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Children are more likely to consume monosodium glutamate (MSG) as this is prevalent in fast food such as fried chicken and snack food such as chip products. The aim of this study was to establish the toxic effects of higher MSG consumption in one month old Wistar rats to estimate the human equivalent dose (HED) specific to children. To understand the impact of higher MSG consumption Wistar rats were fed orally four different doses (group I-IV: 2,000 mg/kg, 4,000 mg/kg, 20,000 mg/kg and 30,000 mg/kg which with respect to HED (9 years in children), were 480 mg/kg, 960 mg/Kg, 4800 mg/Kg and 7200 mg/Kg) daily for 5 weeks compared with the control group. Histopathology was studied using Hemotoxylin and Eosin staining. The results showed an increased body weight in all MSG groups; colon with focal aberrant crypt hyperplasia noted in group IV and lymphoid cell aggregates noted in group III. The liver showed feathery degeneration and focal portal congestion were noted in all the MSG groups compared to the control groups. The kidneys showed focal congestion of blood vessels in all MSG groups. Stomach tissues exhibited no significant changes. Brain tissue sections showed congested blood vessels, and focal gliosis in group I and IV, ballooning degeneration was noted in group I, neuronal aggregates were found in group II, but group III showed no evidences of aggregates, gliosis or necrosis. This study suggests that regular and higher consumption of MSG had a deleterious impact on the organs as evident in the histology analysis and hence it is better to avoid consuming MSG containing foods especially for children.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: في هذه الدراسة، جرت محاولة لتطوير أقراص صغيرة جديدة متعددة الوظائف ذات إطلاق مستدام في نظام الكبسولة عن طريق غلاف فلم من فيسوتيرودين لعلاج سلس البول (زيادة تكرار التبول). طرق البحث: تم استخدام تقنية الضغط المباشر لتكوين الأقراص الصغيرة وضغط الغلاف باستخدام فثالات هيدروكسي بروبيل ميثايل السلولوز. تم إجراء دراسة ما قبل التركيبة باستخدام أدوات مثل قياس الكالوري التفرسي التفريقي، والتحليل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء ، ومؤشرات ما بعد التركيبة مثل الصلابة ، والسمك ، وتغير الوزن ، والتوحيد ، وإطلاق الدواء. تمت دراسة حركية إطلاق الدواء للتركيبات ف1 إلى ف11. النتائج: تم العثور على جميع مؤشرات ما قبل التركيبة وما بعد التركيبة ضمن الحدود. ينتج عن تركيبة ف1 و ف2 إطلاق سريع للدواء في غضون 30 دقيقة. تظهر التركيبات ف3 و ف4 و ف5 فثالات هيدروكسي بروبيل ميثايل السلولوز المغلفة إطلاقا بنسبة 100 ٪ تقريبا خلال 3 و 4 و 5 ساعات ؛ على التوالى. تظهر التركيبات ف6 و ف7 و ف8 (2.5٪ و 5٪ و 10٪ أقراص صغيرة مغلفة بالفورمالدهيد، على التوالي) إطلاقات دوائية في الأمعاء الدقيقة وتم إطالة الإطلاق لمدة 24 ساعة حيث كانت التركيبات ف9 و ف10 و ف11 (2.5٪ ، 5٪ ، 10٪ أقراص صغيرة مغلفة بالغلوتارالدهيد، على التوالي) تطلق في الأمعاء الدقيقة ولكن يستغرق الأمر أكثر من 20 ساعة لإطلاق الدواء. الاستنتاجات: تم تطوير الأقراص الصغيرة المغلفة بالفلم إلى مستوى مرضي من حيث العديد من مؤشرات ما بعد الضغط مثل الصلابة ، والسماكة ، والتفتت ، وتغير الوزن ، وتوحيد المحتوى. كشفت دراسات الأشعة تحت الحمراء و قياس الكالوري التفرسي التفريقي أنه لا يوجد تفاعل كبير بين السواغات الدوائية. يتم إطلاق أقراص صغيرة مغلفة بفثالات هيدروكسي بروبيل ميثايل في دارئة وكان من المفترض أن يتحرر الدواء في الأمعاء مما يؤدي إلى امتصاص أفضل للدواء واتباع حركية إطلاق كورسماير-بيباس. Abstract: Objectives: In the present study, an attempt is made to develop novel multifunctional sustained-release minitablets in a capsule system by film coating Fesoterodine for the treatment of urinary incontinence (increased urinating frequency). Methodology: The direct compression technique was used to formulate the minitablets, and coating was applied using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) phthalate. The pre-formulation study was performed using tools like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and post-formulation parameters such as hardness, thickness, weight variation, uniformity, and drug release. Drug release kinetics were studied for the formulations F1–F11. Results: All the pre- and post-formulation parameters were found to be within the limits. F1 and F2 result in burst release of the drug within 30 minutes. For the F3, F4, and F5 formulations, HPMC phthalate-coated minitablets show almost 100% drug release in 3, 4, and 5 hours, respectively. F6, F7, and F8 (2.5%, 5%, and 10% formaldehyde-coated minitablets, respectively) show drug releases in the small intestine, and the release was prolonged for 24 hours, whereas F9, F10, and F11 (2.5%, 5%, and 10% glutaraldehyde-coated minitablets, respectively) release in the small intestine, but drug release takes more than 20 hours. Conclusion: Film-coated minitablets were satisfactorily developed in terms of various post-compression parameters like hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, and content uniformity. IR and DSC studies revealed no significant drug excipient interactions. HPMC phthalate-coated minitablets released in the buffer, and it was supposed that the drug releases in the intestine, which leads to better absorption and follows Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics.

Objectives : The combination of a 43-2 agonist and an anticholinergic agent is of-ten used to manage bronchial asthma. However, it is unclear whether these drugs should be given separately in sequence or in a fixed dose combination for maximum effect. Methods : 27 patients with stable bronchial asthma were given the above two drugs in two separate sessions one week apart. In one session they were given the above two drugs as a fixed dose combination and in the other session, they were given se-quentially with salbutamol following ipratropium after 30 minutes. Spirometry was performed at baseline and 15, 30 and 60 minutes after inhaling the second drug. Results : Both groups showed significant improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory time in one second (FEV 1 ), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75 ) from baseline upto one hour. FVC increased initially and then stabilized; however, the increase was more sustained in the group getting combination treatment. This group also showed a higher rise in FEV 1 (p=0.02). Both FEV 1 and FEF 25-75 decreased after 30 minutes in the group that received sequential therapy. PEFR increased continuously till 60 minutes in both groups and there was no significant difference between them (p=0.98). Interpretation and Conclusion: Both methods of drug dosing produce equivalent bronchodilation. Fixed dose combinations produced a more sustained rise in FVC and higher increase in FEV 1 . Hence fixed dose combinations are more effective short-term bronchodilators and give an added advantage of reducing the number of inhalers required, thus improv-ing compliance.