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The research investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by analyzing the fecal samples of 100 captive-breed exotic birds from 16 species in the Kathmandu Valley. A total of five different parasite types were found in the study, with a 54% prevalence rate. Helminths were less frequent (33%) than protozoan pathogens (37%) in the samples. Five parasitic genera were found during the examination of the feces, including one protozoa (Eimeria species) and four helminths (Ascaridia species, Trichostrongylus species, Strongyloides species, and Codiostomum species), with Ascaridiaspecies showing the highest prevalence rate (23%) of the helminthes parasites. The bulk of infections were single infections, with mixed infections accounting for the minority. To control parasitic infections, effective hygiene and de-worming initiatives were put in place. A re-infection is still a chance, though; because of things like stress and being near other foraging birds that might be carrying parasites.

Disproportionation of Cpd II models depends on the electron-richness of the porphyrin ligand; Cpd II with an electron-deficient ligand is difficult to disproportionate, whereas Cpd II with an electron-rich ligand readily disproportionates to form Cpd I as a true oxidant.

Takayasu arteritis is an inflammatory disease of large- and medium-sized arteries, with a predilection for the aorta and its branches. Advanced lesions demonstrate a panarteritis with intimal proliferation. It can affect the aorta, subclavian artery, renal artery, iliac artery, coronary artery, and other blood vessels. Pulmonary arteritis is very uncommon in TA. We describe a case of TA, who primarily presented with pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND The advent of Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) has created several important advances in the detection and characterization of renal masses due to its high accuracy, low cost, and easy availability. There is a growing need to separate benign lesions from malignant ones so as to provide an appropriate timely treatment. It can be used with contrast agents and helps in providing data during multiple phases along with the possibility of multiplanar image reconstruction anytime in the future. We wanted to study the role of CT imaging as a diagnostic modality for the evaluation of renal masses. METHODS This is a prospective study conducted among 50 cases, with clinically or radiologically diagnosed renal mass who were referred to our department . A detailed clinical history, thorough clinical examination, ultrasonography and multiphase - CECT using a Philips 128 - slice multi detector scanner (Ingenuity), were performed using the set - protocol followed by multiplanar reconstruction and detailed evaluation. Findings of CT scan were correlated with clinical / biopsy / surgical findings. RESULTS Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was the most common renal mass in our study group (48 %) followed by renal cyst (30 %). The most common presenting symptom of RCC was haematuria (91.6 %) followed by flank pain (58.3 %). Renal cyst was a fairly common lesion with majority (93.3 %) being BOSNIAK - I category. RCC most commonly showed malignant extension via lymph nodes (83.3 %) while transitional cell cancer (TCC) most commonly spread via ureteric extension (75 %). Inferior vena cava (IVC) extension, even though seen only in a small fraction of cases (4 %), was only associated with RCC. On correlation with histopathological findings, a sensitivity of 95.8 %, specificity of 96.15 % and a diagnostic accuracy of 96 % was found, for diagnosing RCC in our study. CONCLUSIONS MDCT is a robust technique for detection and characterisation of renal mases. It is rapid and easily available with excellent patient compliance. MDCT has excellent sensitivity and specificity for characterisation of renal masses. KEY WORDS MDCT, Renal Mass, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Cyst, Attenuation, Enhancement

BACKGROUND Small bowel imaging often questions clinicians due to its long, tortuous and undulating morphology. The current study was undertaken to establish the efficacy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) enterography in the evaluation of small bowel diseases using iso-osmotic mannitol as oral contrast agent. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted among thirty patients (mean age 40 years; range 14 - 66 years), 16 males and 14 females presenting with clinical suspicion of small bowel diseases based on clinical, laboratory or other imaging investigations underwent CT enterography on a 128 slice CT scanner using isoosmotic mannitol as neutral enteral contrast. RESULTS Intestinal tuberculosis was the most common diagnosis. Non neoplastic cases predominantly showed segmental symmetrical involvement with target pattern of enhancement. Small bowel tumours (adenocarcinoma) were seen in 2 cases. Neoplasms were associated with focal asymmetrical involvement with heterogeneous enhancement pattern. Computerized tomography enterography (CTE) clearly depicted the site, level and cause of the obstruction in all the patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 96 % and 100 % respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of CTE in detection of small bowel diseases came out to be 98 %. CONCLUSIONS CT enterography is an effectual, non-invasive, well-tolerated, sensitive and specific imaging modality for the evaluation of small bowel diseases which provides superior assessment of the intraluminal, mural and extraintestinal pathologies. KEY WORDS CT enterography, mannitol, Tuberculosis, Small Bowel

