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Background: Infertility is a social problem and a big stigma. The objectives of the study were to determine the age wise distribution of ovarian volume and the difference in ovarian volume between married fertile and infertile women with transvaginal sonography. Materials & Methods: This comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from March 2013 to December 2013. Sample Size was 100 women selected by consecutive non probability sampling technique. Sample size was calculated using online calculator Raosoft. Inclusion criteria were women aged 18-50 years, married, fertile and infertile. Color Doppler sonoscape with multi frequency transvaginal probes were used in measurements on any day in the start of menstrual cycle by the same observer. The volume was calculated by applying formula for ellipsoid called Prolate ellipsoid formula. The total volume was represented by sum of volume of two ovaries. Data collection site was out patient department of Radiology DHQ Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan. Demographic variable were age groups and presence of fertility. Research variable was ovarian volume. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for ovarian volume whereas frequency and percentages were calculated for age groups and presence of fertility. Descriptive statistics along with estimation of parameter was done at 95% confidence interval for proportion and mean. Student- t test was used for significance of difference in ovarian volume between fertile and infertile women with p value <0.05 considered significant. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results: The ovarian volume in infertile women of reproductive age (6.09 cm³) is significantly smaller than fertile (9.75cm³) women. Conclusion: Ovarian volume is maximum in age group 18-26. There is effect of fertility on ovarian volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the outcome of acute kidney injury in children at Nishtar Hospital, Multan Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Pediatrics Department of Nishtar Hospital Multan and Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur from September 2016 to June 2017 after obtaining approval from ethical committee of the Hospital. A total of 78 patients with acute kidney injury of any stage aged one to ten years of either gender were included. Patients with congenital kidney anomalies like polycystic kidney disease, renal agenesis and post-operative surgery patients were excluded. All patients were given treatment according to the department protocol and patient requirement and followed for one week at which the final outcome (complete recovery/partial recovery/death) was noted. Results: In this study, it was observed that 75.7% (n=59) patients completely recovered, 20.5% (n=16) partially recovered while 3.8% (n=3) patients died. (Table. 2). Stages of AKI i.e. I, II and III were observed as 39.8% (n=31), 26.9% (n=21) and 33.3% (n=26) respectively. Association was found between stages of AKI and the outcome. Conclusion: Acute kidney injury is a serious problem and a great public health concern in children which can result in renal failure and death also. So early diagnosis and timely management should be given in order to prevent its dangerous outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Partial medial menisectomy has no adverse results. The objective of the study was to determine the demographic attributes of meniscal tears cases and to assess the radiological findings before and after partial medial menisectomy. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in department of Orthopedics, DHQ Teaching Hospital, DIKhan and DHQ Hospital Tank from January 2005 to December 2006. Sample size was 60 and sampling technique was non probability, consecutive. Adult, admitted patients with medial meniscus injury in whom conservative treatment failed to produce relief were included in the study. Patients with associated ligamentous injuries and those having grade 3 osteoarthritis were excluded. The demographic variables were sex and age groups. Research variables were; presenting symptoms, types of meniscal tears, mechanisum of injury, time interval between injury and surgery, duration of relief of symptoms after surgery and radiological findings before and after surgery. All the variables being categorical, were calculated by frequency and percentages. SPSS Version 20 was used for data analysis. Result: Out of 60 patients, 42(70%) were males and 18(30%) were females. Forty (66.7%) of our patients had age below 40 years. The presenting symptoms were pain in 37(61.7%), locking in 18(30%) and instability in 5(8.3%) patients. The mechanism of injury was history of slip in 16(26.7%), sport’s injury in 34(56.7%) and in the rest 10(16.7%) patients the cause was unknown. The right knee was found to be involved in 80% patients. Modal duration of time between injury and surgery was less than 1 month 20(33.3%). Modal type of meniscal tear was Bucket handle 42(70%). Modal duration of relief of symptoms after surgery was less than 1 month 40(66.7%) and modal radiological findings before and after 10 years of surgery were grade 0 55(91.7%) and 48(80%). Conclusion: Mostly the right knees undergo meniscal tears in young males engaged in physical activities including sports. The major presenting symptom is pain. Partial medial menisectomy is an alternative procedure to treat meniscal tear, after conservative management fails and indication for meniscus repair is not there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension adversely affects the development of placenta and growth of fetus. The objective of the study was to compare the weight and volume of placentae in normotensive pregnancies versus patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Material & Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, from January 2014 to October 2014. Sample size was 150. Consecutive sampling technique was used. Inclusion criteria was pregnant women of all ages and parity. Grouping variable was presence of PIH with two attributes of yes and no. Research variables were placental weight in grams and placental volume in milliliters. A total of 150 placentae with the cord were collected after delivery from pregnant women, from the labour room of obstetric unit, DHQ Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan. Structured proforma was used to record the presence or otherwise of PIH. Subjects were divided into two groups on basis of presence or absence of PIH; group A with 50 normotensive pregnant females and group B with 100 patients with PIH. Placental weight and volume were measured in terms of mean ± SD, whereas categorical variables as frequency and percentage. Students t test was used in Social Sciences Online calculator. Results: Out of 150 patients, 50 were normotensive and 100 were having PIH. Mean weight of placentae in groups A and B were 421.40±17.90 g and 320.60 ±14.95 g respectively whereas mean volume of placentae in groups A and B were 396.10±10.40 ml and 280.50 ±10.35 ml respectively. (p<0.01). Conclusion: The placental weight and volume is significantly less in pregnancies with PIH in comparison to pregnancies with normal blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome has typical clinical presentation. There are two types of surgeries either open or endoscopic procedures. The objective