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To review the literature and discover which antidepressants are responsible for weight gain and then to discuss the areas with lack of adequate knowledge. Method: An electronic search was conducted through Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane library, and ScienceDirect. Forty nine empirical researches were identified and reviewed. Results: Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and mirtazapine have been associated with more weight gain induction in clinical studies, but not in animal-based studies. All TCAs have been reported to cause weight gain except protriptyline. MAOIs have been associated with weight gain. In SSRI group, citalopram and ecitalopram induce weight, yet mixed results exist for paroxetine and fluoxetine. Researches unanimously reported weight loss effect for bupropion. Some studies suggest contributing factors in the relationship of antidepressants with body weight changes including age, gender, base-line weights and treatment duration. Various results of different treatment durations have been reported in some cases but there are not continuous time-dependent studies for the influences of antidepressants on body weight changes. Conclusion: More studies are required to discover underlying mechanisms and the time-dependent effects of antidepressants on body weight changes.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells is often associated with overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1 or MDR1); therefore, modulators of this transporter might be helpful in overcoming MDR. In this study, 16 novel unsymmetrical dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives bearing 2-pyridyl methyl carboxylate at [C.sub.3] and a nitroimidazole or nitrophenyl ring at [C.sub.4] positions of the DHP ring were synthesized. Their cytotoxicity was tested against four human cancer cells by MTT assay. The reversal capacity of MDR was examined in P-gp overexpressing cells (MES-SA/DX5) by measuring the alteration of doxorubicin's [IC.sub.50] and performing flow cytometric determination of intracellular rhodamine 123 accumulation. The calcium channel blocking (CCB) activity, as a side effect of DHPs, was tested on the ileum of a guinea pig. Molecular docking was performed to explain the binding mode of compounds. Two derivatives, 4a and 4c, containing 4-nitrophenyl at [C.sub.4] and possessing methyl (4a) and iso-propyl (4c) carboxylates at the [C.sub.5] position of DHP core demonstrated superior cytotoxic and MDR reversal activities and lower CCB effect. Docking analysis confirmed the importance of the 4-nitrophenyl ring for P-gp inhibitory activity. Some of the synthesized DHP derivatives with considerable MDR reversal capacity could be promising compounds for further discovery of useful agents for management of drug resistant cancer. Key words: cancer, ABC transporters, antineoplastic agents, molecular docking, structure-activity relationship. La pharmacorésistance multiple (PM) des cellules cancéreuses est souvent associée à une surexpression de la glycoprotéine P (P-gp ou ABCB1 ou MDR1). Par conséquent, les modulateurs de cette protéine de transport peuvent être utiles pour contrer la PM. Dans la présente étude, nous avons synthétisé 16 nouveaux dérivés non symétriques de dihydropyridine (DHP) portant un groupe 2-pyridylméthylcarboxylate à la position [C.sub.3] du noyau DHP et un groupe nitro-imidazole ou nitrophényle à la position [C.sub4]. Nous avons d'une part évalué leur cytotoxicité dans quatre lignées cellulaires humaines au moyen du test MTT. D'autre part, nous avons étudié leur capacité de renverser la PM dans des cellules surexprimant la P-gp (MES-SA/DX5) par mesure de variation de la [CI.sub.50] de la doxorubicine, et nous avons analysé l'accumulation intracellulaire de la rhodamine 123 par cytométrie en flux. En outre, nous avons évalué le blocage des canaux calciques (BCC), un effet secondaire des DHP, sur l'iléum de cobaye. Nous avons effectué des études d'amarrage moléculaire pour expliquer le mode de liaison de ces composés. Deux dérivés, 4a et 4c, portant le groupe 4-nitrophényle à la position [C.sub.4] du noyau DHP et le groupe méthylcarboxylate (4a)ou iso-propylcarboxylate (4c) à la position [C.sub.5], ont montré une cytotoxicité et une activité de renversement de la PM plus élevées que les autres, de même qu'un effet de BCC moindre. Les études d'amarrage ont confirmé l'importance du noyau 4-nitrophényle pour l'activité inhibitrice de la P-gp. Certains des dérivés de DHP synthétisés possédant une capacité considérable de renverser la PM pourraient être prometteurs pour la découverte d'autres composés utiles dans la prise en charge de cancers pharmacorésistants. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : cancer, transporteurs ABC, agents antinéoplasiques, amarrage moléculaire, relation structure-activité., Introduction Cancer is the main cause of death in the world and the annual number of new cases was reported to be 17.5 million worldwide in 2015, which showed a [...]

