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The plant kingdom exhibits a diversity of nutritional strategies, extending beyond complete autotrophy. In addition to full mycoheterotrophs and holoparasites, it is now recognized that a greater number of green plants than previously assumed use partly of fungal carbon. These are termed partial mycoheterotrophs or mixotrophs. Notably, some species exhibit a dependency on fungi exclusively during early ontogenetic stages, referred to as initial mycoheterotrophy. Japonolirion osense, a rare plant thriving in serpentinite soils, emerges as a potential candidate for initial mycoheterotrophy or mixotrophy. Several factors support this hypothesis, including its diminutive sizes of shoot and and seeds, the establishment of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizal associations, its placement within the Petrosaviales—largely composed of fully mycoheterotrophic species—and its ability to face the challenging conditions of its environment. To explore these possibilities, our study adopts a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing stable isotope abundance analyses, in vitro experiments, anatomical analyses, and comparative plastome analyses. Our study aims to (1) determine whether J. osense relies on fungal carbon during germination, indicating initial mycoheterotrophy, (2) determine if it employs a dual carbon acquisition strategy as an adult, and (3) investigate potential genomic reductions in photosynthetic capabilities. Contrary to expectations, our comprehensive findings strongly indicate that J. osense maintains complete autotrophy throughout its life cycle. This underscores the contrasting nutritional strategies evolved by species within the Petrosaviales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a folk and rare medicinal plant, and specifically, it is distributed in the south, China. To investigate the cumulative properties of its medicinal components, we examined the effect of UV light on flavonoid content and related enzyme activity changes in T. hemsleyanum. Methods: The leaves and tubers were treated with UV-A, UV-B and UV-C for 1 h, 1L/23D h, 3 h and 3L/21D h (D represents darkness treatment). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the content of many flavonoids decreased significantly during UV-A treatment, increased after UV-B and UV-C irradiation and accumulated again after darkness treatment. Results: In the root tubers of the UV-A group, naringin content in the 3L/21D h group (0.069 μg/g) was 16.30 times higher than that of 3 h group (0.0042 μg/g). The rutin content was elevated after UV irradiation but was not detected in the CK group. The test results of the enzyme-linked kit indicated that the activities of many enzymes were higher in the UV-A and UV-B irradiation groups than those in the CK group, but the results were reversed in the UV-C treatment. After darkness treatment, the activities of most enzymes were higher than those with UV irradiation alone; F3'5'H activity in the 3L/21D h group (97.25 U/L) was 1.24 times higher than that in the 3 h group (78.12 U/L) in the UV-A-treated group. Discussion: The study results suggest that appropriate UV-B and UV-C irradiation, as well as darkness supplementation, had a promotive effect on flavonoids in the leaves and root tubers of T. hemsleyanum. Additionally, UV irradiation and darkness treatment enhanced the activity of most enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anemone shikokiana (Makino) Makino is a perennial herb of the genus Anemone in the family Ranunculaceae. Endemic to the Shandong Peninsula in China and Shikoku Island in Japan, it is a rare and endangered plant with a narrow, disjunct distribution. It is threatened with extinction and is in urgent need of conservation. Evaluating the genetic diversity of species, revealing the population genetic structure and gene flow, and inferring the population history are of great importance for species conservation, especially for rare and endangered plants. Results: In our study, 73 samples from eight wild populations in China were sequenced by Super-GBS, yielding a total of 40.59 G clean reads and 52,231 SNPs. Based on the obtained SNP data set, we evaluated the population genetic diversity, genetic structure, and gene flow of A. shikokiana. A low level of genetic diversity was found (He = 0.1925, Ho = 0.1422). The neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, principal component analysis and ADMIXTURE analysis suggested that these 73 A. shikokiana could be considered as two groups. Pairwise genetic differentiation coefficients (Fst) indicated that genetic differentiation was lower between adjacent populations and higher between geographically separated populations. The gene flow between Kunyu Mountain and Lao Mountain was very low. However, neither of the two regions showed evidence of Isolation by Distance. Conclusions: Here, we revealed the population genetic structure and gene flow of A. shikokiana from the Shandong Peninsula, China. This research provides valuable genetic resources for A. shikokiana and contributes to the scientific and effective conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia luteoflora is a rare and endangered plant endemic to China. It has high ornamental and potential economic and medicinal value, and is an important germplasm resource of Camellia. To understand the distributions and differences in metabolites from different parts of C. luteoflora, in this study, we used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to examine the types and contents of chemical constituents in five organs of C. luteoflora: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The results showed that a total of 815 metabolites were identified in the five organs and were classified into 18 main categories, including terpenoids (17.1%), amino acids (10.4%), flavonoids (10.3%), sugars and alcohols (9.8%), organic acids (9.0%), lipids (7.1%), polyphenols (4.8%), alkaloids (4.8%), etc. A total of 684 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in five organs were obtained and annotated into 217 KEGG metabolic pathways, among which metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, the biosynthesis of cofactors, and the biosynthesis of amino acids were significantly enriched. In DEMs, flowers are rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, organic acids, and steroids; fruits are rich in amino acids, alkaloids, vitamins, and xanthones; stems are rich in lignans; and leaves have the highest relative content of phenylpropanoids, ketoaldehydic acids, quinones, sugars and alcohols, terpenoids, coumarins, lipids, and others; meanwhile, the metabolite content is lower in roots. Among the dominant DEMs, 58 were in roots, including arachidonic acid, lucidone, isoliquiritigenin, etc.; 75 were in flowers, including mannose, shikimic acid, d-gluconic acid, kaempferol, etc.; 45 were in the fruit, including pterostilbene, l-ascorbic acid, riboflavin, etc.; 27 were in the stems, including salicylic acid, d-(-)-quinic acid, mannitol, (-)-catechin gallate, etc.; there was a maximum number of 119 dominant metabolites in the leaves, including oleanolic acid, l-glucose, d-arabitol, eugenol, etc. In sum, the rich chemical composition of C. luteoflora and the significant differences in the relative contents of metabolites in different organs will provide theoretical references for the study of tea, flower tea, edible oil, nutraceuticals, and the medicinal components of C. luteoflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish an efficient regeneration method for the rare and endangered plant Mussaenda anomala to address problems regarding its reproductive obstacles and scarce populations. In this study, the terminal buds, axillary buds, stem segments with two axillary buds, stem segments with two axillary buds and one