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Introduction: The thickening of radish taproots is primarily determined by secondary growth driven by the vascular cambium and is a highly intricate process regulated by plant hormones, transcription factors, and many metabolic pathways. Gibberellin (GA), a plant hormone associated with cell elongation, is essential in secondary growth. However, the mechanism through which exogenous GA3 regulates secondary taproot growth in radishes remains unclear. Methods: Integrated morphological, anatomical, hormonal, and transcriptomic analyses of taproots in radishes treated with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) were performed to explore their effects on taproot secondary growth and key regulatory pathways. Results: GA3 significantly hindered taproot thickening by inhibiting the formation and maintenance of the vascular cambium, and PBZ promoted root development by increasing root length rather than root diameter. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2,014, 948, and 1,831 differentially expressed genes identified from the control vs. GA3, control vs. PBZ, and GA3 vs. PBZ comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in the biosyntheses of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways. GA3 significantly increased the levels of endogenous indole-acetic acid and the expression of auxin synthesis and signal transduction genes. Discussion: Exogenous GA3 significantly inhibited the expression of genes involved in the maintenance and differentiation of vascular cambium, including WOX14, ER/ERL1, and XCP2. Exogenous GA3 affects root thickening in radishes primarily by regulating hormone signal transduction pathways, vascular cambium activity, and substance and energy metabolisms. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying taproot thickening in radishes and provide a valuable gene database for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We did a preliminary investigation of the allelopathic activity of 60 invasive and medicinal plants in Sri Lanka on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Raphanus sativus (radish). Out of 60 plants, 14 significantly reduced lettuce seedling lengths than distilled water, and 55 plants reduced radish seedling growth. In consideration of all the parameters tested, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Canarium zeylanicum Blume showed the highest phytotoxicity. C. zeylanicum (family Burseraceae), an endemic plant in Sri Lanka was selected for the isolation of phytotoxic compounds. The whole tree has a distinct fragrance bears edible seeds and has potential health benefits. This plant is used for medicinal purposes and its bark contains 3-hydroxy-12-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one and acetyl aleuritolic acid. This is the first report of the aforementioned two compounds from C. zeylanicum. These compounds exhibited phytotoxicity against lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monoacylglycerol, α-(7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid monoglyceride, extracted from leaves of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) has been reported as an anti-bolting compound (ABC); however, the mechanism how ABC inhibits the plant bolting has been remained to be elucidated. In this paper, it was found that exogenous applications of ABC led Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings decrease transcriptional levels of AtKO and increase those of AtGA2ox to reduce endogenous levels of gibberellins (GAs) to retard A. thaliana growth, whose physiological phenomena were counteracted by exogenous applications of ent-kaurenoic acid and GA3, respectively. Furthermore, α-oleanolic acid monoglyceride having both activities of supressing KO and enhancing GA2ox inductions retarded A. thaliana growth post germination, although α-palmitic acid monoglyceride having only the effect of supressing KO induction was not enough to suppress the growth. These experimental data supported the idea that dual function was essential for ABC to show biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to develop a novel directional electromagnetic field (EMF) application method for promoting plant growth using a solenoid coil-based cultivation system. The emergence of plant shoots from seeds, shoot elongation, root proliferation, and plant growth hormones were monitored in the presence of a directional EMF using our solenoid coil system. To observe the effect of the directional EMF on seed germination, radish and sugarcane seedlings were cultivated in the system. At the seed germination stage, the EMF applied had no significant effect on germination or growth. However, after germination, shoot growth was sensitive to a directional EMF, as it was promoted by different conditions in a plant-species-dependent manner. The maximum growth promotion rates were 25.65% ± 4.21% and 38.57% ± 12.81% for radish and sugarcane, respectively. Similarly, plant root proliferation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) analyses indicated that directional EMF application was associated with root proliferation and hormone synthesis. Plant growth in the experimental system proved controllable; either growth stimulation or reduction were possible as the system operating conditions were made to vary. Our findings indicate that the application of a specific directional EMF could serve as an electrical plant stimulant (or electrical fertilizer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pyraclostrobin-based fungicides play an effective role in controlling fungal diseases and are extensively used in agriculture. However, there is concern regarding the potential adverse effects attributed to exposure to these fungicides on non-target organisms and consequent influence exerted on ecosystem functioning. Thus, it is essential to conduct studies with model organisms to determine the impacts of these fungicides on different groups of living organisms. The aim of this study was to examine the ecotoxicity associated with exposure to commercial fungicides containing pyraclostrobin. The focus of the analysis involved germination and initial development of seedlings of 4 plant models (Lactuca sativa, Raphanus sativus, Pennisetum glaucum and Triticum aestivum), in addition to determining the population growth rate and total carbohydrate content in microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. The fungicide pyraclostrobin adversely influenced growth and development of the tested plants, indicating a toxic effect. The fungicide exerted a significant impact on the initial development of seedlings of all model species examined with T. aestivum plants displaying the greatest susceptibility to pyraclostrobin. Plants of this species exhibited inhibitory effects on both aerial parts and roots when treated with a concentration of 4.75 mg/L pyraclostrobin. In addition, the green microalga R. subcapitata was also significantly affected by the fungicide, especially at relatively high concentrations as evidenced by a reduction in total carbohydrate content. This commercial fungicide demonstrated potential phytotoxicity for the tested plant models and was also considered toxic to the selected microalgae, indicating an ecotoxic effect that might affect other organisms in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia increases free radicals and oxidative stress that damage heart muscle cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) plays an important role in inflammation and cell damage. Radish leaves (Raphanus sativus) are known to have compounds that can control NFkB expression. Objective: To measure the effect of radish leaves on the expression of NFkB in heart muscle. Methods: The study design was experimental laboratory post test control group design. The subjects were diabetic male Wistar rats, weight 150-300 grams, 3-4 months old. Rats were divided into four groups and given treatment orally for 28 days. The 1st group received placebo. The 2nd group received glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW/day. The 3rd and 4th groups received 50% and 100% ethanol extract of radish leaves. Heart NFkB was measured using immunohistochemistry. Results: Radish leaves ethanol extract 50% and 100% reduced NFkB in the heart muscle better than placebo and glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW ((p=0.000). There was no difference between radish leaf extract 50% and 100% in reducing heart NFkB expression (p=0.876). Conclusion: Radish leaf extract 50% and 100% reduce NFkB expression better than placebo and glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW.