Background: Phasic hormonal changes during menstrual cycle affect the exercise performance. Earlier studies about the changes in muscle strength and rate of fatigue during different phases of the menstrual cycle have been inconclusive. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to study the muscle strength variations and rate of fatigue during various phases of the menstrual cycle in young adult females. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 120 eumenorrheic female volunteers in the age group of 18–25 years female from GMC, Jammu. Handgrip dynamometer and Mosso’s Ergograph were used, respectively, to assess muscle strength and muscle fatigue. Recording of the test parameters was done in three phases of the menstrual cycle: Early follicular phase (Phase 1), late follicular phase (Phase 2), and mid luteal phase (Phase 3). Results: Muscle strength was significantly higher in Phase 2 (Late Follicular phase) than in Phase 1 (Early Follicular Phase) and Phase 3 (Mid Luteal Phase). The subjects showed less fatigability and higher work done during the late follicular phase (Phase 2) compared to mid luteal phase (Phase 3) and early follicular phase (Phase 1). Conclusion: Muscle functions are better in late follicular phase compared to mid-luteal or early follicular phases.

To increase the maximum productivity is prime aim in fish aquaculture from past few years. The increase in maximum standing crop of a pond depends upon the wider range of available foods in ecological niches from the selection of complementary species growing together. The present work was conducted in an attempt to identify the suitable fish species combinations among Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio with the introduction of Amblypharyngodon mola in the prevalent method of fish polyculture system practiced in Nepal. The experiment was conducted for 120 days, in twelve 100 m2 earthen ponds which comprised the initial growing period of fish. As control, one pond was stocked with a species ratio usually employed in the country; H. molitrix (35 %), A. nobilis (10 %), L. rohita (15 %), C. mrigala (10 %), C. idella, (5 %) and C. carpio (25 %). Treatment 2 was stocked with the H. molitrix, A. nobilis, L. rohita and C. mrigala. Treatment 3 was stocked with the H. molitrix, A. nobilis, L. rohita, C. mrigala and C. idella and Treatment 4 was stocked with the H. molitrix, A. nobilis, L. rohita, C. mrigala and C. idella and C. carpio. Each treatment had three replicates. Carp fishes were stocked with stocking density 15000 ha -1 in all treatments. A. mola was stocked @ 50000 ha-1 in treatments, 2, 3 and 4. No significant correlation was found between the growth rate of fish species and the water quality parameters. The final weight of different species, in different treatments, showed statistical differences. Considering growth parameters, the best result was obtained in treatment 2. A complete exclusion of the A. mola in treatment 1 had no advantage over the other treatments; however, the combination of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala allowed the introduction of A. mola, with positive effects. In addition, the introduction of A. mola in the polycultures tested had no effect over the other carp species. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, Page: 92-102

Intrauterine contraceptive devices are a widely used method of contraception. It is cheap, easy and an effective method. The first intrauterine device was Lippe’s loop which was double S shaped trapezoid loop introduced in 1962. Nowadays, third generation intrauterine devices are used which are effective for 5 and as well as 10 years. Here we presented a rare case of first generation of intrauterine device, that was, Lippe’s loop in a 65 year old lady which was found as an incidental finding. Intrauterine device insertion without the knowledge of women can lead to the forgotten device which can adversely affect the health of women.