terminal bud, and leaves of M. anomala were used as explants. The effects of different explants and disinfection methods, plant growth regulators and substrates on plant regeneration were explored. The following results were obtained: (1) The terminal bud was a suitable explant for M. anomala tissue culture, and the disinfection method utilized was treatment with 0.2% HgCl2 for 8 min. (2) Initiate medium: MS basic medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L IBA for the high germination rate (100%) and the maximum bud height (1.70 cm) of the terminal bud. (3) Proliferation medium: MS basic medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L IBA for a high proliferation rate (96%) and proliferation time (6.0) of terminal buds. (4) Proliferation medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/L GA3 significantly increased the bud heights of multiple buds. (5) Rooting medium: MS basic medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L IAA for a high rooting rate (88%), root number (12.0) and root length (5.07 cm). (6) The optimal substrate for seedling acclimation and transplanting was perlite: vermiculite (1:1), which resulted in the highest survival rate (97%) and plant height (5.89 cm), as well as better growth potential for seedlings. The surfaces of M. anomala explants are densely covered with trichome, which increased the difficulty of disinfection; the plant growth regulators directly affected the growth and development in the regeneration process of M. anomala, and the substrate significantly affected the survival rate and height growth for seedling acclimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Phagnalon Cass. (Asteraceae) is widely distributed from Macaronesia in the West to the Himalayas in the East, from South France and Nord Italy to Ethiopia and Arabian Peninsula. Species of this genus have been used in folk medicine of many countries as medicinal herbs and they are also used such as food. The extracts and the essential oils (EOs) of these plants have reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, etc. properties and they have different biological applications. Phagnalon sinaicum Bornm. and Kneuck. is a very rare plant native of Middle East. It grows primarily in the desert or dry scrubland biome. Its EO, never previously investigated, was analysed by GC-MS. The EO was very rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, with artemisia ketone (20.40%), α-thujone (19.36%), and santolina alcohol (13.29%) as main constituent. Some considerations with respect to all the other EOs of Phagnalon taxa studied so far were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeagnus bambusetorum Hand.-Mazz. is a rare plant from China in the Elaeagnaceae family. In this study, we sequenced its complete chloroplast genome. The whole chloroplast genome was 152,265 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeats of 25,897 bp, separated by large single copy and small single copy regions of 82,291 bp and 18,180 bp, respectively. The complete genome contained 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content was 37.1%. Phylogenetic analysis using the whole chloroplast genome revealed that E. bambusetorum is sister to E. loureirii and E. conferta. Our study provides valuable insights into the genetic information of E. bambusetorum, which may have important implications for species conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As climate change continues and the frequency and intensity of droughts become more prevalent in some regions, plant populations are facing greater ecological pressures. The objective of this study was to observe the response of a rare plant species to an extreme drought event associated with climate change. To study this response, we collected seeds from three populations of Collinsia multicolor (San Francisco collinsia, Plantaginaceae) found in central California both before and after the state's historic 2012-2016 drought. We conducted a greenhouse study to examine contemporary evolution between the collection years, and included a drought treatment to study plasticity. We measured three traits that indicate life history, morphological, and physiological responses to drought, including flowering time, stomatal density, and chlorophyll fluorescence. In the two coastal populations, where interannual moisture variation is greatest, we observed evolution only in stomatal density, while we observed plasticity in all measured traits. In contrast, the driest inland population showed no response to the drought or to the watering treatments, which is consistent with other studies that have found less response to drought in pre-adapted populations. Overall, our results suggest that plasticity is favored in variable environments. However, they also highlight that the pace of evolution may be insufficient to respond to current environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of this study represent an optimization protocol for clonal micropropagation of four species of the genus Aristolochia, section Siphisia. Plants of these species are rare, endemic, and medicinal plants. 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.5, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 mg/L) and indolylbutyric acid (IBA) (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) were used in this work. The use of subcultivation with different nutrient media (MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP at the propagation stage and 1/2 WPM with the addition of 0.5 mg/L IBA at the rooting stage) contributes to the mass production of microplants. The maximum values of the microshoot height for each species were detected on the medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP. Explants of A. macrophylla and A. manshuriensis were characterized with the greatest reproduction coefficient (34 pcs.), while A. californica explants displayed the smallest coefficient (18.6 pcs.). The difference is associated with the activation of a different number of buds in each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous data established 4′‐deoxyflavone glycosides (4′‐DFGs) as important pharmaceutical components in the roots of rare medical plants like Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Extracting these compounds from plants involves land occupation and is environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, a modular ("plug‐and‐play") yeast‐consortium platform is developed to synthesize diverse 4′‐DFGs de novo. By codon‐optimizing glycosyltransferase genes from different organisms for Pichia pastoris, six site‐specific glycosylation chassis are generated to be capable of biosynthesizing 18 different 4′‐DFGs. Cellular factories showed increased 4′‐DFG production (up to 18.6‐fold) due to strengthened synthesis of UDP‐sugar precursors and blocked hydrolysis of endogenous glycosides. Co‐culturing upstream flavone‐synthesis‐module cells with downstream glycoside‐transformation‐module cells alleviated the toxicity of 4′‐deoxyflavones and enabled high‐level de novo synthesis of 4′‐DFGs. Baicalin is produced at the highest level (1290.0 mg L−1) in a bioreactor by controlling the consortium through carbon‐source shifting. These results provide a valuable reference for biosynthesizing plant‐derived 4′‐DFGs and other glycosides with potential therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical Garcinia genus of flowering plants is a prolific producer of aromatic natural products including polyphenols, flavonoids, and xanthones. In this study, we report the first phytochemical investigation of Garcinia caudiculata Ridl. from the island of Borneo. Fractionation, purification, and structure elucidation by MS and NMR resulted in the discovery of two meroterpenoids. One was a benzofuranone lactone previously isolated from Iryanthera grandis and Rhus chinensis, and