Brain cancers pose a novel set of difficulties due to the limited accessibility of human brain tumor tissue. For this reason, clinical decision-making relies heavily on MR imaging interpretation, yet the mapping between MRI features and underlying biology remains ambiguous. Standard (clinical) tissue sampling fails to capture the full heterogeneity of the disease. Biopsies are required to obtain a pathological diagnosis and are predominantly taken from the tumor core, which often has different traits to the surrounding invasive tumor that typically leads to recurrent disease. One approach to solving this issue is to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of molecular, genetic, and cellular features of glioma through the intraoperative collection of multiple image-localized biopsy samples paired with multi-parametric MRIs. We have adopted this approach and are currently actively enrolling patients for our 'Image-Based Mapping of Brain Tumors' study. Patients are eligible for this research study (IRB #16–002424) if they are 18 years or older and undergoing surgical intervention for a brain lesion. Once identified, candidate patients receive dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), in addition to standard sequences (T1, T1Gd, T2, T2-FLAIR) at their presurgical scan. During surgery, sample anatomical locations are tracked using neuronavigation. The collected specimens from this research study are used to capture the intra-tumoral heterogeneity across brain tumors including quantification of genetic aberrations through whole-exome and RNA sequencing as well as other tissue analysis techniques. To date, these data (made available through a public portal) have been used to generate, test, and validate predictive regional maps of the spatial distribution of tumor cell density and/or treatment-related key genetic marker status to identify biopsy and/or treatment targets based on insight from the entire tumor makeup. This type of methodology, when delivered within clinically feasible time frames, has the potential to further inform medical decision-making by improving surgical intervention, radiation, and targeted drug therapy for patients with glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the effects of olive cultivation on sustainable rural development (SRD) in the city of Rijab, located in Dalahu County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. In respect of the research paradigm, this applied study was conducted using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) design as well as descriptive-analytical data collection and analysis procedures. The study population in the qualitative part included the outstanding and leading farmers, the experts of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and the specialists in the research subject in the city of Rijab. These study samples were thus selected purposively, via the snowball sampling technique. The statistical population of the study in the quantitative part was comprised of 370 olive farmers in the city of Rijab and seven affiliated villages (in 2021 year), that 209 of thom selected using proportional stratified random sampling (based on the size of each village). The data collection tool in the qualitative part was individual semi-structured interviews along with group discussions. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire was administered for data collection. Directed content analysis was further utilized to identify the effects and consequences of olive cultivation on SRD in the city of Rijab. Then, statistical methods and confirmatory factor analysis, based on the SPSS and PLS software packages, were employed to prioritize the given effects and consequences. The study findings identified the effects of olive cultivation on SRD in three main factors, viz. social, economic, and environmental. Moreover, a total of 17 strategies were established for developing olive cultivation in the rural areas of the city of Rijab. Other findings demonstrated that (1) increasing tendency to remain in the agricultural sector; (2) improving social welfare among farmers' households; and (3) augmenting the value and status of agribusinesses were among the most important social effects of olive cultivation on SRD. Besides, (1) achieving stable, permanent income; (2) boosting seasonal employment rates among indigenous people, and (3) improving the value of agricultural lands in the region, were the major economic effects of olive cultivation on SRD. Finally, the study results indicated that (1) preventing water and wind erosion in agricultural lands, (2) managing soil salinity, and (3) improving the climate in the region were the most significant environmental effects of olive cultivation on SRD. Based on the results, it is suggested to hold educational-promotional programs, pay low-interest facilities, identify and introduce successful models in the field of olive cultivation, and create and strengthen the business cluster of olive growers in order to develop olive cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]