Objective: To explore the effect of black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) root extract on liver enzymes, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in mice with sodium valproate-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Thirty-two mice were divided into four groups: the control group received drinking water by gavage, the second group was administered with 100 mg/kg of sodium valproate, the third group received 300 mg/kg of black radish root extract, and the fourth group was given both sodium valproate (100 mg/kg) and black radish root extract (300 mg/kg). After 28 days, the mice were euthanized, and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), along with liver malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial parameters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression, and histopathological changes were assessed. Results: Sodium valproate caused hepatic damage in mice, characterized by elevated serum levels of liver enzymes, increased MDA and ROS levels and TNF-α gene expression, as well as histopathological alterations. The black radish root extract significantly alleviated sodium valproate-caused hepatic injury by decreasing the serum levels of ALT and AST, MDA, ROS, TNF-α gene expression, as well as mitochondrial impairment, but did not have a significant effect on sodium valproate-induced histopathological changes. Conclusions: The black radish root extract demonstrates protective effects against sodium valproate-induced liver injury, possibly through mitigating oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and inflammatory mediator expression.

Abstract Long-term application of chemical fertilizers has negative impacts on soil health, crop productivity, and ecosystems. Hence, organic substrates have been proposed as alternatives for enhancing soil health and plant growth parameters. Among them, vermicompost and vermiwash are widely used in the sustainable agriculture sector to enhance plant growth, yield, and soil fertility. Hence, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of vermiwash and vermicompost on the growth of Raphanus sativus L. Pot culture experiments were conducted in four groups which included: group A) control soil (10 kg pot−1), group B) soil (8.5 kg pot−1) + vermicompost (1.5 kg pot−1), group C) soil (10 kg pot−1) + vermiwash (1.5 L pot−1), and group D) soil (8.5 kg pot−1) + vermicompost (1.5 kg pot−1) + vermiwash (1.5 L pot−1), respectively. The results revealed that the plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher germination percentage (100%), number of leaves (32.08%), length of leaves (56.35%), width of leaves (28.05), area of leaves (100.22%), shoot length of plant (78.02%), chlorophyll concentration (42.72%), leaf relative water content (13.30%), fresh weight (65.61%), dry weight of leaves (57.59), and tuber yield (74.96%) when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C. Furthermore, the application of the vermiwash and vermicompost combination improved the soil's physicochemical properties, increased glycine betaine concentrations, and decreased proline accumulation. Hence, this study suggests that vermicompost and vermiwash may be a potential source of plant nutrients for sustainable crop production.

Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of phytohormones that are involved in plant growth, development, and disease resistance. The isopentenyl transferase (IPT) and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) families comprise key enzymes controlling CK biosynthesis and degradation. However, an integrated analysis of these two gene families in radish has not yet been explored. In this study, 13 RsIPT and 12 RsCKX genes were identified and characterized, most of which had four copies in Brassica napus and two copies in radish and other diploid Brassica species. Promoter analysis indicated that the genes contained at least one phytohormone or defense and stress responsiveness cis-acting element. RsIPTs and RsCKXs were expanded through segmental duplication. Moreover, strong purifying selection drove the evolution of the two gene families. The expression of the RsIPT and RsCKX genes distinctly showed diversity in different tissues and developmental stages of the root. Expression profiling showed that RsCKX1-1/1-2/1-3 was significantly upregulated in club-resistant materials during primary infection, suggesting their vital function in clubroot resistance. The interaction network of CKX proteins with similar 3D structures also reflected the important role of RsCKX genes in disease resistance. This study provides a foundation for further functional study on the IPT and CKX genes for clubroot resistance improvement in Raphanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the changes in hepatic profile during the evaluation of herbal mixtures of Moringa oleifera and Raphanus sativus in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ- NA)-induced diabetic rat model. Methods: Forty-eight (48) albino rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight rats each. Diabetes was induced in all the groups except Group I (normal control) using nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Groups I and II (untreated control) received only distilled water (2 mL/kg) while Group III received 100 mg/kg of metformin. Groups IV to VIII were treated with a dose of 200 mg/kg of the herbal mixtures (HEMA-C) at different ratios of M. oleifera and R. sativus. Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical markers while liver histopathology was assayed after 29 days of treatment. Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the herbal mixtures did not exhibit mortality or adverse effect in rats up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) with a safe dose of 200 mg/kg (1/10th LD50). Induction of diabetes significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and bilirubin levels in untreated control compared to normal control (p < 0.001). Administration of the herbal mixtures, especially HEMB, significantly (p < 0.001) restored these liver marker levels to levels comparable to metformin. Furthermore, histological examination showed that HEMB significantly restored the STZ-NA-induced liver damage in rats. Conclusion: The herbal mixture possesses hepatoprotective effect and ameliorates the adverse diabetic conditions caused by STZ-NA-induced diabetes in rats. The herbal mixture also demonstrated better and extended therapeutic potential than the single herbs. Further pharmacological and biochemical investigations will elucidate the mechanisms of action and clarify the potentials of the herbal mixture as a therapeutic tool as an anti-diabetic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical fertilizers can improve crop productivity, but irrational fertilization often results in low crop quality and yield, poor soil fertility, and severe environmental pollution. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted with a close focus on the cultivation of radish in high mountain regions, a widely cultivated root vegetable known for its nutritional value and economic importance. Here, a method of reducing chemical fertilizers combined with the application of organic fertilizers is proposed upon studying four different ratios of chemical and organic fertilizers, including control (375 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer) and combinations (T1: 12% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T2: 20% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T3: 28% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer). Their effects on radish quality, yield, and soil environment were investigated. Compared with the control group, T2 significantly increased radish yield by 12.92% and improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugars, sulforaphane soluble solids, and titratable acidity in the radish roots by 10.62%, 2.15%, 50.00%, 26.90%, and 43.90%, respectively. The soil nutrient content was increased by the T2 treatment, with a 7.69% and 14.29% increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, respectively, compared with the control. Moreover, soil urease activity, sucrase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and catalase activity were significantly enhanced by the T2 treatment, showing an improvement of 11.13%, 44.30%, 26.41%, and 9.33% compared with the control, respectively (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was increased in the T2 treatment, potentially helping to maintain better soil health and long-term fertility. In summary, a promising fertilizer management strategy is herein unveiled through the reduction of chemical fertilizers and the application of organic fertilizer that not only improves radish yield and quality but also optimizes the soil environment, providing an effective means for sustainable crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addressing the time-consuming and labor-intensive issues inherent in traditional marker selection mode including systematic isolation, structural elucidation, and activity screening of indicator components for a single traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the aim of this study was to develop a method for quick simultaneous identification of multiple medicinal drugs by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique featuring the advantages of being intuitive, easy to operate, and offering multi-dimensional information. Taking three TCMs originating from five closely related different species from Cruciferae family as an example, the study conducted parallel comparisons of optimized TLC chromatograms of seeds from the five species Lepidium apetalum, Descurainia sophia, Raphanus sativus, Sinapis alba, and Brassica juncea under different detection wavelength lights; eight characteristic components were distinctly discovered, and among them one known common constituent identified as sinapine. Subsequently, seven characteristic components were isolated on a small scale and within a short-time, and elucidated structurally. Lastly, for each seed, a combination of the common constituent and most of one of its characteristic components were chosen as identification markers for the respective seed. To sum up, a unified HPTLC method with different detection wavelengths and different marker combinations was established for the simultaneous identification of five seed-originated medicines. This research approach, characterized by simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and rapidity, presents a highly efficient alternative for establishing identification methods for chemically similar multiple TCMs from closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a central role in responses to salt stress, a major abiotic stress that impacts crop yield worldwide. Despite the evidence that H2O2 mitigates salt stress and improves post-harvest quality on several species, its effects on radish were not investigated so far. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the exogenous application of H2O2 on salt stress mitigation of radish growth, physiology, and post-harvest quality. For this, radish plants were grown in pots for 30 days, being watered with non-saline (0.31 dS m−1) or saline water (120 mM NaCl, 12.25 dS m−1). Plants were leaf-sprayed weekly with water (control – 0 µM H2O2) or H2O2 (150 or 1500 µM) solutions. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (H2O2 treatments × salt stress conditions). The growth, physiology (gas exchanges, photochemical efficiency, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, and the contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids), and post-harvest attributes of globular roots (color, anthocyanins, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and soluble solids) were determined. Salt stress decreased gas exchanges and increased electrolyte leakage, which resulted in stunted radish growth, and increased the contents of antioxidants, such as anthocyanins, soluble solids, and vitamin C, improving globular root quality. Conversely, H2O2 did not mitigate salt stress effects on radish growth, photosynthetic capacity, and oxidative damages. Although H2O2 increased vitamin C under non-stressed condition, it was decreased under salt stress. Thus, we conclude that H2O2 did not mitigate salt stress on radish growth and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rain-fed crop, after the first monsoon rain, the farmers plow their lands and sow seeds. Because of the lack of moisture in the soil, sown seeds fail to germinate and are eventually destroyed. As a result, the farmers suffer economic losses. To address this issue, seed encapsulation with seaweed powder was performed. Micro (Spirulina plantensis and Chlorella vulgaris) and macroalgae (Sargassum, Halimeda macrolaba, and Gracilaria) were collected from the southeast coast of India. The seaweeds were dried, powdered, and weighed about 1 g of each and were filled in a gelatin capsule. Soil profile (pH, EC, water percolation rate, moisture content, water holding capacity, capillary action, N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) was characterized before cropping. Abelmoschus esculentus, Raphanus sativus, Helianthus annuus, and Capsicum annum cultivation were done. The plant growth and yield were analyzed. The texture was clay loamy soil with micro and macronutrients present in it. In Abelmoschus esculentus, the number of leaves, plant height, and branches were increased as compared to control. Sargassum treatment shows highest yield (285.6 g) of A. esculentus. The nutritional quality was enriched in Sargassum treatment followed by C. vulgaris and S. platensis. In Raphanussativus L. cultivation, the estimated yield is as follows: in Sargassum (5.95 kg), C. vulgaris (5.10 kg), S. platensis (3.95 kg), and control (3.15 kg). The yield of Helianthus annuus L. cultivation showed increased in Sargassum treatment of about 200.5-g total seed weight. The yield was higher in Sargassum treatment as compared to C. vulgaris and Gracilaria in Capsicum annum cultivation. Sown seeds in novel seed encapsulation remain undamaged in soil until favorable rainfall occurs. Another benefit is that a marine source biofertilizer enriched with macro/micronutrients and hormones was encapsulated around the seeds, promoting plant growth and yield. The application of fertilizer to a large area is both costly and time consuming. In contrast, applying to specific roots around the plant is both effective and cost effective in terms of plant growth. This novel seed encapsulation with marine source biofertilizer has two advantages: (i) it protects the seed from damage and (ii) it supplements plant nutrition. As a result, farmers lose less and profit more by using less biofertilizer. (a) Powder of micro and macroalgae. (b) Seeds. (c) Encapsulation of seed with micro and macroalgae powder. (d) Encapsulated with macroalgae. (e) Encapsulated with microalgae. (f) Encapsulated with micro and macroalgae. (g) Dissolving of gelatin in soil. (h) Experimental field. (i) Capsule placing inside the soil. (j) Capsule in soil. (k) Seed germination. (l) Plant growth. (m) Ladies finger yield. (n) Sunflower yield. (o) Radish yield [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous tumour formation in higher plants can occur in the absence of pathogen invasion, depending on the plant genotype. Spontaneous tumour formation on the taproots is consistently observed in certain inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.). In this paper, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies, we have sequenced the genomes of two closely related radish inbred lines that differ in their ability to spontaneously form tumours. We identified a large number of single nucleotide variants (amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions, SNVs) that are likely to be associated with the spontaneous tumour formation. Among the genes involved in the trait, we have identified those that regulate the cell cycle, meristem activity, gene expression, and metabolism and signalling of phytohormones. After identifying the SNVs, we performed Sanger sequencing of amplicons corresponding to SNV-containing regions to validate our results. We then checked for the presence of SNVs in other tumour lines of the radish genetic collection and found the ERF118 gene, which had the SNVs in the majority of tumour lines. Furthermore, we performed the identification of the CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) and WUSCHEL (WOX) genes and, as a result, identified two unique radish CLE genes which probably encode proteins with multiple CLE domains. The results obtained provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of plant tumour formation and also for future genetic and genomic studies of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Raphanus Sativus Linne herbal mixture (SRE) is a Chinese herbal medicine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SRE as an active ingredient for 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) and to predict the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and involved pathways using network pharmacological analysis. Treatment with SRE accelerated the development of AD-like lesions, improving thickness and edema of the epidermis. Moreover, administering the SRE to AD-like mice suppressed immunoglobulin E and interleukin-4 cytokine and reduced T lymphocyte differentiation. In silico, network analysis was used to predict the exact genes, proteins, and pathways responsible for the therapeutic effect of the SRE against DNCB-induced AD. These results indicated that the SRE exerted protective effects on the DNCB-induced AD-like model by attenuating histopathological changes and suppressing the levels of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the SRE can potentially be a new remedy for improving AD and other inflammatory diseases and predicting the intracellular signaling pathways and target genes involved. This therapeutic effect of the SRE on AD can be used to treat DNCB-induced AD and its associated symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive use of inorganic fertilization poses serious environmental problems; use of biostimulants can reduce use of inorganic fertilizers. Three pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of chemical fertilizers with biostimulants on the performance of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In the first experiment, coenzyme Q10® (CoQ10®) was combined with Shoots Core and Nutri-Leaf®, to study the effects on radish. The CoQ10® was applied at 0 (S), 100 (SQ1), 200 (SQ2), or 400 mg ∙ L−1 (SQ4). Radish fresh root weight (52%) and dry root weight (46%) increased with SQ4, followed by an increase in fresh shoot weight (76%) and dry shoot weight (65%) with SQ2 compared to inorganic fertilizer. The second experiment was based on Graeme P. Berlyn (GPB) Core (composition property of Yale University and will become available after registration) application with inorganic fertilizer (Nutri-Leaf®). Treatments were inorganic fertilizer Nutri-leaf (IF), GPB Core+Nutri-leaf (SLI), and GPB Core (SL). There were increases in fresh shoot weight (254%) and dry shoot (185%) with SLI. The third experiment was based on the results of the first two experiments, and treatments were SLI+GPB Core with CoQ10®. Application of CoQ10® with GPB Core was not different than SLI. Fresh and dry shoot weight and dry root weight were also improved. Application of biostimulants can help reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungus Trichoderma harzianum is a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for use in agriculture. Its application stimulates the growth of radish microgreens, a short-cycle crop, standing out as an agricultural practice that meets the growing demand for healthier crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of Trichoderma harzianum on the growth and quality of radish microgreens. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) with three treatments and eight replications. The treatments included a control, the application of the fungus on the seeds, and the application of the fungus on the substrate. The phytotechnical and post-harvest characteristics were evaluated. The application of the Trichoderma harzianum to the substrate resulted in a 19.75% increase in yield, a 19.87% increase in the conversion of seed mass into fresh mass, a 2.94% increase in the shoot dry mass, a 2.31% increase in water content, and a 28.29% increase in hypocotyl length compared to the control. The use of Trichoderma harzianum proved to be effective in promoting the growth of radish microgreens.