the second was a new hydroquinone methyl ester that we named caudiquinol. Both natural products are rare examples of plant meroterpenoids with an intact geranylgeranyl chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public lands across the United States are managed for multiple uses, resources, and values ranging from energy development to rare plant conservation. Intensified energy development and other land use changes across the Southwestern United States have increased the need for proactive management to mitigate impacts to rare plants. Habitat suitability models can inform decision‐making and lead to more effective conservation of rare plants and their habitats, but high‐quality models that are suited for use at local scales are lacking for many species. Our team of scientists and managers developed ensembles of habitat suitability models for five rare plant species in New Mexico using a coproduced, iterative framework complemented by comprehensive ground truthing and tailoring of products for use in public land decisions. Our process resulted in substantial differences from initial models through changes to environmental predictors, species occurrence and background data, and development of new species‐specific predictors. Involving species experts and end users in model development can strengthen the process and resulting model and build understanding and trust in final products. Both factors can promote use of models to inform public land permitting and planning decisions that may affect rare plants, including by guiding development away from highly suitable habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring‐fed wetlands within arid and semiarid systems are hotspots for endemism and distribution of rare plants. Interactions among groundwater and the geomorphic and climatic features of the setting control the abiotic conditions, particularly soil salinity and moisture, that support these plants. However, water uncertainty and land use change challenge the persistence of conditions necessary to support rare plant communities. Wetland management can be implemented to sustain abiotic processes that support rare plant communities, but key information is needed to guide management practices. In this study, we evaluate the relationships of rare plants to abiotic conditions in a managed spring‐fed arid wetland. Soil salinity and moisture conditions were monitored and related to the presence and abundance of rare plants within management units. Soil salinity and moisture variability were related to groundwater dynamics near springs, but wetland management influenced variability in seasonally flooded areas. Permanently saturated conditions and low soil salinities during the spring season supported higher plant diversity and the presence and greater abundance of rare plants. Rare plant presence and abundance were negatively related to low soil moisture, particularly in the summer. Results indicate that increases in soil salinity during the early establishment of plants may affect their distribution and abundance, an important management consideration in arid landscapes and hydrologically altered systems. Our findings inform the restoration and management of rare plant communities and contribute to the management of spring‐fed arid wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines the diversity and distribution of climbing plants, including rare and endemic species, at Khanpur taluka of Mahisagar district in Gujarat, India. The study identifies the dominant families of climber plant species that include Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Manispermac, Viraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae and Dioscoreaceae.

Here we describe the first discoveries of insects from the Gzhelian of the Reyran Basin (northern part of Esterel, South of France). These are a new mylacrid, Opsiomylacris sp. an undetermined genus and species of Phyloblattidae, two other roachoids of uncertain affinities, and a Palaeodictyoptera, all based on forewings. Although these discoveries demonstrate that insects were present in the corresponding paleoforest, they remain less diverse and rarer than the plant remains. The genus Opsiomylacris is currently supposed to have lived under xeric environments, possibly corresponding to the more xeric paleobiotas of the margin of the humid valley bottoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The river valley forests of the Irtysh River Basin are a germplasm bank of Salicaceae species and rare plant resources in China, and the distribution varies with the river and is highly distinctive. However, there is a dearth of systematic research on the characteristics of plant resources. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted in the trunk stream and six tributaries with valley forest distribution in the Irtysh River Basin, and 244 quadrats were set up. The analysis focused on the composition of the flora and resource characteristics. The results reveal the following: (1) The valley forests of the Irtysh River Basin contain 256 species of plants belonging to 57 families and 178 genera, among which 19 species of trees, 23 species of shrubs, and 214 species of herbs were investigated. (2) Among the identified species, 226 (88.67%) were recognized as resource plants, with medicinal plants being the most abundant (176 species, 68.75% of the total). (3) The distribution patterns of trees, shrubs, and herbs of each resource type vary across rivers. Elevation drop, river length, and river distance all significantly affect the number of specie. This study elucidated the current status and distributional characteristics of plant resources in the valley forests of the Irtysh River Basin, which is essential for both biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global biodiversity crisis affects species across all continents and taxonomic groups. Direct destruction of species and habitats has been a primary driver of declines, though climate change and associated sea level rise are expected to accelerate loss. The flora of low-lying, relatively isolated islands is especially threatened when high species richness intersects with vulnerability to sea level rise. The Florida Keys represent a hotspot for cactus diversity in the eastern United States, with eight species recognized, three of which are endemic to the islands. Though not endemic to the islands, the Key Largo tree cactus (Pilosocereus millspaughii) was known in the United States from only a single population in the Florida Keys. Its decline and ensuing extirpation correspond with rising sea levels in the region. The other cacti in the region, and all rare plants in the Florida Keys, are threatened with a similar fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassland alvar is a rare plant community that occurs throughout North America and northern Europe, and may require control of encroaching vegetation to be maintained or restored. We evaluated the hypothesis that restoration techniques used to restore the alvar ecosystem do not lead to declines in small mammal abundance. More specifically, we used a Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) design to compare how two methods of vegetation control, prescribed burns and mechanical removal, affected small mammal populations. The restoration was conducted beginning in 2019 on Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada. Live trapping of small mammals and associated vegetation sampling were conducted before and after on treatment and control locations. The only small mammal species to be caught during the study was the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque, 1818)), which had an observed decrease across all treatment sites and the control site. Generalized linear mixed effects models demonstrated that the main effects of treatment and year best explained