The present study was carried out to estimate the physico-chemical characteristic of Melamchi River from January 2011 to December 2013 with a view to assess the nature and degree of pollution. Melamchi River is a snowmelt and rain fed river. River water is mainly used for drinking and irrigation. Water samples were collected on monthly basis from five sites of river. Parameters analyzed include temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, hardness, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and nitrate. The study revealed seasonal fluctuations of the factors. River water was well oxygenated and alkaline in nature. High level for turbidity (43.25/ NTU) was observed during monsoon, which exceeded compliance levels of WHO (2011) tolerance limits (5/ NTU) for domestic use. Water contained more TDS and EC indicating the impact of agriculture and deforestation near the river area. The analyzed physico-chemical parameters were found within the permissible limit of WHO, except turbidity. Measures should be taken to regulate agricultural and deforestation activities upriver to avoid advert conditions.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 29, 2015,, Page: 9-18

Endodontic failure can be due extra canals in the root morphology left untreated by the clinician. Careful assessment and modifications may be required in the cavity preparation for stress free entry to complex root anatomy. This case report depicts a 36- year old male with three roots in his maxillary second molar

A nematological survey was conducted for free and plant nematodes affecting economically important vegetable crops grown in Bhaktapur and Kavre, hilly districts of Nepal with altitudes ranging between 1315m to 1500m which revealed various plant parasitic nematodes along with four species of predatory nematodes belonging to the order Mononchida. These species were Mononchus aquaticus Coetzee, 1968, Iotonchus indicus Jairajpuri 1969, Mylonchulus contractus Jairajpuri, 1970 and Parahandronchus shakili (Jairajpuri, 1969) Mulvey, 1978. The measurements, descriptions, remarks and illustrations along with habitat and locality of these predatory nematodes are provided. These species are the first report from Nepal.

Post-traumatic portal venous thrombosis is a rare event, and is usually seen in association with penetrating injuries. Portal venous thrombosis following blunt abdominal trauma is extremely rare with only few reports in the literature, some associated with underlying coagulation disorders. We report multidetector computed tomography findings in a case of blunt abdominal trauma with otherwise normal coagulation profile, which showed shattered spleen and MDCT evidence of acute thrombosis in the right branch of the portal vein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented report of acute portal venous thrombosis in association with shattered spleen.

Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of the first choice for evaluation of vertebral compression/collapse. Many MRI qualitative features help to differentiate benign from malignant collapse. We conducted this study to look for a quantitative difference in chemical shift values in benign and malignant collapse using dual-echo gradient echo in-phase/out-phase imaging. Materials and Methods: MRI examinations of a total of 38 patients were retrospectively included in the study who had vertebral compression/collapse with marrow edema in which final diagnosis was available at the time of imaging/follow-up. Signal intensity value in the region of abnormal marrow signal and adjacent normal vertebra was measured on in phase/out phase images. Signal intensity ratio (SIR) was measured by dividing signal intensity value on opposite phase images to that on in phase images. SIR was compared in normal vertebrae and benign and malignant vertebral collapse. Results: There were 21 males and 17 females with mean age of 52.4 years (range 28–76 years). Out of total 38 patients, 18 were of benign vertebral collapse and 20 of malignant vertebral collapse. SIR in normal vertebrae was 0.30 ± 0.14, 0.67 ± 0.18 in benign vertebral collapse, and 1.20 ± 0.27 in malignant vertebral collapse with significant difference in SIR of normal vertebrae versus benign collapse (P < 0.01) and in benign collapse versus malignant collapse (P < 0.01). Assuming a cutoff of

During a survey for plant parasitic nematodes affecting various vegetable crops grown in three hilly districts surrounding Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, five species of order Tylenchidae are reported for the first time from Nepal.The nematode species are Hoplolaimus indicus, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, Helicotylenchus incisus, Microposthonia paraxestis and Hemicriconemoides cocophilus.All the species are illustrated with line diagrams and described with their morphometric data along with localities and host plants.International Journal of Life Sciences 10 (1) : 2016; 10-16

Wandering spleen is a rare condition resulting from laxity of the suspensory ligaments of the spleen which predisposes it to torsion. We present a 24-year-old female who presented with acute abdominal pain due to torsion of the wandering spleen.