Abstract The 70 kD heat shock proteins (HSP70s) represent a class of molecular chaperones that are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, which play important biological roles in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. However, this family has not been systematically characterized in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In this study, we identified 34 RsHSP70 genes unevenly distributed within nine chromosomes of R. sativus. Phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignment analyses classified the RsHSP70 proteins into six distinct groups (Group A–F). The characteristics of gene structures, motif distributions, and corresponding cellular compartments were more similar in closely linked groups. Duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplication was the major driving force for the expansion of RsHSP70s in radish, particularly in Group C. Synteny analysis identified eight paralogs (Rs-Rs) in the radish genome and 19 orthologs (Rs-At) between radish and Arabidopsis, and 23 orthologs (Rs-Br) between radish and Chinese cabbage. RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression change of some RsHSP70s were related to responses to heat, drought, cadmium, chilling, and salt stresses and Plasmodiophora brassicae infection, and the expression patterns of these RsHSP70s were significantly different among 14 tissues. Furthermore, we targeted a candidate gene, RsHSP70–23, the product of which is localized in the cytoplasm and involved in the responses to certain abiotic stresses and P. brassicae infection. These findings provide a reference for further molecular studies to improve yield and stress tolerance of radish.

The escalating release of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into the environment poses a substantial threat, potentially leading to increased concentrations of zinc (Zn) in the soil and subsequent phytotoxic effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of ZnO NPs on Raphanus sativus (R. sativus) concerning its tolerance levels, toxicity, and accumulation. ZnO NPs were synthesized by the wet chemical method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of ZnO NPs (70 nm) on R. sativus grown in coir was evaluated. The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. Interestingly, this dose had no impact on the indole acetic acid (IAA) content. Conversely, the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content by 23.1%, accompanied by a notable increase in IAA by 31.1%, indicating potential toxicity. The use of atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed the internalization of zinc in seedlings, with a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05). In control plants without ZnO NPs, Zn concentration was 0.36 mg/g, while at the highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/L, it significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g, causing leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growth. This suggests potential health risks related to Zn toxicity for consumers. Given the adverse effects on R. sativus at concentrations above 1000 mg/L, caution is advised in the application and release of ZnO NPs, highlighting the importance of responsible practices to mitigate harm to plant life and consumer health. The study demonstrated the tolerance of R. sativus to high Zn levels, classifying it as a Zn-tolerant species.

In this study, we aimed to develop a novel directional electromagnetic field (EMF) application method for promoting plant growth using a solenoid coil-based cultivation system. The emergence of plant shoots from seeds, shoot elongation, root proliferation, and plant growth hormones were monitored in the presence of a directional EMF using our solenoid coil system. To observe the effect of the directional EMF on seed germination, radish and sugarcane seedlings were cultivated in the system. At the seed germination stage, the EMF applied had no significant effect on germination or growth. However, after germination, shoot growth was sensitive to a directional EMF, as it was promoted by different conditions in a plant-species-dependent manner. The maximum growth promotion rates were 25.65% ± 4.21% and 38.57% ± 12.81% for radish and sugarcane, respectively. Similarly, plant root proliferation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) analyses indicated that directional EMF application was associated with root proliferation and hormone synthesis. Plant growth in the experimental system proved controllable; either growth stimulation or reduction were possible as the system operating conditions were made to vary. Our findings indicate that the application of a specific directional EMF could serve as an electrical plant stimulant (or electrical fertilizer).