mouse abundance at the site level. Interannual variability appeared to explain more variation in mouse abundance than treatment effects. Our study did not provide strong evidence that the vegetation control measures we employed might limit white-footed mouse abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rare and endangered plant species Abies fanjingshanensis, which has a limited habitat, a limited distribution area, and a small population, is under severe threat, particularly due to poor leaf health. The plant endophytic microbiome is an integral part of the host, and increasing evidence indicates that the interplay between plants and endophytic microbes is a key determinant for sustaining plant fitness. However, little attention has been given to the differences in the endophytic microbial community structure, network complexity, and assembly processes in leaves with different leaf health statuses. Here, we investigated the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in healthy leaves (HLs) and non-healthy leaves (NLs) of A. fanjingshanensis using 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequencing and evaluated how leaf health status affects the co-occurrence patterns and assembly processes of leaf endophytic microbial communities based on the co-occurrence networks, the niche breadth index, a neutral community model, and C-score metrics. HLs had significantly greater endophytic bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity than NLs, and there were significant differences in the endophytic microbial communities between HLs and NLs. Leaf-health-sensitive endophytic microbes were taxonomically diverse and were mainly grouped into four ecological clusters according to leaf health status. Poor leaf health reduced the complexity of the endophytic bacterial and fungal community networks, as reflected by a decrease in network nodes and edges and an increase in degrees of betweenness and assortativity. The stochastic processes of endophytic bacterial and fungal community assembly were weakened, and the deterministic processes became more important with declining leaf health. These results have important implications for understanding the ecological patterns and interactions of endophytic microbial communities in response to changing leaf health status and provide opportunities for further studies on exploiting plant endophytic microbes to conserve this endangered Abies species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproduction of rare and endangered plant species is one of the most important factors determining the stability and survival of their populations, and knowledge of the barriers to successful reproduction is essential for species conservation. Habitat loss and slow reproduction due to low fruit set are usually considered the main threats to Cephalanthera longifolia and C. rubra (Orchidaceae). The aim of this study was to analyse the natural fruit set of these species during three consecutive years in Lithuania in the northern part of the temperate zone of Europe. Six populations of C. longifolia and three populations of C. rubra were studied each year from 2021 to 2023. During the study period, 49.3% to 54.4% of C. longifolia and 40.0% to 54.3% of C. rubra individuals produced no fruit. Over the three-year period, fruit set in individual populations of C. longifolia ranged from 5.2% to 19.5%, whereas fruit set in populations of C. rubra ranged from 4.1% to 18.8%. Significant weak or moderate correlations were found between plant height, inflorescence length and the number of flowers in the inflorescence and fruit set of both species. Flower position in the inflorescence had a significant effect on fruit set in both species, and the fruit set rate of lower flowers was higher than that of upper flowers. Significant but weak correlations were found between the fruit set and most of the environmental factors analysed. The results of this study suggest that the fruit set of C. longifolia and C. rubra is dependent on insect pollination of the flowers, which in turn is affected by habitat conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public lands are often managed for multiple uses ranging from energy development to rare plant conservation. Habitat models can help land managers assess and mitigate potential effects of projects on rare plants, but it is unclear how models are currently being used. Our goal was to better understand how staff in the Bureau of Land Management currently use habitat models to inform their decisions, and perceived challenges and benefits associated with that use. We first examined litigation documents to determine whether the agency has been challenged on its use of data for rare plants and found no relevant legal challenges. Second, we analyzed model use in National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents and found no clear citations of habitat models. Finally, we conducted interviews with agency staff who analyze potential effects of proposed actions on rare plants in NEPA documents. The primary challenges interviewees faced in using models related to data organization and access, model quality and accuracy, and institutional capacity. Interviewees believed models could be used more to inform decisions and actions to conserve rare plants and rare plant habitat on public lands and recommended improving staff access to models, creating models for additional species, and addressing staffing limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding genetic structure in rare plant populations is essential to making informed decisions for recovery actions, particularly in species capable of clonal reproduction. Here, we present three case studies using microsatellites to assess clonal structure in rare plants: Northern Oconee bells (S. brevistyla (P.A. Davies) Gaddy) and Southern Oconee bells (Shortia galacifolia Torr & Gray) (Diapensiaceae); and bunched arrowhead (Sagittaria fasciculata E.O. Beal (Alismataceae)). We used six loci to genotype Shortia brevistyla (n = 62 ramets; three sites) and S. galacifolia (n = 111 ramets; seven sites) and five loci in Sagittaria fasciculata (n = 162 ramets; eight sites). Ramets were systematically mapped and sampled to allow for clonal assignment in a spatial context. All ramets for S. brevistyla were genetically identical across all loci, while S. galacifolia exhibited variation consistent with a mixed reproductive strategy. Sagittaria fasciculata also exhibited a mixed reproductive strategy with emphasis on clonality. Our data indicate that stem counts are not effective measures for recovery assessment in these species, and a more complex demographic monitoring protocol should be developed. Additional implications for conservation of these species are discussed, including a consideration for federal listing for Shortia brevistyla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assembled high-quality chloroplast genomes of Mandragora caulescens through a reference-guided approach using high-throughput Illumina sequencing reads. The resulting chloroplast genome assembly displayed a typical quadripartite structural organization, comprising a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,233 bp, two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,685 bp each, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,207 bp. The chloroplast genome harbored 141 complete genes, and its overall GC content was 38.0%. In maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) trees, the 19 Solanaceae species formed a monophyletic group, dividing into two main clades. M. caulescens and Nicandra physalodes formed a monophyletic group, suggesting a close relationship between the two species. The M. caulescens cp genome presented in this study lays a good foundation for further genetic and genomic studies of the Solanaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphoides coronata is an endangered aquatic plant species with significant medicinal and ecological importance. To preserve N. coronata from going extinct, we need to provide seedlings and efficient multiplication techniques so that it can be extensively studied. This study aimed to identify the most suitable sterilization treatment, growth medium, and substrate for the cultivation and propagation of N. coronata. Ethanol sterilization, fungicide treatment, and sterile water washing were the most important sterilization steps. A combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) was the most suitable medium for bud induction and shoot proliferation. The use of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) increased the rooting rate and rooting time compared to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Increasing the concentration of NAA from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L increased the rooting rate from 78 to 100% and reduced the rooting time from 7 to 5 days. The survival rate of N. coronata seedlings was 100% in a mixture of red soil and sand (1:1, w/w). As a result, the procedure mentioned above could potentially be used to safely propagate this rare species on a large scale. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimal conditions for the successful cultivation and propagation of N. coronata, which can contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of this important rare plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Comparison of ontogenetic indicators of local populations of the yellow flax plant Linum flavum L., rare for the Penza region, was aimed at assessing their current state as the basis for further monitoring and development of measures to protect the species to preserve the biodiversity of the Penza region. Materials and methods. Under the conditions of the protection regime (the natural monument “Urochische Cherdak”) and in the conditions of the restoration of steppe communities on fallow land (the Ukhtinsky steppes tract), the density, numbers, and ontogenetic structure of local populations of yellow flax were studied, as well as the phytocenotic location of the species and its contribution to the structure of communities at different stages restorative succession. Results. In the studied communities of true and meadow steppes, steppe and true meadows, Linum flavum forms a caudex facultative- root-sprouting biomorph. Shows traits of explerence. When the vegetation cover is highly dense, it acts as an assectator with a projective cover of 2–4 %; populations have a low density (2.5 pcs/m2). In disturbed communities it dominates and co-dominates (projective cover 20–25%), increasing the density by an order of magnitude due to individuals of the pregenerative period. Ontogenetic spectra in both cases are two-peaked – with a maximum in juvenile and generative individuals; in weakly disturbed communities, the main contribution to the structure is made by mature and old generative individuals, and in fallows – by juvenile individuals (populations according to the “Δ – ω” classification are transitional and young, respectively). Conclusions. The current state of both local populations is stable. To preserve the population of Linum flavum and other rare species (Salvia verticillata, Senecio schvetzovii, Aster amellus, Gypsophila altissima) in the vicinity of the village. In Ukhtinka village it is rational to limit economic activity by organizing the natural monument “Ukhtinskiye stepi”.

In Bangladesh, there are significant number of medicinal plants, but currently no comprehensive record of these valuable species is publicly available. Alarmingly, some of these plants are in a precarious state of endangerment. Therefore, we are creating a unique dataset of Bangladeshʼs rare, endangered, and threatened medicinal plants to support conservation efforts. It will help us to track and conserve endangered plant species, ensuring a more organized approach to research and preservation efforts. We conducted on-site visits to the National Botanical Garden and The Government Unani and Ayurvedic Medical College, capturing photographs of these plants in optimal sunlight conditions at various times of the day. This involved fieldwork, detailed image annotations, dataset organization, diversity augmentation, and contribution to the preservation of our natural heritage. We have collected a total of 16 types of rare and endangered medicinal plant leaf photos to create our unique dataset consisting of a total of 3494 images. This dataset will help researchers in biodiversity conservation through building efficient machine learning models and applying advanced machine learning techniques to identify rare and endangered medicinal plants.

Rare species are often considered inferior competitors due to occupancy of small ranges, specific habitats, and small local populations. However, the phylogenetic relatedness and rarity level (level 1–7 and common) of interacting species in plant-plant interactions are not often considered when predicting the response of rare plants in a biotic context. We used a common garden of 25 species of Tasmanian Eucalyptus, to differentiate non-additive patterns in the biomass of rare versus common species when grown in mixtures varying in phylogenetic relatedness and rarity. We demonstrate that rare species maintain progressively positive non-additive responses in biomass when interacting with phylogenetically intermediate, less rare and common species. This trend is not reflected in common species that out-performed in monocultures compared to mixtures. These results offer predictability as to how rare species' productivity will respond within various plant-plant interactions. However, species-specific interactions, such as those involving E. globulus, yielded a 97% increase in biomass compared to other species-specific interaction outcomes. These results are important because they suggest that plant rarity may also be shaped by biotic interactions, in addition to the known environmental and population factors normally used to describe rarity. Rare species may utilize potentially facilitative interactions with phylogenetically intermediate and common species to escape the effects of limiting similarity. Biotically mediated increases in rare plant biomass may have subsequent effects on the competitive ability and geographic occurrence of rare species, allowing rare species to persist at low abundance across plant communities. Through the consideration of species rarity and evolutionary history, we can more accurately predict plant-plant interaction dynamics to preserve unique ecosystem functions and fundamentally challenge what it means to be "rare". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why and how organismal lineages radiate is commonly studied through either assessing abiotic factors (biogeography, geomorphological processes, and climate) or biotic factors (traits and interactions). Despite increasing awareness that both abiotic and biotic processes may have important joint effects on diversification dynamics, few attempts have been made to quantify the relative importance and timing of these factors, and their potentially interlinked direct and indirect effects, on lineage diversification. We here combine assessments of historical biogeography, geomorphology, climatic niche, vegetative, and floral trait evolution to test whether these factors jointly, or in isolation, explain diversification dynamics of a Neotropical plant clade (Merianieae, Melastomataceae). After estimating ancestral areas and the changes in niche and trait disparity over time, we employ Phylogenetic Path Analyses as a synthesis tool to test eleven hypotheses on the individual direct and indirect effects of these factors on diversification rates. We find strongest support for interlinked effects of colonization of the uplifting Andes during the mid-Miocene and rapid abiotic climatic niche evolution in explaining a burst in diversification rate in Merianieae. Within Andean habitats, later increases in floral disparity allowed for the exploitation of wider pollination niches (i.e. shifts from bee to vertebrate pollinators), but did not affect diversification rates. Our approach of including both vegetative and floral trait evolution, rare in assessments of plant diversification in general, highlights that the evolution of woody habit and larger flowers preceded the colonization of the Andes, but was likely critical in enabling the rapid radiation in montane environments. Overall, and in concert with the idea that ecological opportunity is a key element of evolutionary radiations, our results suggest that a combination of rapid niche evolution and trait shifts was critical for the exploitation of newly available niche space in the Andes in the mid-Miocene. Further, our results emphasize the importance of incorporating both abiotic and biotic factors into the same analytical framework if we aim to quantify the relative and interlinked effects of these processes on diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Reintroductions or translocations are an increasingly important activity to recover and conserve at‐risk plant species. Yet because many are not published in the scientific literature, learning from previous attempts may often require considerable time and effort. The Center for Plant Conservation Reintroduction Database (CPCRD; https://saveplants.org/reintroduction-database/), a new centralized and standardized repository of U.S.‐based plant reintroductions, aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of accessing data on rare plant reintroductions. Methods: The CPCRD is the product of multiple efforts to assemble information on rare plant reintroductions in the United States. The database comprises a wealth of standardized data on the key stages of a reintroduction, from the planning and implementation phases, to monitoring and management techniques. Results: The CPCRD is a dynamic resource, allowing data contributors to continually update their entries as projects progress. While contributions are ongoing, the CPCRD currently includes 460 projects involving 201 plant taxa, spanning diverse growth forms, ecosystems, and regions. Discussion: The CPCRD and its well‐documented and monitored projects provide a valuable practical resource for conservation practitioners, and have supported multiple scientific studies and contributed to the internationally recognized Center for Plant Conservation Best Practices Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ludwigia ravenii (G1G2) is a wetland-obligate perennial, endemic to the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The species appears to be relegated to roadside ditches and ruts, and is under review for federal listing. The objectives of this study were to quantitatively assess biotic and abiotic habitat characteristics of extant populations and augment knowledge of the species ecology. Two congeners were selected for comparative analysis: L. alternifolia and L. pilosa. Over two field seasons, data were collected from 108 1 m2 quadrats and variable length transects across the species range. All 17 element occurrences of L. ravenii on record during the 2020--2021 sampling period were visited and 15 (nplots=62) were sampled. Forty-six plots at 14 sites were collectively sampled for the target congeners (L. alternifolia, nplots=27; L. pilosa, nplots=19). Variables assessed included: physical ditch dimensions, aspect, elevation, canopy cover, abiotic and vegetative cover, and edaphic variables (nutrient composition and pH). Data were visualized using NMS and PCA, and analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests. Only PCA showed distinct clustering of quadrats of L. ravenii along soil fertility gradients. Quadrats of L. ravenii exhibited median values compared to congeners in many measured variables, including canopy cover, species richness, and Shannon's diversity index. Quadrats of L. ravenii differed most strongly from congeners by more acidic mean soil pH (4.68±0.05). Although no single species emerged as an ideal indicator, the combination of L. linearis and Kellochloa verrucosa was found highly suggestive of suitable habitat for L. ravenii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the host diversity and characteristics of the rare parasitic plant Silverberry-like taxillus (Taxillus yadoriki). Seogwipo, Jeju Island, where T. yadoriki grows naturally, was examined to clarify the diversity of host species, their location, and the part of the tree where T. yadoriki is attached. A total of 687 host trees were found. Taxillus yadoriki was intensively distributed in the lowlands below 200 m a.s.l. The host trees belonged to 40 species, four varieties, three cultivars, and two hybrids from 32 genera and 21 families, of which 23 taxa were identified as host plants for the first time in this study. Incredibly, this plant was found to be able to parasitize a variety of plants from 12 orders. Taxillus yadoriki was found to be parasitic in three orders of Gymnosperms, Ginkgoales, Cupressales, and Pinales, as well as nine orders of Angiosperms, including Magnoliales, Rosales, and Ericales. Rosaceae was the most diverse at 18.0%, and most species were broad-leaved and arboreal. Among them, Cryptomeria japonica and Litsea japonica had the highest frequency of parasitization and T. yadoriki was mainly attached to the upper part of the main tree and the main branch; as a result, T. yadoriki was distributed and showed specificity in the position of disturbance on the host. T. yadoriki's specific distribution model was built as a Maxent program. The area under the curve of the receiver operation characteristic was 0.948 ± 0.026 (mean ± standard deviation), and the performance of the constructed model was excellent. Of the total eight environmental factors, density of artistic forest and meant temperature of coldest quarter accounted for 75.3% of the total importance, which was the main distribution determinant of species. In the average distribution probability map of T. yadoriki, the critical probability for determining distribution was calculated to be 0.2898 ± 0.1018. Accordingly, the distribution of species is predicted to expand from Jeju Island to the entire southern and southeastern coasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Alstonia belonging to the Apocyanaceae family is represented by 44 species distributed worldwide. In India, the taxon is represented by eight species, reported from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, western Himalaya, and northeastern regions. The present study reported the occurrence of Alstonia sebusii from Pudunamei village, Mao, a new addition to the flora of Manipur. Detailed morphological descriptions and measurements were recorded based on living plant specimens. The plant is locally called 'Topfiira Koso Pro' having ethno-medicinal properties and widely been used by local people of the state to treat various ailments. The plant is rare and found to occur at specific location at Pudunamei village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental goal of a rare plant translocation is to create self‐sustaining populations with the evolutionary resilience to persist in the long term. Yet, most plant translocation syntheses focus on a few factors influencing short‐term benchmarks of success (e.g., survival and reproduction). Short‐term benchmarks can be misleading when trying to infer future growth and viability because the factors that promote establishment may differ from those required for long‐term persistence. We assembled a large (n = 275) and broadly representative data set of well‐documented and monitored (7.9 years