Background: Anemia, the decrease of haemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a common disorder complicating pregnancy mostly due to hemodilution, increased demand of iron and poor dietary intake of iron. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether parenteral iron sucrose can be used as an alternative to daily oral iron during pregnancy.Methods: It was a prospective interventional study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly involving pregnant women at 16-24 weeks with Hb 7-10 g/dl. They were randomly allocated to two groups I and II. Group I (oral group) was given oral iron tablets containing 100 mg of elemental iron and 0.5 mg of folic acid as per therapeutic requirement. Group II (parenteral group) were admitted as day care patients and given a total calculated dose of iron sucrose in divided doses of 200 mg each in 100 ml of normal saline as slow intravenous infusion. Hb, packed cell volume (PCV), blood indices were measured at the start, 2 weeks and 4 weeks of treatment. Any side-effects of treatment were also studied.Results: A statistically significant increase in values of Hb, hematocrit, reticulocyte count, red blood cells (RBC's) indices: mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) coupled with no serious side effects with iron sucrose as compared with oral iron.Conclusions: Intravenous iron sucrose complex is safe, convenient and effective alternative to oral iron for treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy.

Background: Non-stress test (NST) is a graphical recording of changes in fetal heart activity and uterine contraction along with fetal movement when uterus is quiescent. NST is primarily a test of fetal condition and it differs from contraction stress test which is a test of uteroplacental function. The present study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and diagnostic value of NST for antenatal surveillance in high-risk pregnancy and comparing the mode of delivery with test results.Methods: A clinical study of NST was done between November 2014 to October 2015. NST was used for their surveillance from 32 weeks of gestation and NST was recorded weekly, biweekly, on alternate days or even on daily basis depending on high risk factors and were followed up.Results: A total of 100 cases were enrolled in the study. The mean age of patients was 25.09±3.78 years. In all 14 cases (23.3%) with reactive NST underwent lower caesarean section (LSCS) whereas 36 cases (90%) with non-reactive NST underwent LSCS. The mean NST delivery interval with reactive NST was 9.8±7.1 hours and in cases with non-reactive NST it was 9.2±8.6 hours, the difference was statistically not significant (p=0.70).Conclusions: NST tells about acute fetal hypoxia and decision to delivery time can be made for those patients with fetal distress so that a major improvement in the outcome among parturient can be achieved with abnormal NST results. An abnormal NST should alert the clinician of fetal compromise and has to be followed up by other biophysical tests.

In the present study five Eimeria species viz. Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. brunetti responsible for coccidiosis are reported and its general prevalence was found to be 24 percent. Among the five Eimeria species, prevalence of E. tenella was recorded to be the highest (25%), followed by E. acervulina (15%), E. necatrix (10%). E. maxima (7%) and E. brunetti (3%). Altogether 400 stool samples (dropping) were collected by random sampling methods from four poultry farms. These samples were preserved in preservative solution (2% potassium dichromate solution). Stool samples were examined by thin feacal smear methods. There were altogether 96 cases of coccidiosis of which 25% were caecal, 35% intestinal and 40% mixed. Prevalence of coccidiosis was recorded in all the 12 months and four seasons of the study period. The highest (38%) prevalence rate was found in the month of July and the lowest (5.71%) in the month of October. The difference in monthly prevalence of Eimeria was insignificant (x2 =19.675, P 0.05). The age- wise prevalence was the highest (34.66%) in 61 weeks above chicken, followed by 30% in the 46-60 weeks age group, 22.5% in the 31-45 weeks age group, 17.14% in the 0-15 weeks age group and 15.78% in the 16-30 weeks age group. The difference in age- wise prevalence was found to be insignificant (x2= 9.488,P> 0.05). J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 66-72