Contamination of vegetables with human pathogenic microorganisms (HPMOs) is considered one of the most important problems in the food industry, as current nutritional guidelines include increased consumption of raw or minimally processed organic vegetables due to healthy lifestyle promotion. Vegetables are known to be potential vehicles for HPMOs and sources of disease outbreaks. In this study, we tested the susceptibility of radish (Raphanus sativus) to colonization by different HPMOs, including Escherichia coli PCM 2561, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica PCM 2565, Listeria monocytogenes PCM 2191 and Bacillus cereus PCM 1948. We hypothesized that host plant roots containing bactericidal compounds are less prone to HPMO colonization than shoots and leaves. We also determined the effect of selected pathogens on radish growth to check host plant--microbe interactions. We found that oneweek- old radish is susceptible to colonization by selected HPMOs, as the presence of the tested HPMOs was demonstrated in all organs of R. sativus. The differences were noticed 2 weeks after inoculation because B. cereus was most abundant in roots (log10 CFU -- 2.54), S. enterica was observed exclusively in stems (log10 CFU -- 3.15), and L. monocytogenes and E. coli were most abundant in leaves (log10 CFU -- 4.80 and 3.23, respectively). The results suggest that E. coli and L. monocytogenes show a higher ability to colonize and move across the plant than B. cereus and S. enterica. Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) approach HPMOs were detected in extracellular matrix and in some individual cells of all analyzed organs. The presence of pathogens adversely affected the growth parameters of one-week-old R. sativus, especially leaf and stem fresh weight (decreased by 47--66 and 17--57%, respectively). In two-week-old plants, no reduction in plant biomass development was noted. This observation may result from plant adaptation to biotic stress caused by the presence of HPMOs, but confirmation of this assumption is needed. Among the investigated HPMOs, L. monocytogenes turned out to be the pathogen that most intensively colonized the aboveground part of R. sativus and at the same time negatively affected the largest number of radish growth parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral transition is accelerated by exposure to long-term cold like winter in plants, which is called as vernalization. Acceleration of floral transition by vernalization is observed in a diversity of biennial and perennial plants including Brassicaceae family plants. Scientific efforts to understand molecular mechanism underlying vernalization-mediated floral transition have been intensively focused in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To get a better understanding on floral transition by vernalization in radish (Raphanus sativus L.), we investigated transcriptomic changes taking place during vernalization in radish. Thousands of genes were differentially regulated along time course of vernalization compared to non-vernalization (NV) sample. Twelve major clusters of DEGs were identified based on distinctive expression profiles during vernalization. Radish FLC homologs were shown to exert an inhibition of floral transition when transformed into Arabidopsis plants. In addition, DNA region containing RY motifs located within a Raphanus sativus FLC homolog, RsFLC1 was found to be required for repression of RsFLC1 by vernalization. Transgenic plants harboring disrupted RY motifs were impaired in the enrichment of H3K27me3 on RsFLC1 chromatin, thus resulting in the delayed flowering in Arabidopsis. Taken together, we report transcriptomic profiles of radish during vernalization and demonstrate the requirement of RY motif for vernalization-mediated repression of RsFLC homologs in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 70 kD heat shock proteins (HSP70s) represent a class of molecular chaperones that are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, which play important biological roles in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. However, this family has not been systematically characterized in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In this study, we identified 34 RsHSP70 genes unevenly distributed within nine chromosomes of R. sativus. Phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignment analyses classified the RsHSP70 proteins into six distinct groups (Group A–F). The characteristics of gene structures, motif distributions, and corresponding cellular compartments were more similar in closely linked groups. Duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplication was the major driving force for the expansion of RsHSP70s in radish, particularly in Group C. Synteny analysis identified eight paralogs (Rs-Rs) in the radish genome and 19 orthologs (Rs-At) between radish and Arabidopsis, and 23 orthologs (Rs-Br) between radish and Chinese cabbage. RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression change of some RsHSP70s were related to responses to heat, drought, cadmium, chilling, and salt stresses and Plasmodiophora brassicae infection, and the expression patterns of these RsHSP70s were significantly different among 14 tissues. Furthermore, we targeted a candidate gene, RsHSP70–23, the product of which is localized in the cytoplasm and involved in the responses to certain abiotic stresses and P. brassicae infection. These findings provide a reference for further molecular studies to improve yield and stress tolerance of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red radish is a nutritious root vegetable crop that has a short production cycle. Water deficit limits plant productivity, affecting its quantity and quality. Compost amendment offers a potential solution to mitigate water deficit effects. This study assessed the impact of compost manure rates (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and irrigation treatments (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of evapotranspiration) on 'Crimson Giant' red radish production. Significant differences in growth and quality were observed among these treatments. Compost rates of 75% and 100% improved leaf gas exchange, plant growth (leaf count, fresh weight, dry weight, and area; stem length), root development, total yield (root fresh weight, dry weight, diameter, and length), and root quality (vitamin C and total soluble solid and titratable acidity). The 100% compost and 100% irrigation combination achieved the highest yields. Under water deficit, applying 75% or 100% compost with 80% irrigation conserved 20% of water while maintaining radish output. Overall, compost amendment effectively enhanced red radish growth and production under water deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus) leaf curl disease (RLCD) characterized by yellowing, color breaking, and mosaic symptoms were observed in a garden at Chitwan, Southern Nepal. Polymerase chain reaction using Taq DNA polymerase followed by rolling circle amplification using φ29 polymerase identified an Old World begomovirus complex linked with the RLCD. Pairwise sequence identity with SDT (Sequence Demarcation Tool) analysis coupled with phylogenetic analysis confirmed an Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) and Tomato leaf curl Java betasatellite (ToLCJaB) was responsible for causing RLCD. This study provided initial evidence that radish plants were naturally infected with AYVV and ToLCuJaB in southern Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated exposure to pathogens leads to evolutionary selection of adaptive traits. Many species transfer immunological memory to their offspring to counteract future immune challenges. Transfer factors such as those found in the colostrum are among the many mechanisms where transfer of immunologic memory from one generation to the next can be achieved for an enhanced immune response. Here, a library of 100 plants with high protein contents was screened to find plant-based proteins that behave like a transfer factor moiety to boost human immunity. Aqueous extracts from candidate plants were tested in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytotoxicity assay using human cancerous lymphoblast cells—with K562 cells as a target and natural killer cells as an effector. Plant extracts that caused PBMCs to exhibit enhanced killing beyond the capability of the colostrum-based transfer factor were considered hits. Primary screening yielded an 11% hit rate. The protein contents of these hits were tested via a Bradford assay and Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE, where three extracts were confirmed to have high protein contents. Plants with high protein contents underwent C18 column fractionation using methanol gradients followed by membrane ultrafiltration to isolate protein fractions with molecular weights of <3 kDa, 3–30 kDa, and >30 kDa. It was found that the 3–30 kDa and >30 kDa fractions had high activity in the PBMC cytotoxicity assay. The 3–30 kDa ultrafiltrates from the top two hits, seeds from Raphanus sativus and Brassica juncea, were then selected for protein identification by mass spectrometry. The majority of the proteins in the fractions were found to be seed storage proteins, with a low abundance of proteins involved in plant defense and stress response. These findings suggest that Raphanus sativus or Brassica juncea extracts could be considered for further characterization and immune functional exploration with a possibility of supplemental use to bolster recipients' immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most studied metal oxide NPs (MONPs) owing to their unique physiochemical properties. The last few years have witnessed a growing interest among researchers in adopting the green chemistry approach to fabricate MONPs. We herein report the synthesis of ZnO NPs stabilized by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from noxious aquatic weed, i.e., Eichhornia crassipes biomass (EC-CMC). The UV–Vis spectra showed maximum absorbance at ∼380 nm, and the XRD crystallite size of EC-CMC capped ZnO NPs (c-ZnO NPs) (∼26 nm) was smaller as compared to virgin ZnO NPs (v-ZnO NPs) (∼29 nm). The value of apparent strain (εA x 10−3), root mean square strain (E RMS x 10−3), stress (MPa), and energy density (KJm−3) for c-ZnO NPs obtained from the SSP plot was ∼0.893, ∼0.173, ∼116 and ∼51.83 respectively. The study also examined the differential effects of c-ZnO NPs treatment on the growth of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram -ve), and Bacillus subtilis (Gram +ve). The findings revealed that P. fluorescens (PFL) was more susceptible to c-ZnO NPs than B. subtilis (BST). Furthermore, R. sativus seeds treated with c-ZnO NPs (10–50 ppm) exhibited notable improvements in plumule length, radicle length, vigor index, and biomass content over other treatments and control. The biopriming of R. sativus seeds with PFL and BST showed synergistic effects with 10-ppm c-ZnO NPs treatment and promoted overall seedling growth. The bacterial kinetics and seed germination studies manifest that the c-ZnO NPs at lower doses have growth-promoting effects. The combination of PFL + BST+10-ppm c-ZnO NPs showed substantial improvements in the germination indices of R. sativus. The present work has demonstrated the potential of utilizing positive bipartite interaction of PGPRs and bio-stabilized ZnO NPs to develop nanoformulations promoting plant growth management. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important salad vegetable grown and consumed throughout the world for fleshy roots which has numerous categories– varying in root colour, size, shape and flavour. The uses of coloured radishes in the salads and their anthocyanins as colourants are gaining popularity because of the colour characteristics, health benefits as well as antioxidant activities. However, information on the genetic variability, heritability and inter-relationship of total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities in pigmented radish is very limited, but pre-requisite to initiate breeding programme; and therefore investigated in the present study. Radish genotypes were significantly diverse for all the antioxidants; differed by 4.98-fold for total phenolics, 36.16-fold for anthocyanins content, 4.96-fold for FRAP activity and 4.03-fold for CUPRAC activity; and the genotypes accounted for >97% of total variations. The meager differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation reveals the greater role of genotypes and lesser influence of the environment on the biosynthesis and accumulation of antioxidants. Significantly positive correlations along with higher magnitude for anthocyanins content, total phenolics, FRAP activity and CUPRAC activity (r= 0.823 to 0.964) could be used as indirect selection criteria for improving levels of antioxidant compounds. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance indicate the role of additive and non-additive genes for biosynthesis of antioxidants and root development, respectively; therefore, recurrent selection would be the best breeding approach to improve both the traits simultaneously in coloured radish.