on average) at‐risk plant translocations to identify the most important site attributes, management techniques, and species' traits for six life‐cycle benchmarks and population metrics of translocation success. We used the random forest algorithm to quantify the relative importance of 29 predictor variables for each metric of success. Drivers of translocation outcomes varied across time frames and success metrics. Management techniques had the greatest relative influence on the attainment of life‐cycle benchmarks and short‐term population trends, whereas site attributes and species' traits were more important for population persistence and long‐term trends. Specifically, large founder sizes increased the potential for reproduction and recruitment into the next generation, whereas declining habitat quality and the outplanting of species with low seed production led to increased extinction risks and a reduction in potential reproductive output in the long‐term, respectively. We also detected novel interactions between some of the most important drivers, such as an increased probability of next‐generation recruitment in species with greater seed production rates, but only when coupled with large founder sizes. Because most significant barriers to plant translocation success can be overcome by improving techniques or resolving site‐level issues through early intervention and management, we suggest that by combining long‐term monitoring with adaptive management, translocation programs can enhance the prospects of achieving long‐term success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of ecological knowledge is a major challenge for effective conservation of threatened plant species in Australia as disturbance events, such as wildfire, increase in frequency and magnitude. Rapid on‐ground surveys are increasingly important to inform recovery strategies for rare and threatened plants in response to extreme wildfire events, yet resources are rarely available to deploy time‐sensitive surveys. Here, we utilize a rapid on‐ground survey and monitoring program to document basic biological and ecological information for 21 rare and threatened plant species from the New England bioregion in northern New South Wales, which were affected by the catastrophic 2019–2020 megafires. Our results fill an important knowledge gap of ecology, population size, distribution and response to fire for these taxa, document for the first time a species distribution pattern within the Torrington State Conservation Area and reveal previously undocumented plant–insect interactions for nine species, including likely pollination of Persoonia terminalis ssp. terminalis and Monotaxis macrophylla by native bee (Hymenoptera) and fly (Diptera) species. Our findings reveal that two species (Cassinia heleniae and Hakea macrorrhyncha) have scarce distribution and low population sizes, despite neither having a conservation listing and their threat status should be urgently assessed. Simple rapid on‐ground surveys can be more cost effective for delivering long‐term conservation outcomes for rare and threatened taxa and we advocate that future funding and prioritisation processes must support the immediate delivery of such surveys in response to disturbance events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk factors that make rare plant taxa particularly susceptible to population declines include a self-incompatible breeding system combined with small population size, small range, and isolated populations separated by unsuitable habitat. Phlox pilosa ssp. sangamonensis is an endangered, self-incompatible, and narrowly endemic taxon with isolated population fragments in east-central Illinois. Here we combined a field and genetic study of Phlox pilosa ssp. sangamonensis as a study of its taxonomic status and conservation, especially because some of its remaining populations are small (< 30 flowering individuals). First, we used six polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci developed for P. pilosa ssp. pilosa to characterize the genetics of 212 individuals in all 10 known populations of P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis. We tested the taxon's genetic differentiation from congeners in east-central Illinois: two populations of Phlox pilosa ssp. fulgida, two populations of Phlox pilosa ssp. pilosa, and three populations of Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii. We also quantified reproduction in each population. We surveyed fruit set for three years and tested correlations with flowering population size and distance to other flowering individuals. For one year, we collected data on seed set from successfully formed capsules. Phlox pilosa ssp. sangamonensis was genetically distinct from, and had putatively lower genetic variation, than Phlox divaricata ssp. laphamii, Phlox pilosa ssp. fulgida, and Phlox pilosa ssp. pilosa. Overall genetic diversity in P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis appeared low, especially in small populations. Fruit set was positively associated with P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis population size, with larger population (> 100 flowering individuals) fruit set being more than twice as high compared to smaller (< 30 flowering individuals) ones. Across populations, individuals with a greater distance to flowering neighbors also showed reduced fruit set, although the relationship was not as strong as for population size. In the year we studied seed set, we also found a positive association between population size and seed set, with approximately 30% more seeds per capsule being produced in the larger populations relative to small ones. Our data suggest that P. pilosa ssp. sangamonensis is a genetically distinct taxon from nearby Phlox taxa, and its smaller populations could be at risk of further decline, possibly due to mate or pollen limitation, and/or low genetic diversity. Management for this endangered taxon should facilitate recruitment in small (< 100 flowering individuals) populations and maintain habitat quality for the large populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeridas rosea and Eria lasiopetala are the species of rare and endangered orchids of uttrakhand region. These species deal with the in vitro propagation methods. For green pod culture, three Nutrient media Murashige and skoog (MS Media), Knudson Media (KC Media) and stock Solution of MS Media were tested by adding different concentration of growth regulators. MS Media supplemented with growth regulators 1.5mg/L NAA and 1.5mg/L BAP were found to be the most effective media for the development of protocorn like body(PLBs). This study is helpful in the propagation of these rare Orchids Plants at lower elevation, which could be a successful effort of conservation of rare Orchid plants and this could also reduce pressure on its population in the Wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the present biodiversity crisis, rare and endangered plants can be conserved ex situ in botanic gardens or seed banks. Ex situ collections distributed among multiple locations—"metacollections"—can safeguard against extinction but must represent adequate genetic diversity to be resilient to changing environments. Previous analyses have revealed strategies to create genetically diverse metacollections of plants with diverse life histories. However, past work has neglected important aspects of metacollection conservation: rare alleles, redundancy (duplication of alleles to be resilient to loss), geographic coverage, and relatedness. Therefore, we assessed two existing large metacollections (>250 individuals) of two International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threatened plant species— Quercus acerifolia , a wind-pollinated oak, and Zamia integrifolia , an insect-pollinated cycad—for these previously neglected aspects