An entomological study was carried out in Bhelukhel, Bode and Tathali of Bhaktapur district to compare fluctuation in population size of Culex mosquitoes in relation to relative humidity and temperature. Mosquitoes were collected during July-December 2012 around the pig enclosures and cattle sheds by means of dark activated rechargeable CDC light trap. The study resulted 73.41% of Culex mosquitoes out of the total mosquitoes collected (884). Total eleven species of Culex mosquitoes were recorded namely Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. edwardsi, Cx. hutchnsoni, Cx. whitei and Cx.whitmorei . Distribution of Culex species was abundant in July and August. Cx . quinquefasciatus, the principal vector of Lymphaticfilariasis (LF) was recorded to be the most dominant species in all the three sites. Cx . tritaeniorhynchus, the principal Japanese encephalitis (JE) vector was collected in higher number during August from Tathali and Bode site and during July from Bhelukhel site. Significant variation was not observed in abundance of Culex mosquito in three study sites in six different months. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 118-126

A cross sectional survey was carried out by taking 516 mid night blood samples from 206 households in 1,2 and 3 wards of Salyantar village development committee of Dhading district, Nepal with the objective to analyze the epidemiological situation of lymphatic filariasis. The main aim of the study was to provide the data essential for the planning, implementation and evaluation of the services to the prevention, control and treatment of lymphatic filariasis.Questionnaire survey was conducted for the collection of information of the respondents. Blood samples were collected by means of ear-lobe prick method. Microscopical examination of the collected blood samples revealed 117 positive cases i.e. 22.67%. Males (24.54%) were found to be infected more than females (21.28%) in the ration of 1.2:1. The highest distribution of microfilarial parasites was in the age group >70 years (36.36%) while the least was in the age group ≤10 years (12.37%). The infected youngest person was 4 years old boy and the oldest was 85 years old man. Endemicity rate and crude disease rate was reported to be 44.76% and 22.09% respectively. Illiteracy, lack of awareness about the disease, poor sanitation, carelessness in using bed-nets and health were identified as the major risk factors for filariasis.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 26, 2012: 136-145

Various concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of Lantana camara L. were assessed against second stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. (Goeldi, 1982) for its nematicidal potency in vitro conditions. Study showed 50% concentration of Lantana camara leaf extract at 48 hrs of incubation period and above showed effective in immobilizing second stage of larvae (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. The standard concentration ‘S’ (100%) of leaf extract was found to be highly nematostatic, 98.66% of nematode were found dead in 48 hrs. Similarly, 57.66% of nematode juveniles were found dead when applied 50% concentration in 48 hrs. Mean number of (J2) dead at 100% concentration for three time period was statistically significant highest at 48 hrs. So far, 50% concentration in 48 hrs and above was appropriate for controlling the root-knot nematode which seems as an alternative to chemical pesticides.

A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire survey on Japanese encephalitis was conducted in Bhaktapur district. Mosquitoes were collected for six months by means of dark activated rechargeable CDC light trap. Out of 884 mosquitoe individuals collected, 73.41 percent were Culex species. The highest numbers of mosquitoes were collected in July and August. There was no significant variation in Culex vectors abundance during six months in three study sites Tathali, Bode and Bhelukhel. Significant correlation was found between level of knowledge and attitude towards JE prevention. Fair level of practice towards JE prevention but having no good attitude shows that though people are supportive towards JE control. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, 20(1): 112-118

Summary Background Portal annular pancreas is a rare pancreatic developmental anomaly which is often overlooked at imaging, and often diagnosed retrospectively when it is detected incidentally at the time of surgery. Although the anomaly itself is asymptomatic, it becomes important in cases where pancreatic resection/anastomosis is planned, because of varying ductal anatomy, risk of ductal injury and increased risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula formation. Case Report We present imaging findings in a case of portal annular pancreas in a 45-year-old male patient. Conclusions Portal annular pancreas is a rare and often neglected pancreatic anomaly due to a lack of awareness of this entity. With the advent of MDCT and MRI, accurate preoperative diagnosis of this condition is possible.