of our study was to know the distribution, risk factors and time of return of our patients to their work. Material & Methods: This case series study was conducted in Department of Orthopedics, Gomal Medical College, D.I.KHAN from June 2013 to June 2015. A sample size of 20 was selected through consecutive sampling technique. Adults of both genders with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in whom conservative treatment has failed were included in the study. Those patients who were medically unfit were excluded. Demographic variable were; gender and age groups. Reserch variables were; side of the hand, duration of symptoms before surgery, duration of revovery of symptoms and wound healing. All variables being categorical were analyzed by frequency and percentages. Descriptive statistics were done through SPSS Version 19. Results: Majority of our patients were female(70%) and the common age group was 36-45 years (55%).The most common presenting symptom was pain(100%) in the hand especially in the radially three and a half fingers. The symptoms relieved within the first month after surgery in our 70% patients and all these 70% joined their pre-surgery activities in 6 weeks. Wound complication occurred in only one patient, otherwise in 95% wound healing completed in 20 days. Conclusion: Carpal tunnel syndrome is common in middle aged females especially right hand. We concluded that this limited incision open surgery give excellent results, regarding early return of patients to their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Day-case tonsillectomy is getting popularity these days because of low risk of nosocomial infections and low cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in day-case compared to conventional in-patient surgery. Methods: This comparative study was conducted at Department of ENT, DHQ Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan, from January 2008 to December 2010. Patients with history of recurrent episodes of tonsillitis were included. Exclusion criteria included children less than 5 years, any nasal pathology, history of acute tonsillitis within six weeks and bleeding diathesis. The sample consisted of 450 patients divided into two groups. One group was kept in the hospital for 8 hours after surgery and labeled as the day case group while other kept for 24 hours and labeled as in-patient group. Tonsillectomy was performed by dissection method. Statistical analysis concerning comparison of incidence of hemorrhage between the two groups was performed with student t-test. Results: Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage was seen in 12(2.65%) patients; 5(2.2%) in the inpatient group while 7(3.1%) in day-case group (p=0.18). Incidence of primary hemorrhage was 2/12 (16.65%) and secondary hemorrhage 10/12 (83.35%). Conclusion: Tonsillectomy can safely be performed as day-case procedure as there is no significant difference of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage between day-case and inpatient procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol is a known hepatotoxic agent and cause different varieties of liver damages. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of alcohol on liver histology in albino rats. Material & Methods: This study was an experimental Randomized Control Trial conducted at the experimental research laboratory of University of Health Sciences Lahore, from January to December 2010. Sixteen male albino rats of 6-8 weeks old, weighing 130-230 gm each were divided into two groups of eight rats each. Group A served as control and was given normal rat diet; Group B was given ethanol at a dose of 0.8ml/100gm/day for 10 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood was drawn from each animal by cardiac puncture for liver function tests. Each animal was then sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and its liver was removed. Results: Mean values of ALT and GGT in gp A were 26.06 ± 7.13 and 23.33 ± 3.05 respectively while in gp B these values were 82.83 ± 10.89 and 76.33 ± 4.37 respectively. The mean size of hepatocytes in gp A & B was 19.03 ± 0.38 and 26.23 ± 0.54 respectively and the size of central vein in gp A & B was 78.5 ± 0.99 and 79.16 ± 1.35 respectively. Students "t" test showed statistically significant increase in the mean values of ALT and GGT in group B as compared with those in group A, p<0.05. Liver was normal in appearance in all animals. Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) for weight and volume of the liver of group B when compared with those in group A was observed. Histological study of hepatocytes showed large number of cytoplasmic vacuoles, pyknotic nuclei and lymphocytes infiltration of portal areas. Students "t" test showed statistically significant difference in the mean value of the size of hepatocytes; Fischer exact test also showed statistically significant difference in the percentage of hepatocytes containing cytoplasmic vacuoles, pyknotic nuclei and percentage of portal areas showing lymphocytic infiltration, in the of the liver of the animals in group B, when compared with those in group A (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ethanol is hepatotoxic in albino rats as evident from the functional derangement and structural changes in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The therapeutic value of Eugenia jambolana, commonly known as 'Jamun' in Hindi, has been recognized in different system of traditional medicine for the treatment of various conditions. Its seeds are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipedemia by reducing the lipid levels in the body; this action is presumed to be due to blocking the action of enzyme 3-hydroxyl methyl glutaryl (HMG-CoA reductase in the liver. Herbal drugs are getting into use with the notion that these are relatively harmless; the practice has shown that many of them also have toxic effects. Since hardly any work is available on the toxic aspect of Eugenia Jamblana, the present study was planed to see the effect-of ethanolic extract of Eugenia Jamblana on liver using albino rats as an experimental model., Methods: The animals were divided into three groups A, B and C. Group A served as a control and received only distilled water comparable to the experimental animals calculated according to their body weight, where as B and C served as experimental groups. 100 and 200 mg of ethanolic extract of Eugenia Jamblana was dissolved in one ml of distilled water each and was given orally for 30 days/kg body weight., Results: liver enzyme ALT and gamma GT were significantly raised when compared to the control group, p-value being < 0.05. Histological studies showed ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, focal areas of hepatocytes necrosis with lymphocytic infiltration, providing supportive evidence for biochemical findings indicative of functional derangement. The effect of the extract was not dose dependent. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and chi-square showed statistically significant difference when the values from experimental animals were compared with those from the control, indicating that the ethanolic extract of Eugenia Jamblana seed possesses hepatotoxic effect., Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Eugenia jambolana seed extract is toxic to liver as evident by derangement in liver enzyme levels and disturbed liver histology.