of metacollection genetic conservation. We found that large metacollections of both species conserved genetic diversity well: over 80% of all alleles were conserved in at least one copy, and ∼70% of alleles were represented in five to 10 copies. Metacollections, however, could still be improved. The rare genetic diversity of Z. integrifolia was less well conserved than that of Q. acerifolia , and several wild populations of both species are precariously undersampled. Ex situ collections also contained high relatedness, which may hamper restoration efforts. Although large metacollections are commendable for their size and breadth, examining metacollections for these facets allowed a more holistic evaluation of genetic diversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translocation of rare plant species to their original habitat is an increasingly used conservation approach around the world. However, we lack information on the factors affecting translocation outcomes. Research on the influence of seed provenance on plant fitness is limited in the context of translocations using plug plants. This study aims at exploring the effect of seed origin on vegetative and floral performances of three species (Arnica montana L., Campanula glomerata L. and Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench) in eight populations (of 500 to 700 individuals each from two to five different origins) translocated in Belgium. We recorded for 4 to 8 years the survival of each plant, its fertility, the length of the longest flower stem or rosette diameter (depending on the species), the number of flower stems and the number of flowers (or flower heads) per flower stem. The results show that the origin of the seeds significantly impacted the three species studied for at least three performance variables, but no origin was superior to the others in all the measured variables. A combined effect of seed origin, site and year has also been observed. The seed origin effect persisted over the years, suggesting that this factor is at least as important as habitat suitability or environmental stochasticity. These results show the importance of the choice of the source population in the context of translocations and strongly support a multisource and multisite approach for future translocations of threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi‐year and multi‐site demographic data for rare plants allow researchers to observe threats and project population growth rates and thus long‐term persistence of the species, generating knowledge, which allows for effective conservation planning. Demographic studies across more than a decade are extremely rare but allow for the effects of threats to be observed and assessed within the context of interannual environmental variation. We collected demographic data on the Threatened plant Cirsium pitcheri in two sites from 2011–2022. These sites were chosen because one exhibited the presence of non‐native seed predators while the other did not, and we hypothesized that we would see declines and potentially extinction of the population threatened by predation. Over the course of our study, we observed additional threats, such as human trampling and high lake levels, which led to significant erosion, sand burial, and storm damage to plants. We find high interannual variation in vital rates and population growth rates for both populations, which mask the overall effects of predation. We observed dramatic declines in plant survivorship and population growth rates in both sites in the years with high lake levels. We conclude that high lake levels, which are expected to become more frequent with climate change, pose a significant threat to all near‐shore populations of C. pitcheri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrosaviales is an early diverging monocot order that includes only two genera with distinct nutritional modes, namely the autotrophic Japonolirion and mycoheterotrophic Petrosavia. A rare serpentine plant endemic to Japan, Japonolirionosense is the only species of this genus. Although Petrosavia species are known to produce seeds by autonomous self‐pollination, the mating system and flower visitors of J. osense remain unknown. In this study, the pollination biology of J. osense was investigated on a serpentine slope in northern Hokkaido, Japan. Pollination experiments suggested that J. osense predominantly depends on cross‐pollination by insect pollinators for seed production. Ants and dipterans were the main flower visitors to this species. This study showed that the two genera in Petrosaviales with distinct nutritional modes also have contrasting mating systems, which provides insights into the evolution of pollination biology in this early diverging monocot order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the integrated conservation efforts for Yulania zenii, an endangered plant species in China. The Shanghai Botanical Garden has taken measures to collect and preserve rare and endangered species, including Y. zenii. The article emphasizes the importance of ex situ conservation and the establishment of a demonstration site for the protection of this tree species. It also discusses the threats to Y. zenii, propagation methods, in situ and ex situ conservation efforts, stakeholder engagement, and raising awareness about the conservation of endangered species. The document acknowledges the individuals and organizations involved in the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation and the Shanghai Botanical Garden, as well as the financial support received from BGCI and the Shanghai Science and Technology Planning Project. Additionally, it mentions a Biodiversity Exhibition scheduled for 2021. [Extracted from the article]

Guizhou Botanical Garden, in Guizhou Province, China has carried out a series of research on the conservation of rare and endangered plants, including field investigation, ex situ conservation, reproduction, scientific research and reintroduction, all of which aid in the conservation of plant species and contribute towards the CBD Global Biodiversity Gardens (GBF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammi L. is a small genus of economically important plants belonging to Apiaceae family that includes only six taxa. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Ammi crinitum Guss., a very rare plant, endemic of Sicily, was analyzed by GC–MS. No previously paper has been published on this species. The results showed the presence of large quantity of monoterpene hydrocarbons with sabinene (63.9%), as the most abundant component. Other metabolites present in good quantity were γ-terpinene (8.0%), and 4-terpineol (3.7%). Based on the composition of the essential oil of all the other Ammi taxa, several considerations have been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wuyi Mountain, located in the north of Fujian Province, China, is renowned for its abundant medicinal plant resources. In July 2014, the 8th (second team) of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University's Chinese Medicine Resources Scientific Expedition Team conducted field investigation in the area. Through specimen collection and extensive literature review, the team identified and analyzed 223 vascular plant species from 175 genera and 85 families. The most dominant families were Compositae and Rosaceae, and perennial herbs were the predominant species, accounting for 44.39% of the total species identified. Notably, we documented five precious and rare medicinal plants unique to Wuyi Mountain. This study updates the database of plant resources and diversity in the region, providing a valuable reference for future studies. Finally, we put forward some suggestions to enhance the conservation and sustainable utilization of Wuyi Mountain's plant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]