade consumer personal information with their formal consent (permission) and in return provide them incentives (monetary or otherwise)?. In view of (a) the behavioral assumption that humans are `compromising' beings and have privacy preferences, (b) privacy as a good not having strict boundaries, and (c) the practical inevitability of inappropriate data leakage by data holders downstream in the data-release supply-chain, we propose a design of regulated efficient/bounded inefficient economic mechanisms for oligopoly data trading markets using a novel preference function bidding approach on a simplified sellers-broker market. Our methodology preserves the heterogeneous privacy preservation constraints (at a grouped consumer, i.e., app, level) upto certain compromise levels, and at the same time satisfies information demand (via the broker) of agencies (e.g., advertising organizations) that collect client data for the purpose of targeted behavioral advertising.

In the above article [1], we importantly missed out on generalizing the application scope to the inter-disciplinary contributions made in the article. It is essential to educate the readers on an increasing variety of novel and highly practical modern-day application families where the contributions made in [1] are equally applicable—not just the evident application pertaining to mobile-ad ecosystems, as in [1].

Abstract Cd(II) is a potentially toxic heavy metal having carcinogenic activity. It is becoming widespread in the soil and groundwater by various natural and anthropological activities. This is inviting its immediate removal. The present study is aimed at developing a Cd(II) resistant strain isolated from contaminated water body and testing its potency in biological remediation of Cd(II) from aqueous environment. The developed resistant strain was characterized by SEM, FESEM, TEM, EDAX, FT-IR, Raman Spectral, XRD and XPS analysis. The results depict considerable morphological changes had taken place on the cell surface and interaction of Cd(II) with the surface exposed functional groups along with intracellular accumulation. Molecular contribution of critical cell wall component has been evaluated. The developed resistant strain had undergone Cd(II) biosorption study by employing adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling. Langmuir model best fitted the Cd(II) biosorption data compared to the Freundlich one. Cd(II) biosorption by the strain followed a pseudo second order kinetics. The physical parameters affecting biosorption were also optimized by employing response surface methodology using central composite design. The results depict remarkable removal capacity 75.682 ± 0.002% of Cd(II) by the developed resistant strain from contaminated aqueous medium using 500 ppm of Cd(II). Quantitatively, biosorption for Cd(II) by the newly developed resistant strain has been increased significantly (p

Intramuscularly administered vaccines stimulate robust serum neutralizing antibodies, yet they are often less competent in eliciting sustainable “sterilizing immunity” at the mucosal level. Our study uncovers a strong temporary neutralizing mucosal component of immunity, emanating from intramuscular administration of an mRNA vaccine. We show that saliva of BNT162b2 vaccinees contains temporary IgA targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein and demonstrate that these IgAs mediate neutralization. RBD-targeting IgAs were found to associate with the secretory component, indicating their bona fide transcytotic origin and their polymeric multivalent nature. The mechanistic understanding of the high neutralizing activity provided by mucosal IgA, acting at the first line of defense, will advance vaccination design and surveillance principles and may point to novel treatment approaches and new routes of vaccine administration and boosting.

ABSTRACT The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a complex structure, essential for bacterial survival and for resistance to many antibiotics. Channels that cross the bacterial envelope and the host cell membrane form secretion systems that are activated upon attachment to host, enabling bacteria to inject effector molecules into the host cell, required for bacterium-host interaction. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is critical for the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria, including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). EPEC T3SS activation is associated with repression of carbon storage regulator (CsrA), resulting in gene expression remodeling, which is known to affect EPEC central carbon metabolism and contributes to the adaptation to a cell-adherent lifestyle in a poorly understood manner. We reasoned that the changes in the bacterial envelope upon attachment to the host and the activation of a secretion system may involve a modification of the lipid composition of bacterial envelope. Accordingly, we performed a lipidomics analysis on mutant strains that simulate T3SS activation. We saw a shift in glycerophospholipid metabolism toward the formation of lysophospholipids, attributed to corresponding upregulation of the phospholipase gene pldA and the acyltransferase gene ygiH upon T3SS activation in EPEC. We also detected a shift from menaquinones and ubiquinones to undecaprenyl lipids, concomitant with abnormal synthesis of O antigen. The remodeling of lipid metabolism is mediated by CsrA and associated with increased bacterial cell size and zeta potential and a corresponding alteration in EPEC permeability to vancomycin, increasing the sensitivity of T3SS-activated strains and of adherent wild-type EPEC to the antibiotic. IMPORTANCE The characterization of EPEC membrane lipid metabolism upon attachment to the host is an important step toward a better understanding the shift of EPEC, a notable human pathogen, from a planktonic to adherent lifestyle. It may also apply to other pathogenic bacteria that use this secretion system. We predict that upon attachment to host cells, the lipid remodeling upon T3SS activation contributes to bacterial fitness and promotes host colonization, and we show that it is associated with increased cell permeability and higher sensitivity to vancomycin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bacterial lipid remodeling due to activation of a secretion system.

Summary: We have previously described the existence of membranous nanotubes, bridging adjacent bacteria, facilitating intercellular trafficking of nutrients, cytoplasmic proteins, and even plasmids, yet components enabling their biogenesis remain elusive. Here we reveal the identity of a molecular apparatus providing a platform for nanotube biogenesis. Using Bacillus subtilis (Bs), we demonstrate that conserved components of the flagellar export apparatus (FliO, FliP, FliQ, FliR, FlhB, and FlhA), designated CORE, dually serve for flagellum and nanotube assembly. Mutants lacking CORE genes, but not other flagellar components, are deficient in both nanotube production and the associated intercellular molecular trafficking. In accord, CORE components are located at sites of nanotube emergence. Deleting COREs of distinct species established that CORE-mediated nanotube formation is widespread. Furthermore, exogenous COREs from diverse species could restore nanotube generation and functionality in Bs lacking endogenous CORE. Our results demonstrate that the CORE-derived nanotube is a ubiquitous organelle that facilitates intercellular molecular trade across the bacterial kingdom. : Bhattacharya et al. show that bacterial intercellular nanotubes, facilitating cytoplasmic molecular exchange among cells, emerge from conserved CORE components of the flagellar export apparatus. CORE-mediated nanotube formation is widespread among bacterial species. The results establish the CORE-derived nanotube as a ubiquitous organelle, facilitating intercellular molecular trafficking across the bacterial kingdom. Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, nanotubes, flagellar export apparatus, flagella type III secretion system, bacterial communication, contact-dependent molecular exchange, bacterial community