Convincing data regarding carcinogenic substances is very useful for handling materials correctly to avoid exposure to cancer-triggering substances in the body. To collect as much carcinogen data as possible, low-requirement carcinogen detection setups need to be developed. In this study, the first steps in the development of carcinogen detection through functional protein expression assessment are reported. Hydrazine sulfate, one of the well-known carcinogens chosen as a model material, was tested on germination of Raphanus sativus L., with various concentrations, namely 0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 mM. This plant was selected due to its characteristics showing a stable germination rate over a wide range of temperatures. Within a predetermined germination time, seeds and/or sprouts were observed and germination rate, protein concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured. The results showed that hydrazine sulfate slowed seed germination, and increased 72-h protein concentration but decreased alkaline phosphatase activity in the control group. This suggests that changes in alkaline phosphatase activity in seeds during germination have the potential to be a marker for cancer. In this research, it can be concluded that the method used can be applied as a first step to assess the carcinogenicity of a compound.

Soil pollution caused by heavy metals has emerged as one of the most significant environmental problems in the world. In such environments, specific plant species are able to grow, adapt and absorb heavy metals. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology in which higher plants are used to reclaim the contaminated environment. In this study, the possibilities of removing the pollution caused by Zn, which is applied to the loamy soil together with and without sewage sludge at increasing levels (0, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 μg g-1), has been researched with certain hyperaccumulator plants such as Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Silene vulgaris grown in Bafra ecological conditions. In order to clean Zn added to the soil at increasing levels with or without sewage sludge by using phytoremediation technology, Silene vulgaris was found to remove the highest amount of Zn in the soil by producing the greatest amount of biomass in the ecological conditions of the region compared to Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus, and other hyperaccumulator plants grown in the plots. Significant differences were determined in the development of plants and Zn removal between the sludge treated and untreated plots. Water-soluble Zn, which was found at high levels in the cultivation of plants at 600 and 1200 μg g-1 Zn application doses in the sewage sludge treated plots, was determined at lower levels at the end of the harvest of the plants. In the application of increasing levels of Zn with sewage sludge, the lowest organic bound Zn was determined in the plots where Silene vulgaris was grown. The highest exchangeable Zn concentration was determined in soil samples taken after the harvest of the Raphanus sativus plant among the hyperaccumulator plants grown at all Zn application doses in the trials with and without sewage sludge application.

Chemical fertilizers can improve crop productivity, but irrational fertilization often results in low crop quality and yield, poor soil fertility, and severe environmental pollution. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted with a close focus on the cultivation of radish in high mountain regions, a widely cultivated root vegetable known for its nutritional value and economic importance. Here, a method of reducing chemical fertilizers combined with the application of organic fertilizers is proposed upon studying four different ratios of chemical and organic fertilizers, including control (375 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer) and combinations (T1: 12% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T2: 20% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T3: 28% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer). Their effects on radish quality, yield, and soil environment were investigated. Compared with the control group, T2 significantly increased radish yield by 12.92% and improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugars, sulforaphane soluble solids, and titratable acidity in the radish roots by 10.62%, 2.15%, 50.00%, 26.90%, and 43.90%, respectively. The soil nutrient content was increased by the T2 treatment, with a 7.69% and 14.29% increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, respectively, compared with the control. Moreover, soil urease activity, sucrase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and catalase activity were significantly enhanced by the T2 treatment, showing an improvement of 11.13%, 44.30%, 26.41%, and 9.33% compared with the control, respectively (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was increased in the T2 treatment, potentially helping to maintain better soil health and long-term fertility. In summary, a promising fertilizer management strategy is herein unveiled through the reduction of chemical fertilizers and the application of organic fertilizer that not only improves radish yield and quality but also optimizes the soil environment, providing an effective means for sustainable crop production.

Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of phytohormones that are involved in plant growth, development, and disease resistance. The isopentenyl transferase (IPT) and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) families comprise key enzymes controlling CK biosynthesis and degradation. However, an integrated analysis of these two gene families in radish has not yet been explored. In this study, 13 RsIPT and 12 RsCKX genes were identified and characterized, most of which had four copies in Brassica napus and two copies in radish and other diploid Brassica species. Promoter analysis indicated that the genes contained at least one phytohormone or defense and stress responsiveness cis-acting element. RsIPTs and RsCKXs were expanded through segmental duplication. Moreover, strong purifying selection drove the evolution of the two gene families. The expression of the RsIPT and RsCKX genes distinctly showed diversity in different tissues and developmental stages of the root. Expression profiling showed that RsCKX1-1/1-2/1-3 was significantly upregulated in club-resistant materials during primary infection, suggesting their vital function in clubroot resistance. The interaction network of CKX proteins with similar 3D structures also reflected the important role of RsCKX genes in disease resistance. This study provides a foundation for further functional study on the IPT and CKX genes for clubroot resistance improvement in Raphanus.

