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Male and female unisexual flowers evolved from hermaphroditic ancestors, and control of flower sex is useful for plant breeding. We isolated a female-to-male sex transition mutant in melon and identified the causal gene as the carpel identity genelt;igt;CRABS CLAW (CRC)lt;/igt;. We show that the master regulator of sex determination in cucurbits, the transcription factorlt;igt;WIP1lt;/igt; whose expression orchestrates male flower development, recruits the corepressor TOPLESS to thelt;igt;CRClt;/igt; promoter to suppress its expression through histone deacetylation. Impairing TOPLESS-WIP1 physical interaction leads tolt;igt;CRClt;/igt; expression, carpel determination, and consequently the expression of the stamina inhibitor, the aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase 7 (lt;igt;CmACS7lt;/igt;), leading to female flower development. Our findings suggest that sex genes evolved to interfere with flower meristematic function, leading to unisexual flower development.

Male and female unisexual flowers evolved from hermaphroditic ancestors, and control of flower sex is useful for plant breeding. We isolated a female-to-male sex transition mutant in melon and identified the causal gene as the carpel identity gene CRABS CLAW (CRC) . We show that the master regulator of sex determination in cucurbits, the transcription factor WIP1 whose expression orchestrates male flower development, recruits the corepressor TOPLESS to the CRC promoter to suppress its expression through histone deacetylation. Impairing TOPLESS-WIP1 physical interaction leads to CRC expression, carpel determination, and consequently the expression of the stamina inhibitor, the aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase 7 ( CmACS7 ), leading to female flower development. Our findings suggest that sex genes evolved to interfere with flower meristematic function, leading to unisexual flower development.

International audience; Shapes of vegetables and fruits are the result of adaptive evolution and human selection. Modules controlling organ shape have been identified. However, little is known about signals coordinating organ development and shape. Here, we describe the characterization of a melon mutation rf1, leading to round fruit. Histological analysis of rf1 flower and fruits revealed fruit shape is determined at flower stage 8, after sex determination and before flower fertilization. Using positional cloning, we identified the causal gene as the monoecy sex determination gene CmACS7, and survey of melon germplasms showed strong association between fruit shape and sexual types. We show that CmACS7-mediated ethylene production in carpel primordia enhances cell expansion and represses cell division, leading to elongated fruit. Cell size is known to rise as a result of endoreduplication. At stage 8 and anthesis, we found no variation in ploidy levels between female and hermaphrodite flowers, ruling out endoreduplication as a factor in fruit shape determination. To pinpoint the gene networks controlling elongated versus round fruit phenotype, we analyzed the transcriptomes of laser capture microdissected carpels of wild-type and rf1 mutant. These high-resolution spatiotemporal gene expression dynamics revealed the implication of two regulatory modules. The first module implicates E2FDP transcription factors, controlling cell elongation versus cell division. The second module implicates OVATE-and TRM5-related proteins, controlling cell division patterns. Our finding highlights the dual role of ethylene in the inhibition of the stamina development and the elongation of ovary and fruit in cucurbits.

International audience; Fruit set is inhibited by adverse temperatures, with consequences on yield. We isolated a tomato mutant producing fruits under non-permissive hot temperatures and identified the causal gene as SlHB15A, belonging to class III homeodomain leucine-zipper transcription factors. SlHB15A loss-of-function mutants display aberrant ovule development that mimics transcriptional changes occurring in fertilized ovules and leads to parthenocarpic fruit set under optimal and non-permissive temperatures, in field and greenhouse conditions. Under cold growing conditions, SlHB15A is subjected to conditional haploinsufficiency and recessive dosage sensitivity controlled by microRNA 166 (miR166). Knockdown of SlHB15A alleles by miR166 leads to a continuum of aberrant ovules correlating with parthenocarpic fruit set. Consistent with this, plants harboring an Slhb15a–miRNA166-resistant allele developed normal ovules and were unable to set parthenocarpic fruit under cold conditions. DNA affinity purification sequencing and RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that SlHB15A is a bifunctional transcription factor expressed in the ovule integument. SlHB15A binds to the promoters of auxin-related genes to repress auxin signaling and to the promoters of ethylene-related genes to activate their expression. A survey of tomato genetic biodiversity identified pat and pat-1, two historical parthenocarpic mutants, as alleles of SlHB15A. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the role of SlHB15A as a sentinel to prevent fruit set in the absence of fertilization and provide a mean to enhance fruiting under extreme temperatures.