Spontaneous tumour formation in higher plants can occur in the absence of pathogen invasion, depending on the plant genotype. Spontaneous tumour formation on the taproots is consistently observed in certain inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.). In this paper, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies, we have sequenced the genomes of two closely related radish inbred lines that differ in their ability to spontaneously form tumours. We identified a large number of single nucleotide variants (amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions, SNVs) that are likely to be associated with the spontaneous tumour formation. Among the genes involved in the trait, we have identified those that regulate the cell cycle, meristem activity, gene expression, and metabolism and signalling of phytohormones. After identifying the SNVs, we performed Sanger sequencing of amplicons corresponding to SNV-containing regions to validate our results. We then checked for the presence of SNVs in other tumour lines of the radish genetic collection and found the ERF118 gene, which had the SNVs in the majority of tumour lines. Furthermore, we performed the identification of the CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) and WUSCHEL (WOX) genes and, as a result, identified two unique radish CLE genes which probably encode proteins with multiple CLE domains. The results obtained provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of plant tumour formation and also for future genetic and genomic studies of radish.

Contamination of vegetables with human pathogenic microorganisms (HPMOs) is considered one of the most important problems in the food industry, as current nutritional guidelines include increased consumption of raw or minimally processed organic vegetables due to healthy lifestyle promotion. Vegetables are known to be potential vehicles for HPMOs and sources of disease outbreaks. In this study, we tested the susceptibility of radish (Raphanus sativus) to colonization by different HPMOs, including Escherichia coli PCM 2561, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica PCM 2565, Listeria monocytogenes PCM 2191 and Bacillus cereus PCM 1948. We hypothesized that host plant roots containing bactericidal compounds are less prone to HPMO colonization than shoots and leaves. We also determined the effect of selected pathogens on radish growth to check host plant–microbe interactions. We found that one-week-old radish is susceptible to colonization by selected HPMOs, as the presence of the tested HPMOs was demonstrated in all organs of R. sativus. The differences were noticed 2 weeks after inoculation because B. cereus was most abundant in roots (log10 CFU – 2.54), S. enterica was observed exclusively in stems (log10 CFU – 3.15), and L. monocytogenes and E. coli were most abundant in leaves (log10 CFU – 4.80 and 3.23, respectively). The results suggest that E. coli and L. monocytogenes show a higher ability to colonize and move across the plant than B. cereus and S. enterica. Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) approach HPMOs were detected in extracellular matrix and in some individual cells of all analyzed organs. The presence of pathogens adversely affected the growth parameters of one-week-old R. sativus, especially leaf and stem fresh weight (decreased by 47–66 and 17–57%, respectively). In two-week-old plants, no reduction in plant biomass development was noted. This observation may result from plant adaptation to biotic stress caused by the presence of HPMOs, but confirmation of this assumption is needed. Among the investigated HPMOs, L. monocytogenes turned out to be the pathogen that most intensively colonized the aboveground part of R. sativus and at the same time negatively affected the largest number of radish growth parameters.

Red radish is a nutritious root vegetable crop that has a short production cycle. Water deficit limits plant productivity, affecting its quantity and quality. Compost amendment offers a potential solution to mitigate water deficit effects. This study assessed the impact of compost manure rates (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and irrigation treatments (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of evapotranspiration) on ‘Crimson Giant’ red radish production. Significant differences in growth and quality were observed among these treatments. Compost rates of 75% and 100% improved leaf gas exchange, plant growth (leaf count, fresh weight, dry weight, and area; stem length), root development, total yield (root fresh weight, dry weight, diameter, and length), and root quality (vitamin C and total soluble solid and titratable acidity). The 100% compost and 100% irrigation combination achieved the highest yields. Under water deficit, applying 75% or 100% compost with 80% irrigation conserved 20% of water while maintaining radish output. Overall, compost amendment effectively enhanced red radish growth and production under water deficit.

Identifying, and evaluating, the nutritional and toxic compounds in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for breeding. This study investigates the quality and health indices in leaves of radish cultivars: Cherry Belle, Champion, French Breakfast, Sparkler, and a local landrace (Isfahan). Difference were observed in contents of dry matter (7.84–11.23%) and ash (1.12–2.05%) in leaves of radish cultivars. Nitrate content in leaves 1780–5234 mg·kg−1 which was 71.2–209.3% of the permissible limit. "Cherry Belle" and the local cultivar had the highest nitrate content. With increased dry matter accumulation in leaves, nitrate content decreased. Cultivars that have a higher photosynthesis capacity, represent more capability in nitrate consumption. The IC50 in leaves was 33.1%. The local landrace had the highest antioxidant capacity and "Cherry Belle" the lowest. The phenolic content and vitamin C in leaves of radish cultivars was 99.9 mg GAE/100 g and 34.25 mg/100 g, respectively. Radish leaves were rich in vitamin C. It is apparently possible to develop cultivars that have higher content of bioactive compounds and lower nitrate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of corn on grain quality was investigated by applying different weed removal processes in corn plant. These, which was repeated for two years, four weed removal treatments [Hand hoe (H), hand and tractor hoe (HT), tractor hoe (T), and no-operationcontrol (C)] were tested on corn in a pre-treated [radish (R)] and an untreated [no front crop (NR)] field. According to the means of the applications for the years; thousand grain weight (TGW) and weight of ear grain (WEG) values were high in R, H and HT applications, while the lowest values were obtained in control applications. In protein content (PC), it has been noted that R application reduces the PC value while hoe applications gave parallel results with TGW and WEG. Rod ratio on the cob (RRC) and starch content (SC) values were positively affected by R and C applications. Finally, in the oil content (OC) value, it has been seen that the differences in the combination of the applications where the NR and C applications have insignificant but positive effects are more prominent. As a result, while R, H and HT applications and their combinations caused positive effects on yield-related parameters (TGW and WEG), some inconsistencies were observed in quality parameters (OC, SC and PC). It is thought that these discrepancies are caused by changes in the nutrient content of the soil and its acceptability by the plant, influenced by changes in the amount of precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassicaceae vegetables contain glucosinolate (GSL), which is well known for its role in the plant defense system, bitter substances, and functional components. This study reported the GSL profiles of 18 GSLs in 14 Brassicaceae vegetables (kale, cabbage, kohlrabi, broccoli, cauliflower, komatsuna, pak choi, turnip, choy sum, Chinese cabbage, rutabaga, leaf mustard, leaf radish, and radish root) consisting of 64 cultivars grown in Japan. The GSL compositions showed specific trends among each species, and furthermore, there was considerable variation in the total and individual GSL contents among the cultivars and tissues of the same vegetable. Because each vegetable was grown under the same conditions, this variation was expected to primarily be due to the genetic background. It is desirable to collect additional data from commonly distributed cultivars to conduct more detailed studies on GSLs in Brassicaceae vegetables, such as investigating a negative correlation between GSL consumption and cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, in order to estimate the optimized process specifications, an empirical study is done for biodiesel production, performance of standard and coated engine, combustion, and discharge aspects of Raphanus sativus (radish) biodiesel. Optimization process parameters of biodiesel production are done using the response surface method. The importance of this study is that optimized biodiesel production is used to improve the biodiesel properties and fatty acid content to find suitable vegetable oil as well as a new coating material for sustainable development of the country in the field of agriculture and ecological conditions. The mechanism used in this research work is a coating for internal combustion engine components done with partially stabilized zirconia, aluminum–20% silicon carbide (Al–20%SiC), and titanium dioxide that acts as a ceramic composite settled above the coating that has a thickness of 450 μm by the technique called air plasma spray for test purpose. To increase the performance of an engine and reduce the emission particles like smoke density, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon except NOx, the partially stabilized zirconia, aluminum–20% silicon carbide (Al–20%SiC) coated engine is used under various compositions of radish biodiesel and clean diesel. To reduce NOx, the engine operation is carried out along with the TiO2 coated combustion chamber steam, and water injection technique is added to overcome the NOx formation. From this study, the resulting factor shows that adding 25% radish biodiesel (B25) and 75% clean diesel shows a reasonable reduction in emissions with comparatively better performance and combustion in the engine under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taproot cracking, a severe and common physiological disorder, markedly reduces radish yield and commercial value. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) plays a pivotal role in various plant developmental processes; however, its function in radish taproot cracking remains largely unknown. Here, 37 RsCDPK gene members were identified from the long-read radish genome "QZ-16". Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CDPK members in radish, tomato, and Arabidopsis were clustered into four groups. Additionally, synteny analysis identified 13 segmental duplication events in the RsCDPK genes. Analysis of paraffin-embedded sections showed that the density and arrangement of fleshy taproot cortex cells are important factors that affect radish cracking. Transcriptome sequencing of the fleshy taproot cortex revealed 5755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3252 upregulated and 2503 downregulated) between non-cracking radish "HongYun" and cracking radish "505". These DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant–pathogen interaction KEGG pathways. Furthermore, when comparing the 37 RsCDPK gene family members and RNA-seq DEGs, we identified six RsCDPK genes related to taproot cracking in radish. Soybean hairy root transformation experiments showed that RsCDPK21 significantly and positively regulates root length development. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between radish taproot cracking and RsCDPK gene function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extensively investigated the effects of trace amounts of gaseous nitric oxide (NO) on the growth and quality of four common crops: pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and ryegrass (Secale cereal L.), which represent leafy vegetable crops, root vegetable crops, cereal crops, and herbage crops, respectively. Treatment with 200 nL/L gaseous NO increased the edible part of the yield by 67, 63, 33, and 18% for pak choi, radish, wheat and ryegrass, respectively. Furthermore, both nutritional qualities (indicated by the amount of nitrates, soluble sugars, and soluble protein) and antioxidant qualities (indicated by total phenolic content, flavonoids, and DPPH scavenging activity) in those crops were improved by access to gaseous NO. These results may provide a valuable scientific reference for agricultural production and suggest ways in which increased atmospheric NO will affect natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The postharvest quality and coloration of radish roots can be compromised by factors such as the type of cropping system and fertilization management. Therefore, the objective of this work was to estimate the postharvest quality indices and color parameters of radish roots in monocropping, as a function of different roostertree (Calotropis procera) biomass amounts, in two cropping seasons in a semi-arid environment. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of different roostertree biomass amounts: 16, 29, 42, 55 and 68 t ha-1 on a dry basis, incorporated into the soil. In each block, two additional treatments were added, one without fertilization (control) and the other with mineral fertilizer, for comparison purposes with the maximum efficiency treatment. The radish cultivar planted was Crimson Gigante. The radish characteristics evaluated were: pH, soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, total soluble sugar content (TSS), vitamin C (CV) and anthocyanin (A) contents, and roots color parameters (L*, C* and h°). The maximum flavor efficiency (SS/TA) and the total soluble sugar content (TSS) were achieved with the incorporation into the soil of 47.24 and 25.27 t ha-1 roostertree biomass, respectively. Higher concentrations of bioactive compounds (CV and A) were obtained when incorporating 35.79 and 45.85 t ha-1 green manure biomass. The color parameters values (L*, C* and h°) in the red radish roots were achieved in the biomass amounts of 40.39, 53.14 and 52.71 t ha-1 of roostertree.

Introduction: Long-duration missions in outer Space will require technologies to regenerate environmental resources such as air and water and to produce food while recycling consumables and waste. Plants are considered the most promising biological regenerators to accomplish these functions, due to their complementary relationship with humans. Plant cultivation for Space starts with small plant growth units to produce fresh food to supplement stowed food for astronauts' onboard spacecrafts and orbital platforms. The choice of crops must be based on limiting factors such as time, energy, and volume. Consequently, small, fast-growing crops are needed to grow in microgravity and to provide astronauts with fresh food rich in functional compounds. Microgreens are functional food crops recently valued for their color and flavor enhancing properties, their rich phytonutrient content and short production cycle. Candidate species of microgreens to be harvested and eaten fresh by crew members, belong to the families Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Amarillydaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Methods: In this study we developed and applied an algorithm to objectively compare numerous genotypes of microgreens intending to select those with the best productivity and phytonutrient profile for cultivation in Space. The selection process consisted of two subsequent phases. The first selection was based on literature data including 39 genotypes and 25 parameters related to growth, phytonutrients (e.g., tocopherol, phylloquinone, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, lutein, carotenoids, violaxanthin), and mineral elements. Parameters were implemented in a mathematical model with prioritization criteria to generate a ranking list of microgreens. The second phase was based on germination and cultivation tests specifically designed for this study and performed on the six top species resulting from the first ranking list. For the second selection, experimental data on phytonutrients were expressed as metabolite production per day per square meter. Results and discussion: In the final ranking list radish and savoy cabbage resulted with the highest scores based on their productivity and phytonutrient profile. Overall, the algorithm with prioritization criteria allowed us to objectively compare candidate species and obtain a ranking list based on the combination of numerous parameters measured in the different species. This method can be also adapted to new species, parameters, or re-prioritizing the parameters for specific selection purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]